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Cell Diversity and Cell Movement

vacuoles - central storage compartment  

  • plants contain central vacuole to store water, sugars, ions, pigments
  • applies pressure to the plasma membrane, increasing surface area-to-volume ratio
  • also found in some types of fungi/protists

cell walls - found in plants, fungi, some protists 

  • protect/support cell
  • chemically/structurally different from prokaryotic cell walls
  • cellulose found in plant/protist cell walls
  • chitin found in fungi cell walls
  • primary walls - plant cell walls laid down when the cell is still growing
  • middle lamella - sticky substance holding adjacent plant cells together
  • secondary walls - deposited inside the primary walls of fully expanded cells

extracellular matrix (ECM) - substitute cell wall used by animals 

  • composed of glycoproteins
  • contains lots of collagen (same protein found in nails/hair)
  • web of collagen, elastin, proteoglycan form a protective layer over the surface
  • fibronectin - attaches the extracellular matrix to the plasma membrane
  • integrins - proteins extending through the plasma membrane, linking the ECM w/ the cytoplasm

intracellular cell mov't - endomembrane system only effective over short distances 

  • 4 components of high speed intracellular mov't
    • vesicle/organelle to be moved
    • motor molecule that moves
    • connector molecule that connects vesicle to the motor molecule
    • microtubules on which the vesicle will ride like a train
  • motor molecules use ATP to drag transport vesicles across the microtubule tracks (ex. dynein, kinesin)

cell mov't - depends on actin filaments, microtubules, or both 

  • can change shape quickly due to actin filaments
  • polymerization/extension of actin filaments force the cell forward
  • myosin motors in the actin filaments pull the cell towards the extended front edge
  • 9 + 2 structure - circle of 9 microtubule pairs that undulates to move the cell
  • basal body - area from which the flagellum's microtubules are derived; located just below the point where the flagellum extends from the cell
  • cilia - short cellular projections organized in rows
Subject: 
Biology
Subject X2: 
Biology

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