paracrine regulation - acts on local area
- cytokines - regulate other immune system cells
- growth factors - promotes growth/cell division
- neurotrophins - paracrine regulators of nervous system
- prostaglandins - 20-carbon-long fatty acid w/ carbon ring
- released from phospholipids in membrane
- promotes inflammation (pain/fever)
- regulates gamete transport/labor
- inhibits gastric secretions
- cause constrictions/dilations of blood vessels
- nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) - drugs that inhibit production of prostaglandins
- aspirin - most commonly used form
- can also inhibit enzyme that maintains walls of digestive tract
posterior pituitary gland - fibrous part of pituitary gland, derived from brain
- directly controlled by hypothalamus through the supraopticohypophyseal tract
- consists of axons (cell bodies in hypothalamus)
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - aka vasopressin
- stimulates water retention in kidneys
- frequent urination occurs if kidneys don’t retain water
- alcohol suppresses ADH >> more urination to rid body of toxins
- oxytocin - stimulates uterus contractions and mammary glands (milk-letdown reflex) in women
- responds to sucking on nipples
- regulates orgasm/arousal in men/women
- neuroendocrine reflex - involves both the neural/endocrine systems
anterior pituitary gland - glandular part of pituitary gland, not derived from brain
- controlled by hormones secreted by hypothalamus
- releases mostly growth hormones (aka tropic hormones, tropins)
- gonadotropin - hormone that stimulates other reproductive hormones
- includes FSH, LH
- positive feedback controls amount of reproductive hormones in females >> cyclic level
- negative feedback controls amount of reproductive hormones in males >> constant level
- growth hormone (GH, somatotropin) - stimulates muscle/bone growth
- targets all tissues, bones in particular
- can’t increase height once cartilage becomes bone
- too much >> gigantism, acromegaly (bone deformity)
- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, corticotrophin) - stimulates adrenal cortex
- responds to chronic stress, excess exercise
- cortisol from adrenal cortex can suppress immune system
- produces corticosteroid hormones >> regulates glucose metabolism
- thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin) - stimulates thyroid to make thyroxine
- affects oxidative respiration, thermal regulation
- underdeveloped thyroid glands >> cretinism (undergrowth, mental retardation)
- luteinizing hormone (LH) - used for ovulation, production of testosterone
- develops the corpus luteum (makes estrogen/progesterone)
- follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - used for development of ovarian follicles and sperm
- prolactin (PRL) - stimulates mammary glands to produce milk
- also controls electrolyte balance
- melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) - stimulates melanin (dark skin pigment) production
- released by middle pituitary
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