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AP LANG Flashcards

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14713441067	ad hominem fallacy	when speakers attack the person making the argument and not the argument itself	0
14713441068	ad populum fallacy	when we attempt to persuade people by arguing our position is reasonable because so many other people are doing it or agree with it	1
14713441069	Alliteration	Repetition of initial consonant sounds	2
14713441070	Allusion	A reference to another work of literature, person, or event	3
14713441071	Analogy	A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way	4
14713441072	Anaphora	the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses	5
14713441073	Antimetabole	Repetition of words in reverse order	6
14713441074	Antithesis	the direct opposite, a sharp contrast	7
14713441075	appeal to false authority fallacy	This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority.	8
14713441076	archaic diction	old-fashioned or outdated choice of words	9
14713441077	Asyndeton	omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words	10
14713441078	audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.	11
14713441079	circular reasoning fallacy	error of basing a claim on the same claim reworded in slightly different terms	12
14713441080	claim	An assertion, usually supported by evidence	13
14713441081	claim of fact	asserts that something is true or not true	14
14713441082	claim of policy	proposes a change	15
14713441083	claim of value	argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong	16
14713441084	classical oration	five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians	17
14713441085	Classification	The process of grouping things based on their similarities	18
14713441086	concession	Something given up or yielded	19
14713441087	Connotation	an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.	20
14713441088	counterargument thesis statement	a summary of the counterargument, usually qualified by although or but, precedes the writer's opinion	21
14713441089	Counterargument	an opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward	22
14713441090	cumulative sentence	sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on	23
14713441091	deductive reasoning	general to specific	24
14713441092	Denotation	The dictionary definition of a word	25
14713441093	diction	word choice	26
14713441094	either/or fallacy	oversimplifying an issue as offering only two choices	27
14713441095	Enumeration	listing items in order	28
14713441096	Ethos	credibility	29
14713441097	evidence	the available body of facts or information indicating whether a claim is true or valid.	30
14713441098	polemical	causing debate or argument	31
14713441099	Personification	A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes	32
14713441100	Exigence	an issue, problem, or situation that causes or prompts someone to write or speak	33
14713441101	Pathos	Appeal to emotion	34
14713441102	faulty analogy fallacy	a comparison drawn between things that are dissimilar in some important way	35
14713441103	periodic sentence	sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end	36
14713441104	first-hand evidence	Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events.	37
14713441105	formal diction	language that is lofty, dignified, and impersonal	38
14713441106	Parallelism	similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses	39
14713441107	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.	40
14713441108	Hasty Generalization	A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.	41
14713441109	hortative sentence	sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action	42
14713441110	Open Thesis Statement	One that does not list all the points that the writer intends to cover an essay	43
14713441111	Neutral Diction	Uses standard language and vocabulary without elaborate words and may include contractions	44
14713441112	Hyperbole	exaggeration	45
14713441113	Hypophora	raising a question then proceeding to answer it	46
14713441114	occasion	the time and place a speech is given or a piece is written	47
14713441115	metaphor	A comparison without using like or as	48
14713441116	imperative sentence	sentence used to command or enjoin	49
14713441117	Logos	Appeal to logic	50
14713441118	inductive reasoning	A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.	51
14713441119	informal diction	language that is not as lofty or impersonal as formal diction; similar to everyday speech	52
14713441120	Litotes	A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite	53
14713441121	logical fallacy	a mistake in reasoning	54
14713441122	Inversion	turning inward	55
14713441123	Irony	A contrast between expectation and reality	56
14713441124	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts	57
14713441125	post hoc ergo propter hoc	after this, therefore because of this	58
14713441126	Propaganda	Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.	59
14713441127	Zeguma	use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings	60
14713441128	purpose	the goal the speaker wants to achieve	61
14713441129	verbal irony	A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant	62
14713441130	Understatement	the presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is.	63
14713441131	red herring fallacy	when a speaker introduces an irrelevant issue or piece of evidence to divert attention from the subject of the speech	64
14713441132	Toulmin Model	an approach to analyzing and constructing arguments	65
14713441133	Refutation	a denial of the validity of an opposing argument	66
14713441134	tone	Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character	67
14713441135	rhetorical appeals	ethos, pathos, logos	68
14713441136	Rhetoric	the art of using language effectively and persuasively	69
14713441137	thesis statement	a statement or sentence that states the purpose of a paper or essay	70
14713441138	Synedoche	figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole	71
14713441139	Situational Irony	An outcome that turns out to be very different from what was expected	72
14713441140	rhetorical question	A question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer	73
14713441141	rhetorical situation	a situation in which people's understanding can be changed through messages	74
14713441142	subject	the topic of a text and what it is about	75
14713441143	text	written words	76
14713441144	rhetorical triangle	A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text.	77
14713441145	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.	78
14713441146	Rogerian Argument	acknowledges the validity of the opposition's positions rather than attacking them	79
14713441147	Satire	A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.	80
14713441148	straw man fallacy	a statement that refutes a claim that was never made	81
14713441149	Speaker	creates and delivers a written or spoken text	82
14713441150	second-hand evidence	evidence accessed through research, reading, and investigation	83
14713441151	Simile	A comparison using "like" or "as"	84
14713503135	context	the circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and (historical or current) events surrounding a text	85
14723822178	persona	greek for "mask". The face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience	86
16683962485	reasoning	the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence	87
16684003800	coherence	quality of a piece of writing in which all the parts contribute to the development of the central idea, theme, or organizing principle	88
16684018667	Repetition (Rhetorical device)	Repeating words, phrases, images, or ideas to add emphasis	89
16684032441	synonym	A word that means the same as another word	90
16684043661	pronoun reference	the connection between a pronoun and its antecedent (noun that the pronoun replaces). reference should be clear and unambiguous: The lawyer picked up his hat and left.	91
16684066316	transitions	words or phrases used to connect ideas together	92
16684077653	adjective	A word that describes a noun	93
16684088489	adverb	A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb	94
16684104806	qualifier	a word or phrase that clarifies, modifies, or limits the meaning of another word or phrase	95
16684114090	modifier	a word or group of words that provides description for another word	96

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AP Language and Composition Review Flashcards

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13973912597	rhetorical appeals	Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are the ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion).	0
13973912598	ethos	Greek for "character." Speakers appeal to ethos to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy to speak on a given topic. Ethos is established by both who you are and what you say.	1
13973912599	counterargument	An opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward. Rather than ignoring a counterargument, a strong writer will usually address it through the process of concession and refutation.	2
13973912600	concession (concede)	An acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. In a strong argument, a concession is usually accompanied by a refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument.	3
13973912601	refutation (refute)	A denial of the validity of an opposing argument. In order to sound reasonable, refutations often follow a concession that acknowledges that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable.	4
13973912602	logos	Greek for "embodied thought." Speakers appeal to logos or reason, by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up.	5
13973912603	connotation	Meanings or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition, or denotation. Words carry cultural and emotional associations or meanings in addition to their literal meanings or denotations. Connotations are usually positive or negative, and they can greatly affect the author's tone.	6
13973912604	pathos	Greek for "suffering" or "experience." Speakers appeal to pathos to emotionally motivate their audience. More specific appeals to pathos might play on the audience's values, desires, and hopes, on the one hand, or fears and prejudices, on the other.	7
13973912605	Rhetorical Triangle	A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and the subject in determining a text.	8
13973912606	audience	The listener, viewer, or reader of a text. Most texts are likely to have multiple audiences	9
13973912607	context	The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text.	10
13973912608	occasion	The time and place a speech is given or a piece is written.	11
13973912611	propaganda	The spread of ideas and information to further a cause. In its negative sense, propaganda is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause.	12
13973912612	purpose	The goal the speaker wants to achieve.	13
13973912613	rhetoric	As Aristotle defined the term, "The faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion." In other words, it is the art of finding ways to persuade an audience.	14
13973912614	SOAPSTone	A mnemonic device that stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, Speaker, and Tone. It is a handy way to remember the various elements that make up the rhetorical situation.	15
13973912615	speaker	The person or group who creates a text. This might be a politician who delivers a speech, a commentator who writes an article, an artist who draws a political cartoon, or even a company that commissions an advertisement.	16
13973912616	subject	The topic of a text; what the text is about.	17
13973912618	diction	The speaker's choice of words. Writers choose words to create and convey a typical mood, tone and atmosphere to their readers. Diction or choice of words separates good writing from bad writing. It depends on a number of factors. Firstly, the word has to be right and accurate. Secondly, words should be appropriate to the context in which they are used. Lastly, the choice of words should be such that the listener or readers understand easily. Besides, proper diction or proper choice of words is important to get the message across. On the contrary, the wrong choice of words can easily divert listeners or readers which results in misinterpretation of the message intended to be conveyed.	18
13973912619	syntax	How the words are arranged	19
13973912620	tone	The speaker's attitude toward's the subject as revealed by his or her choice of language	20
13973912621	mood	How the work makes the reader feel.	21
13973912622	metaphor	Figure of speech that compares two things without using like or as; says one thing IS another.	22
13973912623	similes	Figure of speech that compares two things using like or as.	23
13973912624	personification	Attribution of a human quality to an inanimate object or idea.	24
13973912625	hyperbole	Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken seriously	25
13973912626	parallelism	Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.	26
13973912627	juxtaposition	Two or more ideas, places, characters, and their actions are placed side by side in a narrative or a poem, for the purpose of developing comparisons and contrasts. ie: Paradise lost	27
13973912628	antithesis	Opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction.	28
13973912629	compound sentence	A sentence with more than one subject or predicate	29
13973912630	complex sentence	A sentence containing a subordinate clause or clauses	30
13973912631	periodic sentence	Sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end.	31
13973912632	cumulative sentence	Sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on.	32
13973912633	imperative sentence	Sentence used to command or enjoin.	33
13973912634	pacing	How fast a story unfolds. Does the author reveal details quickly or slowly? How does he or she build suspense?	34
13973912635	figures of speech	A word or phrase used in a nonliteral sense to add rhetorical force to a spoken or written passage	35
13973912637	satire	The use of irony or sarcasm to criticize	36
13973912639	allusion	Brief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) or to a work of art.	37
13973912641	asyndeton	Omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.	38
13973912644	rhetorical question	Figure of speech in form of a question posed for the rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer.	39
13973912645	synecdoche	Figure of speech that uses a part to represent a whole. May also use larger groups to refer to smaller groups, or vice versa. It may also call a thing by the name of the material it is made of, or it may refer to a thing in a container or packaging by the name of that container or packing. Example: The word "bread" refers to food or money, as in "Writing is my bread and butter," or "He is the sole breadwinner." The phrase "gray beard" refers to an old man. The word "sails" refers to a whole ship. The word "suit" refers to a businessman. The word "boots" usually refers to soldiers. The term "coke" is a common synecdoche for all carbonated drinks. "wheels" and "ride" are synecdoches for car The word "glasses" refers to spectacles.	40
13973912646	imagery	When a writer describes something using language that appeals to our five senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing)	41
13973912647	argument	A process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from claim to conclusion.	42
13973912649	claim	Also called an assertion or a proposition, a claim states the argument's main idea or position. A claim differs from a topic or subject in that a claim has to be arguable.	43
13973912656	logical fallacy (fallacy)	Logical fallacies are potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it.	44
13973912658	ad hominem	Latin for "to the man," this fallacy refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker. If you argue that a park in your community should not be renovated because the person supporting it was arrested during a domestic dispute, then you are guilty of ad hominem.	45
13973912659	faulty analogy	A fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable. For instance, to argue that because we put animals who are in irreversible pain out of their misery, we should do the same for people, asks the reader to ignore significant and profound differences between animals and people.	46
13973912660	straw man	A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea.	47
13973912661	either/or (false dilemma)	A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices.	48
13973912662	hasty generalization	A fallacy in which conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.	49
13973912663	circular reasoning	A fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence.	50
13973912664	first-hand evidence	Evidence based on something that the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events.	51
13973912665	second-hand evidence	Evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data.	52
13973912666	post hoc ergo propter hoc	This fallacy is Latin for "after which therefore because of which," meaning that it is incorrect to always claim that something is a clause just because it happened earlier. One may loosely summarize this fallacy by saying that correlation does not simply imply causation.	53
13973912667	appeal to false authority	This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on a issue is cited as an authority. A TV star, for instance, is not a medical expert, even though pharmaceutical advertisements often use celebrity endorsements.	54
13973912669	bandwagon appeal	This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do."	55
13973912685	begging the question	A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt. It "begs" a question whether the support itself is sound.	56
13973912687	syndeton	a sentence style in which words, phrases, or clauses are joined by conjunctions (usually and).	57
13973912688	qualitative evidence	Descriptive information, which often comes from interviews, focus groups or artistic depictions such as photographs.	58
13973912689	bias	1. a prejudiced view (either for or against); a preference. 2. a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation	59
13973912691	scare tactics	using fear to sway people by exaggerating possible dangers well beyond their statistical likelihood	60
13973912692	slippery slope	Suggest dire consequences from relatively minor causes	61
13973912695	non sequitur	a statement that does not follow logically from evidence	62
13973912698	chiasmus	a rhetorical device in which two or more clauses are balanced against each other by the reversal of their structures in order to produce an artistic effect.	63
13973912700	anaphora	Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines. This device produces a strong emotional effect, especially in speech. It also establishes a marked change in rhythm. a. "We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island . . . we shall never surrender." (Winston Churchill, 1940) b. "Why should white people be running all the stores in our community? Why should white people be running the banks of our community? Why should the economy of our community be in the hands of the white man? Why?" (Malcolm X) c. "Yesterday, the Japanese government also launched an attack against Malaya. Last night, Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong. Last night, Japanese forces attacked Guam. Last night, Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands. Last night, the Japanese attacked Wake Island. And this morning, the Japanese attacked Midway Island." (Franklin Roosevelt, Pearl Harbor Address)	64
13973912701	epistrophe	repetition of the same word or group of words at the ends of successive phrases. Like anaphora, epistrophe produces a strong rhythm and emphasis. a. "But to all of those who would be tempted by weakness, let us leave no doubt that we will be as strong as we need to be for as long as we need to be." (Richard Nixon, First Inaugural Address) b. "...and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth." (Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address) c. "As long as the white man sent you to Korea, you bled. He sent you to Germany, you bled. He sent you to the South Pacific to fight the Japanese, you bled." (Speech by Malcolm X) d. "In a cake, nothing tastes like real butter, nothing moistens like real butter, nothing enriches like real butter, nothing satisfies like real butter." (Caption from a Pillsbury ad)	65
13973912702	epanalepsis	(eh-puh-nuh-LEAP-siss) — repetition of the same word or words at both beginning and ending of a phrase, clause, or sentence. Like other schemes of repetition, epanalepsis often produces or expresses strong emotion. a. Blood hath bought blood, and blows have answer'd blows:/ Strength match'd with strength, and power confronted power. (William Shakespeare, King John) b. "Nothing is worse than doing nothing." c. "A minimum wage that is not a livable wage can never be a minimum wage." (Ralph Nader)	66
13973912703	anadiplosis	(an-uh-dih-PLO-sis) — repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause. a. "The crime was common, common be the pain". (Alexander Pope, "Eloise to Abelard" b. "Aboard my ship, excellent performance is standard. Standard performance is sub-standard. Sub-standard performance is not permitted to exist." (Captain Queeg, Herman Wouk's The Caine Mutiny) c. "Somehow, with the benefit of little formal education, my grandparents recognized the inexorable downward spiral of conduct outside the guardrails: If you lie, you will cheat; if you cheat, you will steal; if you steal, you will kill." (Justice Clarence Thomas, 1993 Mercer Law School Address) d. "They call for you: The general who became a slave; the slave who became a gladiator; the gladiator who defied an Emperor. Striking story." (line delivered by Joaquin Phoenix, from the movie Gladiator)	67
13973912705	alliteration	repetition in which a number of words, having the same first consonant sound, occur close together in a series. Alliteration does not depend on letters but on sounds. So the phrase not knotty is alliterative, but cigarette chase is not. a. "The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free" Samuel Taylor Coolridge b. "It was the meanest moment of eternity". (Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God) c. "His soul swooned slowly as he heard the snow falling faintly through the universe and faintly falling, like the descent of their last end, upon all the living and the dead." (James Joyce,The Dead) d. Names, logos, and ads are often alliterative because it helps you remember: Dunkin' Donuts PayPal; Best Buy;Coca-Cola; Lois Lane; Sammy Sosa; Ronald Reagan; Porky Pig; etc.	68
13973912706	assonance	the repetition of similar vowel sounds, preceded and followed by different consonants, in the stressed syllables of adjacent words. a. "Whales in the wake like capes and Alps/ Quaked the sick sea and snouted deep." (Dylan Thomas, "Ballad of the Long Legged Bait") b. "Refresh your zest for living." (advertisement for French Line Ships) c. "Strips of tinfoil winking like people." (Sylvia Plath) d. "The gloves didn't fit. If it doesn't fit, you must acquit." (Johnny Cochran, O.J.Simpson trial)	69
13973912707	consonance	The use of a series of consonants in quick succession - used more in poetry than in prose. a. "The pitter patter of perpetual precipitation put me in a petulant mood". While there is alliteration in this sentence with the letter p being repeated in the beginning of words, the repeated p and t are consonant. b. "Rap rejects my tape deck, ejects projectile Whether Jew or gentile, I rank top percentile Many styles, more powerful than gamma rays My grammar pays, like Carlos Santana plays."	70
13973912709	ellipsis	Ellipsis is the omission of a word or series of words. There are two slightly different definitions of ellipsis which are pertinent to literature. The first definition of ellipsis is the commonly used series of three dots, which can be place at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence or clause. But more importantly, for AP purposes, the second is: a linguistically appropriate omission of words that are mutually understood and thus unnecessary. This type of ellipsis is usually used where the words omitted would be redundant. example: Gapping: I ordered the linguine, and he [ordered] the lobster. Stripping: I ordered the linguine, [I did] not [order] lobster. Verb phrase ellipsis: I'll order the linguine and you can [order the linguine], too. Answer ellipsis: Who ordered the linguine? I did [order the linguine]. Sluicing: I'll get something to drink, but I'm not sure what [I'll get to drink]. Nominal ellipsis: I ordered two drinks, and Bill [ordered] one.	71
13973912710	metonymy	a type of metaphor where the substitution of the name of an attribute for that of the thing meant. Examples: The pen is mightier than the sword. -Edward Bulwer-Lytton This land belongs to the crown. Flight simulators are valuable because you can die in software and still be around to fly another day. You cannot fight city hall. The orders came directly from the White House. After four years of reading and writing, I got my bachelor's degree and left college. After four years of filling in the bubbles on machine-scored answer sheets, I got my bachelor's degree and left college.	72
13973912712	paradox	an apparently contradictory statement that actually contains some truth. examples: Less is more You can save money by spending it. I know one thing; that I know nothing. This is the beginning of the end. Deep down, you're really shallow. I'm a compulsive liar. "Men work together whether they work together or apart." - Robert Frost "What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young." - George Bernard Shaw "I can resist anything but temptation." - Oscar Wilde Here are the rules: Ignore all rules. The second sentence is false. The first sentence is true.	73
13974004539	Tone	Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character	74