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AP US History Period 3 (1754-1800) Flashcards

12407597402	The French and Indian War	1754-1763 War between French and British in American colonies part of 7 years	0
12407597403	The Proclamation of 1763	Line drawn by British Parliament, colonists not allowed to settle past Appalachian mountains	1
12407597404	Stamp Act	1765 direct tax on a stamp that must be put on paper, office documents, etc.	2
12407597405	The Coercive Acts	punitive acts applied to Massachusetts in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party; referred to by colonists as the Intolerable Acts	3
12407597406	Common Sense	1776: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation	4
12407597407	The Declaration Of Independence	1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.	5
12407597408	Battle of Saratoga	American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.	6
12407597409	French American Alliance	pact signed by the Americans and the French after the Battle of Saratoga, paving the way for French support of the colonial war for independence and binding the two countries together long-term	7
12407597410	Treaty of Paris	1783 treaty ending the Revolutionary War	8
12407597411	Articles of confederation	first government of the United States; extremely weak government that gave most of the power to states	9
12407597412	The Northwest Ordinance of 1787	a law that established a procedure for the admission of new states to the Union and set the boundary for slavery at the Ohio River	10
12407597413	Shay's Rebellion	A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes	11
12407597414	The Constitution	document which spells out the principles by which the US government runs and the fundamental laws that govern society	12
12407597415	The Great Compromise	a compromise between the New Jersey and Virginia plans that created the Senate and the House of Representatives; each state received equal number of senators, states received representatives based on population	13
12407597416	The Three-Fifths compromise	Agreement at the creation of the Constitution that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes	14
12407597417	The Federalists papers	This collection of essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison; explained the importance of a strong central government; published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution	15
12407597418	Federalists	Supported the ratification of the Constitution and a strong federal government	16
12407597419	Anti-federalists	early opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification; opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control	17
12407597420	The Bill of rights	First ten amendments to the Constitution, drafted by Madison, created limitations on government and protects natural rights.	18
12407597421	Alexander Hamilton	1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt; strong federalist	19
12407597422	Washington's farewell address	He warned against the dangers of political parties and foreign alliances.	20
12407597423	XYZ Affair	A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats	21
12407597424	Alien and Sedition Acts	Series of four laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants and limit political opposition to the federalists	22
12407597425	Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions	Republican documents that argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional; claimed that states have the authority to nullify federal laws	23
12407597426	Enlightenment	A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.	24
12407597427	John Locke	English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.	25
12407597428	George Whitefield	Christian preacher whose tour of the English colonies attracted big crowds; prominent preacher during the First Great Awakening	26
12407597429	First Great Awakening	Religious revival in the colonies in 1730s and 1740s; George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards preached a message of atonement for sins by admitting them to God; the movement attempted to combat the growing secularism and rationalism of mid-eighteenth century America	27
12407597430	Pietism	A Christian revival moment characterized by Bible study, the conversion experience, and the individual's personal relationship with God. It began as an effort to reform the German Lutheran Church in the mid-seventeenth century and became widely influential in Britain and its colonies in the eighteenth century.	28
12407597431	Ben Franklin	A delegate from Pennsylvania and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen colonies.	29
12407597432	Abolition	The movement to make slavery and the slave trade illegal; begun by Quakers in England in the 1780s	30
12407597433	representation	A basic principle of traditional democratic theory that describes the relationship between the few leaders and the many followers	31
12407597434	Sugar Act of 1764	An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.	32
12407597435	Vice-Admiralty Courts	In these courts, British judges tried colonials in trials with no juries.	33
12407597436	Virtual Representation	The political theory that a class of persons is represented in a lawmaking body without direct vote.	34
12407597437	Quartering Act of 1765	Act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties.	35
12407597438	English Common Law	The centuries-old body of legal rules and procedures that protected the lives and property of the British monarch's subjects.	36
12407597439	Declaratory Act	Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the Stamp Act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."	37
12407597440	Townshend Acts	A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on lead, glass, paint, and tea	38
12407597441	Popular Sovereignty	A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.	39
12407597442	Thomas Jefferson	Wrote the Declaration of Independence; 3rd President of the United States	40
12407597443	Second Continental Congress (1775)	Managed the colonial war effort, and moved incrementally towards independence - finally adopting the Declaration of Independence in 1776.	41
12407597444	Sons of Liberty	A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. Leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.	42
12407597445	Patriots	(also known as Revolutionaries, Continentals, Rebels, or American Whigs) were those colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who rejected British rule during the American Revolution and declared the United States of America as an independent nation in July 1776.	43
12407597446	Tories/Loyalists	Colonists who favored remaining under British control	44
12407597447	Constitutional Convention	A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution	45
12407597448	Republican Motherhood	The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children	46
12407597449	American System	Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.	47
12407597450	War of 1812	A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England; reaction to British impressment of American sailors and interference with American trade	48
12407597451	John Marshall	American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.	49
12407597452	Louisiana Purchase	territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million	50
12407597453	Pinckney's Treaty (1795)	This treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi River and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans	51
12407597454	Quasi War (1798-1800)	undeclared war fought mostly at sea between the French Republic and the United States, caused by the signing of Jay's Treaty between the UK and the US	52
12407597455	Jay's Treaty	Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. and Britain; intended to strengthen trade relations between the US and Britain; British agreed to abandon outposts in the Northwest Territory but would not guarantee the non-impressment of American sailors	53
12407597456	Northwest Ordinance	a law passed by Congress in 1787 that specified how western lands would be integrated into the Union	54
12407597457	Treaty of Ghent (1814)	Ended the War of 1812 with Britain confirming the sovereignty of the new nation	55
12407597458	Embargo Act of 1807	restrictions on trade with Britain and France intended to induce both nations to cease impressing American citizens; inflicted economic harm on the US	56
12407597459	Gaspee Affair	Rhode Island colonists boarded the HMS Gaspee, a British ship, looted it, then burned and sank it in 1772.	57
12407597460	British Southern Strategy	1778-79; British campaign to take over the Southern colonies and build support amongst Loyalists and foment rebellion within the slave population	58
12407597461	Revolution of 1800	Electoral victory of Democratic Republicans over the Federalists, who lost their Congressional majority and the presidency. The peaceful transfer of power between rival parties solidified faith in America's political system.	59
12407597462	Barbary Wars (1801-1805)	President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay tribute to protect American ships from the Barbary pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations that lasted from 1801 to 1805.	60
12407597463	Missouri Compromise of 1820	Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820)	61

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AP World History Period 2 Flashcards

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13843461937	Alexander the Great	Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India.	0
13843461938	Ashoka	The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.	1
13843461939	Caesar Augustus	The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).	2
13843461940	Cyrus (the Great)	Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.	3
13843461941	Darius I	Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.	4
13843461942	Gupta Empire	An empire of India (320-550 C.E.).	5
13843461943	Han dynasty	Chinese dynasty that restored unity in China softened legalist policies. Begun in 202 B.C. by Liu Bang, the Han ruled China for more than 400 years.	6
13843461944	Hellenistic era	The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.	7
13843461945	hoplite	A heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a military wares and to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship.	8
13843461946	Mandate of Heaven	The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.	9
13843461947	Mauryan Empire	A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.	10
13843461948	Patricians	Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.	11
13843461949	Pax Romana	The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.	12
13843461950	Peloponnesian War	Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.	13
13843461951	Persepolis	The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.	14
13843461952	Persian Empire	A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.	15
13843461953	Plebians	Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.	16
13843461954	Qin Dynasty	A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.	17
13843461955	Qin Shihuangdi	Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.	18
13843461956	Wudi	Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.	19
13843461957	Aristotle	A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.	20
13843461958	Bhagavad Gita	A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.	21
13843461959	Brahman	The "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief.	22
13843461960	Brahmins	The priestly caste of India.	23
13843461961	Buddhism	The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama	24
13843461962	Confucianism	The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.	25
13843461963	Confucius	The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.	26
13843461964	Constantine	Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.	27
13843461965	Daoism	A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.	28
13843461966	Filial piety	The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.	29
13843461967	Hinduism	A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.	30
13843461968	Hippocrates	A very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine.	31
13843461969	Jesus of Nazareth	The prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).	32
13843461970	Karma	In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence.	33
13843461971	Laozi	A legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.	34
13843461972	Legalism	A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.	35
13843461973	Moksha	In Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman.	36
13843461974	Nirvana	The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.	37
13843461975	Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)	The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.	38
13843461976	Socrates	The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).	39
13843461977	Theravada	"The Teaching of the Elders," the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha as a wise teacher but not divine and which emphasizes practices rather than beliefs.	40
13843461978	Upanishads	Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.	41
13843461979	Vedas	The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.	42
13843461980	Yin and Yang	Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.	43
13843461981	Zarathustra	A Persian prophet, traditionally dated to the sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism.	44
13843461982	Zoroastrianism	Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.	45
13843461983	caste system	The system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India.	46
13843461984	dharma	In Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.	47
13843461985	helots	The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society.	48
13843461986	Kshatriya	The Indian social class of warriors and rulers.	49
13843461987	latifundia	Huge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire	50
13843461988	Pericles	A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age.	51
13843461989	scholar-gentry class	A term used to describe members of China's landowning families, reflecting their wealth from the land and the privilege that they derived as government officials.	52
13843461990	Sudra	The lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers	53
13843461991	the "three submissions"	In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first that of her father, then of her husband, and finally of her son.	54
13843461992	Untouchables	An Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.	55
13843461993	Vaisya	The Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants.	56
13843461994	Axum	Classical-era kingdom of East Africa, in present-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia; flourished from 100 to 600 C.E. and adopted Christianity.	57
13843461995	Bantu expansion	Gradual migration of peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria and the Cameroons into most of eastern and southern Africa, a process that began around 3000 B.C.E. and continued for several millennia. The agricultural techniques and ironworking technology of these farmers gave them an advantage over the gathering and hunting peoples they encountered.	58
13843461996	Silk Road	Trade route stretching from China into Europe.	59

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13865003929	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13865003930	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13865003931	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13865003932	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13865003933	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13865003934	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13865003935	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13865003936	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13865003937	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13865003938	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13865003939	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13865003940	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13865003941	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13865003942	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13865003943	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13865003944	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13865003945	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13865003946	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13865003947	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13865003948	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13865003949	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13865003950	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13865003951	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13865003952	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13865003953	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13865003954	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13865003955	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13865003956	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13865003957	theory	general idea being tested	28
13865003958	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13865003959	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13865003960	mode	appears the most	31
13865003961	mean	average	32
13865003962	median	middle	33
13865003963	range	highest - lowest	34
13865003964	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13865003965	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13865003966	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13865003967	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13865003968	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13865003969	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13865003970	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13865003971	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13865004163	neuron		43
13865003972	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13865003973	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13865003974	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13865003975	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13865003976	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13865003977	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13865003978	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13865003979	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13865003980	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13865003981	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13865003982	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13865003983	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13865003984	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13865003985	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13865003986	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13865003987	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13865003988	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13865003989	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13865003990	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13865003991	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13865003992	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13865003993	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13865003994	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13865003995	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13865003996	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13865003997	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13865003998	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13865003999	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13865004000	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13865004001	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13865004002	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13865004003	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13865004004	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13865004005	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13865004006	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13865004007	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13865004008	occipital lobe	vision	80
13865004009	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13865004010	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13865004011	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13865004012	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13865004013	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13865004014	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13865004015	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13865004016	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13865004017	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13865004018	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13865004019	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13865004020	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13865004021	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13865004022	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13865004023	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13865004024	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13865004025	rods	night time	97
13865004026	cones	color	98
13865004027	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13865004028	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13865004029	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13865004030	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13865004031	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13865004032	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13865004033	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13865004034	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13865004035	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13865004036	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13865004037	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13865004038	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13865004039	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13865004040	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13865004041	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13865004042	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13865004043	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13865004044	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13865004045	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13865004046	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13865004047	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13865004048	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13865004049	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13865004050	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13865004051	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13865004052	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13865004053	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13865004054	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13865004055	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13865004056	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13865004057	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13865004058	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13865004059	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13865004060	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13865004061	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13865004062	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13865004063	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13865004064	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13865004065	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13865004066	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13865004067	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13865004068	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13865004069	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13865004070	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13865004071	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13865004072	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13865004073	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13865004074	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13865004075	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13865004076	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13865004077	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13865004078	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13865004079	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13865004080	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13865004081	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13865004082	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13865004083	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13865004084	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13865004085	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13865004086	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13865004087	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13865004088	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13865004089	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13865004090	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13865004091	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13865004092	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13865004093	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13865004094	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13865004095	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13865004096	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13865004097	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13865004098	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13865004099	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13865004100	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13865004101	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13865004102	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13865004103	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13865004104	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13865004105	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13865004106	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13865004107	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13865004108	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13865004109	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13865004110	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13865004111	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13865004112	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13865004113	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13865004114	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13865004115	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13865004116	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13865004117	encoding	information going in	189
13865004118	storage	keeping information in	190
13865004119	retrieval	taking information out	191
13865004120	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13865004121	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13865004122	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13865004123	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13865004124	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13865004125	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13865004126	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13865004127	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13865004128	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13865004129	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13865004130	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13865004131	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13865004132	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13865004133	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13865004134	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13865004135	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13865004136	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13865004137	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13865004138	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13865004139	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13865004140	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13865004141	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13865004142	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13865004143	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13865004144	context	environment helps with memory	216
13865004145	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13865004146	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13865004147	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13865004148	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13865004149	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13865004150	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13865004151	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13865004152	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13865004153	prototypes	generalize	225
13865004154	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13865004155	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13865004156	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13865004157	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13865004158	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13865004159	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13865004160	grammar is _________	universal	232
13865004161	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13865004162	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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14367396778	Chiral amino acids	all but glycine	0
14367397690	S configuration amino acids	all but cysteine	1
14367399513	Nonpolar, non aromatic amino acids	glycine, leucine, arginine, alanine, methionine. lysine, valine, isoleucine, histidine, proline	2
14367406242	Positively charged amino acids	arginine, lysine, histidine	3
14367407168	Negatively charged amino acids	aspartic acid, glutamic acid	4
14367408539	Polar amino acid	serine, threonine, cysteine, asparagine, glutamine	5
14367411339	Aromatic side chains	tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine	6
14367523385	Peptide bond formation	condensation/dehydration reaction with a nucleophilic amino group attacking an electrophilic carbonyl	7
14367529079	Peptide bond broken	by hydrolysis	8
14367529947	Primary structure	linear sequence of amino acids	9
14367531713	Secondary structure	local structure, stabilized by hydrogen bonding (alpha-helices, beta sheets)	10
14367535666	Tertiary structure	three-dimensional structure stabilized by hydrophobic interactions, acid-base interactions (salt bridges), hydrogen bonding, and disulfide bonds	11
14367541937	Quaternary structure	interactions between subunits	12
14367544256	Enzymes	like all catalysts, lower the activation energy necessary for reactions. They do not alter free energy (delta G) or enthalpy (delta H) change that accompanies the reaction nor the final equilibrium position; rather, they change the rate (kinetics) at which equilibrium is reached.	13
14367556410	Ligases	responsible for joining two large biomolecules, often of the same type	14
14367556425	Isomerases	catalyze the interconversion of isomers, including both constitutional and stereoisomers	15
14367558973	Lyases	catalyze cleavage without the addition of water and without the transfer of electrons. The reverse reaction (synthesis) is usually more biologically important.	16
14367561684	Hydrolases	catalyze cleavage with the addition of water	17
14367562515	Oxidoreductases	catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions that involve the transfer of electrons	18
14367564461	Transferases (kinases)	move a functional group from one molecule to another molecule, catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group, generally from ATP, to another molecule	19
14367600547	Saturation Kinetics	As substrate concentration increases, the reaction rate does as well until a maximum value is reached	20
14367602809	V= Vmax[S] / Km + [S]	Michaelis-Menten equation	21
14367605766	At one half Vmax, [S] =	Km	22
14367607987	competetive inhibitor	binds at active site, increases Km and no change on Vmax	23
14367661263	non-competitive inhibitor	binds at allosteric site, no change on Km, and decreases Vmax	24
14367667279	Mixed inhibitor		25

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AP Literature and Composition 2 Flashcards

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13424265740	Enjambment	continuation of a sentence from one line or couplet of a poem to the next line Ex: "Who took the khaki and the gun Instead of cap and gown." - (The Spires of Oxford)	0
13424278634	Epic	a poem that celebrates the achievements of heroes and heroines Ex: The Odyssey	1
13424286452	Falling Action	the part of plot structure after the climax is over	2
13424295422	Foreshadowing	to hint at or to present an indication of the future beforehand Ex:	3
13424303858	Hyperbole	Exaggerated statements Ex: I am so hungry right now that I can eat ten bowls of Pho	4
13424309016	In medias res...	in the middle of the action (refers to opening a story in the middle of the action) Ex:	5
13424328706	Litote	Emphasizing the object by conscious understatement Ex: Well, good job	6
13424341053	Metaphor	one thing pictured as if it were something else (suggesting likeness between objects without using "like" or "as") Ex: The towers over there are mountains that block the sun from reaching to us	7
13424352659	Meter	regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry	8
13424369412	Ode	a lyric poem that shows seriousness. It praises and exalts a person, characteristic, quality, or object Ex:	9
13424391262	Onomatopoeia	words that capture sounds of what they describe Ex: Bum! Bam!	10
13424411391	Oxymoron	a figure of speech that combines contradictory elements Ex: jumbo shrimp	11
13424508805	Paradox	a statement which seems to be contradicted by might be true Ex: War on Poverty	12
13424518720	Parallel Structure	the use of similar forms for nouns, verbs, phrases, or thoughts Ex: Today, I went to school, played tennis, ate foods, studied	13
13424548314	Juxtaposition	placing two items to creates an effect, a different, reveals an attitude, or accomplishes some purpose of the writer Ex: Juxtapose spring water and lake water to compare the cleanness	14
13455141137	Metonymy	a figure of speech in which an attribute is used to name or designate something Ex: The pen is mightier than the sword	15

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