Period 4 - AP World History Flashcards
Hello, welcome to the ultimate study guide for the AP World History exam. Have fun, and good luck. This is basically a compilation of every notecard term in the unit.
Terms : Hide Images
| 14096097588 | Dates of Period 4 | the time period of 1450 - 1750 | 0 | |
| 14096097589 | Catholic Reformation | the church's actions to revive their reputation and membership roles in 1545 (regained control of most of southern Europe, Austria, Poland, and much of Hungary) | 1 | |
| 14096097590 | Jesuits | a religious order converting people to return to the church (went to Asia + Americas in 1500's) | 2 | |
| 14096097591 | Thirty Years War | War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia | 3 | |
| 14096097592 | English Civil War | This was the revolution as a result of whether the sovereignty would remain with the king or with the Parliament. Eventually, the kingship was abolished. | 4 | |
| 14096097593 | Scientific Revolution | a new vision of science developed during the renaissance in the 17th + 18th century | 5 | |
| 14096097594 | Scholasticism | Scholars based their inquiry on the principles established by the church, which sometimes resulted in clases between science and religion | 6 | |
| 14096097595 | Humanism | interest in the capabilities and accomplishments of individuals | 7 | |
| 14096097596 | Patrons | supporters of the arts, with payment and such, they found talented artists, often when they were young | 8 | |
| 14096097600 | Protestant Reformation | a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches |  | 9 |
| 14096097601 | Indulgences | The Catholic Church's grants of salvation for money in the 1500s, and was part of the growing corruption of the church. |  | 10 |
| 14096097604 | Martin Luther | a German monk who wrote the 95 theses in 1517, which were 95 propositions that criticized the Catholic Church |  | 11 |
| 14096097606 | Deism | God built the universe and let it run. Clockmaker theory. |  | 12 |
| 14096097607 | Land-based Powers | A shift in land based powers where governments controlled lands by building armies, bureaucracies, road, canals, and walls that unified and protected | 13 | |
| 14096097608 | Sea-based Powers | Sea people built their power by controlling water routes, developing technology to cross the seas, and gaining wealth from trade and land claims. | 14 | |
| 14096097609 | Renaissance | A heightened intellectual and artistic advance from about 1450s, that changed Europe forever |  | 15 |
| 14096097612 | Constitutional Monarchy | States where rulers shared power with a parliament, a body of representatives selected by the nobility and urban citizens | 16 | |
| 14096097613 | Gentry | the most powerful members of a society, and landowners that affected the style of the old aristocracy |  | 17 |
| 14096097614 | Enlightenment | the emphasis on human abilities and accomplishments and the importance of independent and rational thought | 18 | |
| 14096097619 | Holy Roman Empire | a place/time where religion remained very important, and religious issues continued to fragment, and strong kings emerged in the 16th century |  | 19 |
| 14096097621 | Phillip II | ruled Spain at the height of its power in the 15th century | 20 | |
| 14096097622 | Divine Right | with God's blessing of the king's authority, the legitimacy of royalty across Europe was enhanced, and occurred under the reign of Louis XIV during the 17th and 18th centuries |  | 21 |
| 14096097624 | Absolute Monarchies vs. limited monarchies | absolute monarchies held complete control over their kingdom vs. the limited power. | 22 | |
| 14096097625 | Capitalism | an economic system based on private ownership of property and business that provide goods to be bough and sold in a free manner | 23 | |
| 14096097626 | Mercantilism | the responsibility of government to promote the states economy to improve the revenues and limit imports to prevent profits from going to outsiders (allows industry to develop their own business) |  | 24 |
| 14096097627 | Joint-stock Companies | these companies organized commercial ventures on a large scale by allowing investors to buy and sell shares. The new capitalist system largely replaced the old guild system of the middle ages. | 25 | |
| 14096097628 | Bourgeoise | middle class; factory owners who put long hours and much of their profits into their businesses | 26 | |
| 14096097629 | Balance of Power | states forming a temporary alliance to prevent the state form being too powerful. (Russia emerged as a major power in Europe after its mediterranean armies got Sweden in the GNW) | 27 | |
| 14096097630 | Versailles | a place where Louis' palace was built symbolizing the French's triumph over the traditional rights of the nobility and clergy. This kept nobles away from plotting rebellions, and 'distracted europe'. |  | 28 |
| 14096097633 | Caravel | a new ship developed by the portuguese, which was much smaller than the junk, but size allowed for exploration of shallower coastal areas |  | 29 |
| 14096097634 | Vasco da Gama | set out to find the tip of Africa and connect it to the Indian Ocean, and discovered the fastest and safest ways to travel to Portugal |  | 30 |
| 14096097635 | Christopher Columbus | A Genoese mariner who convinced Isabella and Ferdinand to sponsor a voyage across the Atlantic after he was turned down by the Genoese and Portugal. He believed he could reach east Asia by sailing West. | 31 | |
| 14096097636 | Treaty of Tordesillas | a treaty making Spain and Portugal land claim boundary. Portugal pushes its explorations to India and beyond. |  | 32 |
| 14096097637 | Magellan | had a ship that was first to circumnavigate the glove, even though Magellan himself died in the phillipines |  | 33 |
| 14096097638 | Conquistadors | went to search for gold and convert the natives to Christianity in the interior of Mexico |  | 34 |
| 14096097639 | Cortes | sought to find the Aztec capital, and took over the Aztec land - with help of Amerindians, disease, and technology | 35 | |
| 14096097640 | Moctezuma | the Aztec emperor, who welcome the Spaniards at Tenochtitlan, seeing them as god-like. This was a mistake, as this allowed everyone to conquer him. | 36 | |
| 14096097641 | Francisco Pizzaro | led a group of soldiers to the Andes to find the Inca. The Incas were weak; Pizzaro conquered and got gold. |  | 37 |
| 14096097642 | Ethnocentrism | the term that describes the tendency of human beings to view their own culture as superior |  | 38 |
| 14096097643 | De La Casas | a conquistador priest who dedicated himself to protecting Amerindian rights |  | 39 |
| 14096097644 | Franciscans | peoples who converted new world people to christianity, and took care of the poor. | 40 | |
| 14096097646 | Peninsularies | a fading social class in the new world, composed of the people born in the old world | 41 | |
| 14096097651 | Encomienda | the system in which conquistadors had forced natives to do work for them |  | 42 |
| 14096097652 | Creoles | composed of those born in the new world; a quickly growing class |  | 43 |
| 14096097653 | Protestant work ethic | a work ethic of the protestants that encouraged individual endeavors towards gaining wealth | 44 | |
| 14096097654 | Dutch East India Company | a joint stock company that specialized in the spice and luxury trade of the East Indies and quickly gained control of Dutch Trading in the Pacific |  | 45 |
| 14096097655 | Lost Colony | The colony of Walter Raleigh, as well as the first venture to North America by the British on the Carolina Coast. | 46 | |
| 14096097657 | Columbian exchange | the global diffusion of crops, other plants, human beings, animals, and distance that took place after the European exploring voyages of the New World |  | 47 |
| 14096097658 | Middle Passage | the first leg of the atlantic circuit, where ships took slaves to the new world |  | 48 |
| 14096097660 | Pilgrims | settled first in New England, and wanted to break away completely from the Church of England, sought to pursue spiritual ends in new lands | 49 | |
| 14096097661 | Puritans | wanted to purify Church of England, not break with it | 50 | |
| 14096097667 | Gunpowder Empires | an age of time where almost all powerful states used guns to build control/attack (included Russia, Ming and Qing, Japan, the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid and the Mughal empire) |  | 51 |
| 14096097671 | Safavid Empire | an empire that grew from a turkish nomadic group, that were Shi'ite muslims |  | 52 |
| 14096097672 | Imams | heirs of Muhammad according to Shi'ite muslims | 53 | |
| 14096097673 | Babur | founded the Mughal empire, claimed to be a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan (1526) |  | 54 |
| 14096097674 | Akbar | the grandson of Babur, who brought the height of the Mughal empire. Also expanded his empire to control much of the subcontinent. | 55 | |
| 14096097675 | Taj Mahal | a building of beauty built as a tomb for Mumtaz Mahal's wife. |  | 56 |
| 14096097676 | Sati | the ritual suicide of widows by jumping into their husbands pyres, representing the low status of women | 57 | |
| 14096097677 | Mughal Empire | an empire that that was a mixture of Mongol and Turkish peoples from Central Asia, which dominated India until the early 1700s |  | 58 |
| 14096097678 | Sikhism | started by Nanuk, who became the first Guru of Sikhism. Sikhism was a following of people who formed a community free of caste divisions |  | 59 |
| 14096097679 | Ivan IV | Ivan the Terrible (his nickname) reflected problems that tsars faced as power increased |  | 60 |
| 14096097680 | Great Northern War | War that was long and costly which came from Peter's modernized armies breaking Swedish control of the Baltic Sea, forcing Europe to see Russia as a major power |  | 61 |
| 14096097681 | Kabuki | a form of drama that consisted of several acts and separate skits with singing, dancing, and elaborate staging. (Actors became well known starts) |  | 62 |
| 14096097682 | Ivan III | declared himself as "tsar" (means Caesar) with the claim he was establishing the "Third Rome" |  | 63 |
| 14096097683 | Boyars | The nobility of the Russia feudal based economic system. They also had military responsibilities to overlords, including the tsar |  | 64 |
| 14096097685 | Peter the Great | The tsar of Russia in 1682 to 1724, who was most responsible for transforming Russia into a great world power. He understood how things worked globally, and expanded water ports | | 65 |
| 14096097686 | St. Petersburg | The "Window to the West" established by Peter the Great, which was a capital built on the shoes of the newly accessed Baltic Sea (a port for the new navy + allowed closer access to western countries) |  | 66 |
| 14096097687 | Table of Ranks | A system by Peter the Great that allowed officials to attain gov't posistions based on merit, not on aristocracy status (reorganization of Bureaucracy) | 67 | |
| 14096097688 | Tsar | a derivative of "Caesar", establishing a "3rd rome". This was a major propaganda for Russia | 68 | |
| 14096097689 | Daimyo | Japanese territorial lords, who held local control of areas. Some Daimyos had more influence than others, but each maintained his own governments and had his own samurai | 69 | |
| 14096097691 | Tokugawa Shogunate | a centralized government established in 1603 in present day Tokyo. Also called a tent government, which was temporary | 70 | |
| 14096097693 | Qing Dynasty | The name of the empire after the Ming; seized China from the emperors who could no longer defend their borders from the Manchu | 71 | |
| 14096097695 | Kowtow | a special, often deep bow to the Chinese emperor. In the Qing dynasty, those who came to see the emperor had to do a special bow consisting of 3 separate kneeling |  | 72 |
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Early Modern Period - AP World History Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9977845268 | Imperialism | the policy of extending rule over foreign countries Many were driven by the idea of mercantilism. It is also the philosophy on which gunpowder empires such as the Ottomans, Safavid, and Mughals ran. | 0 | |
| 9977845269 | Nation-State | A sovereign state inhabited by a homogenous group of people Generally, nations like China, Japan, and some African countries that were incredibly isolated. | 1 | |
| 9977845270 | Joint Stock Companies | An association of individuals who pooled resources and provided stock like a corporation | 2 | |
| 9977845271 | Mulattoes | A person of mixed European and African descent Introduced the world to a new type of family and created new social castes. | 3 | |
| 9977845272 | Mercantilism | Prosperity of a nation depends on its supply of resources Had a huge impact on colonies and settlements in the New World. One of the reasons that people even explored because they wanted to find more resources for better trade opportunities. | 4 | |
| 9977845273 | Sikhism | Syncretic religion formed by Nanak | 5 | |
| 9977845274 | Mughal | Muslim state that ruled India | 6 | |
| 9977845275 | Columbian exchange | the exchange of plants and animals between the Americas and the rest of the word, following Columbus's expedition Brought diseases to the New World that had a detrimental impact on the native population of the time. Brought the potato to Europe, which led to a spike in population growth. | 7 | |
| 9977845276 | Jean Jacques Rousseau | Champion of democracy, all people are equal | 8 | |
| 9977845277 | Zheng He | Chinese admiral who led seven overseas trade expeditions under Ming dynasty rule | 9 | |
| 9977845278 | Encomienda system | A grant of Land made by the Spaniards to a settler in the Americas, saying you can use native Americans as slaves | 10 | |
| 9977845279 | Laissez-Faire capitalism | the idea that economy can run itself | 11 | |
| 9977845280 | Adam Smith | Scottish economist who advocated laissez-faire | 12 | |
| 9977845281 | Safavid | The Shi'a Islamic dynasty that ruled Persia in the 16th and 18th centuries | 13 | |
| 9977845282 | Creoles | Descendants of Spaniards but born in South America | 14 | |
| 9977845283 | Ming | Chinese dynasty that focused on rejuvenating Chinese culture after years of Mongol rule | 15 | |
| 9977845284 | Shogun | Powerful military lord in feudal Japan | 16 | |
| 9977845285 | Dutch United East India Company | Private merchants advanced funds to send ships to India and provide them the ability to trade | 17 | |
| 9977845286 | Siberia | A vast Asian region of Russia | 18 | |
| 9977845287 | 95 Theses | Primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation Created by protestant reformist Martin Luther. He wanted to reform the Catholic church and refused to recant his words, which led to his excommunication from the Catholic church. | 19 | |
| 9977845288 | Cortes | Spaniard who defeated the Aztecs | 20 | |
| 9977845289 | Akbar | the most famous Muslim ruler of India | 21 | |
| 9977845290 | John Locke | Enlightenment thinker who thought all people were equal and were essentially good | 22 | |
| 9977845291 | Potosi | A mine located in upper Peru | 23 | |
| 9977845292 | Middle Passage | the route in between western ports of Africa and the Caribbean A part of the Atlantic triangular trade. Most slaves died during this section of the journey, for there was a 10-20% mortality rate. Olaudah Equiano survived this passage and wrote about his experiences. | 24 | |
| 9977845293 | Daimyo | Japanese military leaders | 25 | |
| 9977845294 | Ottomans | Turkic empire established in Asia Minor A gunpowder empire that conquered Constantinople; leading to the main religion of the region becoming Islam. | 26 | |
| 9977845295 | Songhay | Portion of Mali after the kingdom collapsed | 27 | |
| 9977845296 | Tokugawa | A powerful Japanese family that ruled as shotguns | 28 | |
| 9977845297 | Renaissance | cultural and political movement in Italy during the 1400s; Northern Renaissance took place in other European nations Led to advancements in the arts and literature; a catalyst for the Scientific Revolution. Gave the world some of its greatest minds: Shakespeare, the ninja turtles, etc. | 29 | |
| 9977845298 | Shah Abbas the Great | Safavid ruler 1587-1629 | 30 | |
| 9977845299 | Syncretic religions | religions that combine two other religions; Cultures and religions that combine overtime Akbar tried this with Hinduism and Islam in the Mughal Empire in an effort to unite the two feuding groups. | 31 | |
| 9977845300 | Humanism | A focus on humanity as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor | 32 | |
| 9977845301 | Absolute Monarchy | the monarchy has all the power; no checks and balances Conflicts commonly arose in this type of government, with issues of fairness, cruelty, and succession being some of the most common catalysts (see Russia). | 33 | |
| 9977845302 | Shah | Title for the former hereditary monarch of Iraq/Persia | 34 | |
| 9977845303 | Scientific revolution | European advancements in math and science, developed scientific method | 35 | |
| 9977845304 | Manchus | Northeast Asians who defeated the Ming dynasty and started the Qing dynasty | 36 | |
| 9977845305 | English East India company | An early joint-stock company; granted on English royal charter with the intent of favoring trade privileges in India | 37 | |
| 9977845306 | Copernicus | A philosopher who brought up the theory of helio-centricity | 38 | |
| 9977845307 | Mestizo | A person of mixed racial ancestry Introduced a new type of family to the world. And created a new type of social caste. Introduced a new type of family to the world. And created a new type of social caste. | 39 | |
| 9977845308 | Pizarro | Spaniard who conquered the Incas Led to the replacement and loss of Incan culture to and with European culture. | 40 | |
| 9977845309 | Janissaries | Christian boys taken from Christian families in the Balkans, converted to Islam; raised and trained to serve the Sultan | 41 | |
| 9977845310 | Enlightenment | A burst of thought and cultural advancement in Europe during the middle ages | 42 | |
| 9977845311 | Indulgences | Forgiveness of sins sold by the Catholic church Was a catalyst for the Protestant Reformation; led to the corruption of clergy members. This practice was called out for not being Biblical by Martin Luther, a Protestant reformer. | 43 | |
| 9977845312 | Vasco de Gama | Portuguese Sailor, first to sail around Southern Africa to the Indian Ocean He discovered routes around the Cape of Good Hope, which opened up new trading and traveling opportunities. He made it all the way to India. Only half of his crew survived the rest died of scurvy. | 44 | |
| 9977845313 | Viceroy | governor of a country that represents his king Allowed for diplomatic missions between empires and kingdoms. | 45 | |
| 9977845314 | Mali | formed when the Sundiata took control of the Ghana Empire | 46 | |
| 9977845315 | Lateen Sail | A triangular sail used on ships | 47 | |
| 9977845316 | Patriarchy | A society ruled by males | 48 | |
| 9977845317 | Peter the Great | Russian czar that created St. Petersburg, innovated the empires army making them more modern created the first navy; westernized Russia | 49 |
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