Flashcards
Flashcards
AP World History, AMSCO Chapter 8 Flashcards
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| 11099319461 | What is the fastest growing religion? | Islam | 0 | |
| 11099319462 | What was the Bedouins culture like in the sixth century? | Nomadic, tribal, and polytheistic | 1 | |
| 11099319463 | What was the supreme beings name at the time of the Bedouins? | Allah | 2 | |
| 11099319464 | What was the relationship between the sacred stone's and the Bedouins? | Revered, sacred | 3 | |
| 11099319465 | What was the affect of peace between the Byzantines and the Sassanid's on the Bedouins? | Water Travel by the Red Sea and Arabian Sea was more popular | 4 | |
| 11099319466 | What cultural continuity to the Bedouin occurred when Muhammad continued to call his chief God Allah? | Revelations collected into the Quran | 5 | |
| 11099319467 | What was the expansion of Muhammad's religion like in the beginning? | Very slow, only 30 in 1 year | 6 | |
| 11099319468 | What did the people of Mecca do the followers of Islam? | Persecute then | 7 | |
| 11099319469 | Why did Muhammad return to Mecca to co about it after ten years? | Declare the building housed the sacred black stone there- the Ka'aba - a shrine of Islam | 8 | |
| 11099319470 | Why did Islam expand? | Military conquests | 9 | |
| 11099319471 | How does Islam refer to Christians and Jews? | Monotheistic, honored Abraham and other prophets | 10 | |
| 11099319472 | Principles of Islam | 1.believing in only Allah 2. Praying five times a day 3. Giving alms to the poor 4. Fasting during the month of Ramadan 5. Making a pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime | 11 | |
| 11099319473 | What are the dual views of the Islamic word Jihad? | Inner struggle / go to eat and extend Islam | 12 | |
| 11099319474 | What are some things you can't do under Shariah law? | Gambling, eating pork, and drinking alcohol | 13 | |
| 11099319490 | Shariah law is an example of what type of political government? | 14 | ||
| 11099319475 | who was aku bakr? | Muhammad's father-in-law | 15 | |
| 11099319476 | Who are the Sunnis? | referred the first 3 caliphs as the "rightly guided caliphs" | 16 | |
| 11099319477 | Who are the Shiites? | Ali supporters | 17 | |
| 11099319478 | Who did the abu-Bakr attack as his first caliph? | Byzantine Empire (Constantinople) and Persian Sassanid empire | 18 | |
| 11099319479 | Why did political conquest by Islam not always lead to conversion? | Muhammad taught that people should not be forced to convert | 19 | |
| 11099319480 | What political entity replaced Ali as the governing body of the Islamic world? | Umayyad Dynasty | 20 | |
| 11099319481 | In reaction to the destruction of a centralized religious theocracy the Shiite developed what kind of leader? | Theocratic : Imam | 21 | |
| 11099319482 | Who conquered the Umayyads? | Abbasids | 22 | |
| 11099319483 | Why is Baghdad Influence considered a Golden Age of learning? | They made better paper which led to the expansion of learning | 23 | |
| 11099319484 | What did the Persians object too, and how did they their Persian Culture while being Muslim? | Being treated as second class citizens, convert to Islam | 24 | |
| 11099319485 | What did the Persian poet Riki (1207-1237) contribute to the Islamic world? | Became basis of the Sufi movement | 25 | |
| 11099319486 | What led to the internal decline of the Abbasid Dynasty? | Corruption and assassination attempts | 26 | |
| 11099319487 | What led to the external decline of the Abbasid dynasty? | Unable to collect taxes | 27 | |
| 11099319488 | What did the Seljuk Turks do to the leader of the Abbasids? | Their leader took the title Sultan, reducing the Abbasid caliph to the role of Chief Sunni religious authority. | 28 | |
| 11110774074 | What was it that the Seljuk Turks did that created the crusades? | Limited Christian access to the Holy lands | 29 | |
| 11110774075 | Who finished the Abbasid Dynasty off in 1258 C.E. | Mongols | 30 | |
| 11110774076 | What were some of the economic factors that led to the decline of Baghdad and hence the Abbasid Dynasty? | Last place in trade routes, lost population/canals | 31 | |
| 11110774077 | What group had great success in Spain? | Umayyads | 32 | |
| 11110774078 | Where was the Islamic invasion of Europe halted? | Battle of Tours against Frankish forces? | 33 | |
| 11110774089 | What was the cultural and religious tolerance shown by the Moors of Spain? | 34 | ||
| 11110774079 | Who are the two great scholars of Spain during the twelfth century? | Ibn Rushd (Averroes) and Maimonides | 35 | |
| 11110774080 | What cultures items were left as legacy items for the Islamic world after it fractured politically? | Translated Greek classics to Arabic, mathematics, paper-making | 36 | |
| 11110774081 | How common was discrimination towards non-Arabs in Arab controlled lands? | Common | 37 | |
| 11110774082 | What was the role of Merchants in Islamic society? | Esteemed, could grow rich and be respected if fair and charitable | 38 | |
| 11110774083 | What was the role of Islam and Slavery? | They were not hereditary, could earn freedom, slave woman had more freedom that wives | 39 | |
| 11110774084 | What was the gender role of woman who were made slaves? | Concubines | 40 | |
| 11110774085 | What is interesting about the dress of woman in regards to the Hijab in relation to the Byzantines? | Modest | 41 | |
| 11110774086 | How did Muhammad's first wife influence his behavior toward woman? | She was educated and owned a business | 42 | |
| 11110774087 | What comparison can you make towards the Christian treatment of woman and Islamic woman? | Overall enjoyed higher status | 43 | |
| 11110774088 | Why is Sufism important to the expansion of Islam into India and Southeast Asia | They were varied, and expressed religious ecstasy through dance | 44 |
The Crucible- AP English Literature Review Flashcards
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| 13735551609 | John Proctor | A local farmer who lives just outside town; Elizabeth Proctor's husband. A stern, harsh-tongued man, John hates hypocrisy. Nevertheless, he has a hidden sin—his affair with Abigail Williams—that proves his downfall. When the hysteria begins, he hesitates to expose Abigail as a fraud because he worries that his secret will be revealed and his good name ruined. | 0 | |
| 13735554858 | Reverend Hale | A minister from the town of Beverly who is recognized authority on witchcraft; tries to save the accused at the play's end | 1 | |
| 13735557309 | Abigail Williams | Reverend Parris's niece. Abigail was once the servant for the Proctor household, but Elizabeth Proctor fired her after she discovered that Abigail was having an affair with her husband, John Proctor. Abigail is smart, wily, a good liar, and vindictive when crossed. | 2 | |
| 13735560940 | Reverend Parris | The minister of Salem's church. Reverend Parris is a paranoid, power-hungry, yet oddly self-pitying figure. Many of the townsfolk, especially John Proctor, dislike him, and Parris is very concerned with building his position in the community. | 3 | |
| 13735565488 | Francis Nurse | A wealthy, influential man in Salem. Nurse is well respected by most people in Salem, but is an enemy of Thomas Putnam and his wife. | 4 | |
| 13735574244 | Elizabeth Proctor | John Proctor's wife. Elizabeth fired Abigail when she discovered that her husband was having an affair with Abigail. Elizabeth is supremely virtuous, but often cold. | 5 | |
| 13735577713 | Susanna Walcott | Friend to Abigail. She also takes part in the trials by falsely accusing others of witchcraft. | 6 | |
| 13735580956 | Judge Hawthorne | the inflexible judge in the witch trials; distant ancestor of Nathaniel Hawthorne | 7 | |
| 13735585220 | Marshall Herrick | Also charged with arresting the witches; acts as jailkeeper | 8 | |
| 13735586765 | Thomas Putnam | A wealthy, influential citizen of Salem, Putnam holds a grudge against Francis Nurse for preventing Putnam's brother-in-law from being elected to the office of minister. He uses the witch trials to increase his own wealth by accusing people of witchcraft and then buying up their land. | 9 | |
| 13735590426 | Judge Thomas Danforth | Judge Danforth is the man responsible for determining the fates of those accused.Judge Danforth is the deputy governor of Massachusetts and he presides over the witch trials in Salem alongside Judge Hathorne. The leading figure among the magistrates, Danforth is a key character in the story. He believes he is doing the work of God and won't allow anyone to question his decisions. | 10 | |
| 13735609747 | Mary Warren | The servant in the Proctor household and a member of Abigail's group of girls. She is a timid girl, easily influenced by those around her, who tried unsuccessfully to expose the hoax and ultimately recanted her confession. | 11 | |
| 13735611971 | Tituba | Reverend Parris's black slave from Barbados. Tituba agrees to perform voodoo at Abigail's request. | 12 | |
| 13735614004 | Betty Parris | Parris' daughter. Her father discovers her dancing in the woods, and she later accuses individuals of practicing witchcraft by pretending to have been bewitched into a coma. | 13 | |
| 13735621604 | Ann Putnam | Thomas Putnam's wife. Ann Putnam has given birth to eight children, but only Ruth Putnam survived. The other seven died before they were a day old, and Ann is convinced that they were murdered by supernatural means. | 14 | |
| 13735626318 | Ezekiel Cheever | A man from Salem who acts as clerk of the court during the witch trials. He is upright and determined to do his duty for justice. | 15 | |
| 13735628454 | Rebecca Nurse | Francis Nurse's wife. Rebecca is a wise, sensible, and upright woman, held in tremendous regard by most of the Salem community. However, she falls victim to the hysteria when the Putnams accuse her of witchcraft and she refuses to confess. | 16 | |
| 13735630942 | Giles Corey | An elderly but feisty farmer in Salem, famous for his tendency to file lawsuits. Giles's wife, Martha, is accused of witchcraft, and he himself is eventually held in contempt of court and pressed to death with large stones. | 17 | |
| 13735633399 | Sarah Good | Beggar in Salem. She is the first individual accused of witchcraft. | 18 | |
| 13735633400 | Mercy Lewis | Putnam's servant; also involved with accusations of witches; among the girls who "cry out" at the trial; danced naked in the woods | 19 | |
| 13735649573 | Reputation | Reputation is tremendously important in theocratic Salem, where public and private moralities are one and the same. In an environment where reputation plays such an important role, the fear of guilt by association becomes particularly pernicious. Focused on maintaining public reputation, the townsfolk of Salem must fear that the sins of their friends and associates will taint their names | 20 | |
| 13735660951 | Judgement | Another major theme in The Crucible is that of judgment, especially seen in the characters of Danforth and Rev. Hale. In the third act of the play, Deputy Governor Danforth sits in judgment over the accused and imprisoned residents of Salem. Danforth's judgments, which he is always firm and resolute about, are clearly wrong: Elizabeth, Martha Corey, Rebecca Nurse, and many others are not witches at all. | 21 | |
| 13735673053 | Ownership and Property | In The Crucible, concerns over property and ownership affect many of the decisions characters make. John Proctor reveals to Reverend Hale that he doesn't go to church because he doesn't like Reverend Parris's obsession with money. Tituba falsely confesses to witchcraft because she knows, as a slave, she is the legal property of Parris, who can beat her if she doesn't confess. Mr. Putnam, who has a long history of false accusations, encourages his daughter to falsely accuse their neighbors of witchcraft so he can claim their property after the neighbors are jailed or executed. | 22 | |
| 13735678373 | Justice | Many characters struggle with choices they made before and during the events of the play, trying to understand if the results of their actions are just or not. Elizabeth Proctor has a difficult time forgiving John for his affair with Abby, but by the end of the play, Elizabeth has come to feel that she is at least partly to blame for her husband's adultery. | 23 | |
| 13735682279 | Consequences | John's affair with Abby has ended by the time the events of the play begin, but the consequences of that affair have just begun. Because Abby doesn't believe that John no longer is interested in her, she seizes upon accusations of witchcraft as a way to get rid of Elizabeth. Because John allowed Abby to believe that he loved her, she thinks she can take Elizabeth's place as his wife. | 24 | |
| 13735688086 | The Witch Trials and McCarthyism | There is little symbolism within The Crucible, but, in its entirety, the play can be seen as symbolic of the paranoia about communism that pervaded America in the 1950s. Several parallels exist between the House Un-American Activities Committee's rooting out of suspected communists during this time and the seventeenth-century witch-hunt that Miller depicts in The Crucible, including the narrow-mindedness, excessive zeal, and disregard for the individuals that characterize the government's effort to stamp out a perceived social ill. Further, as with the alleged witches of Salem, suspected Communists were encouraged to confess their crimes and to "name names," identifying others sympathetic to their radical cause. | 25 | |
| 13735702537 | Tone | The tone of The Crucible is cautionary and largely unsympathetic, suggesting that the characters actively created the disastrous events of the play, rather being victimized by them. | 26 | |
| 13735710101 | Antagonist | Abigail Williams | 27 | |
| 13735711833 | Protagonist | John Proctor | 28 | |
| 13735717481 | Empowerment | The witch trials empower several characters in the play who are previously marginalized in Salem society. In general, women occupy the lowest rung of male-dominated Salem and have few options in life. They work as servants for townsmen until they are old enough to be married off and have children of their own. | 29 | |
| 13735728944 | Genre | Historical Fiction/ Tragedy/ Allegory | 30 | |
| 13735735989 | Author | Arthur Miller | 31 | |
| 13735746452 | Who dies? | Bridget Bishop, Martha Corey and Giles Corey (who was pressed to death), Mary Easty, Mr. Jacobs, Rebecca Nurse, John Proctor, Tituba, Goody Osborne, and Goody Good. | 32 |
AP Vocabulary Lesson 24 Flashcards
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| 6292027273 | Traverse | Cross and recross, go back and forth over. "For days the ship traversed the area, searching for the lost whaling boat." | 0 | |
| 6292029122 | Emanate | Derive, issue forth. "American law emanates largely from English common law." | 1 | |
| 6292033031 | Corroborate | Provided added proof. "Laws of evidence require that testimony on a crime be corroborated by other circumstances." | 2 | |
| 6292034970 | Dissemble | Conceal or misrepresent the true nature of something. "He dissembled his real motives under a pretense of unselfish concern." | 3 | |
| 6292037165 | Stultify | To make on appear or feel stupid, absurd, or useless. "The hot, smoky atmosphere of the room was stultifying; no one could concentrate on the work." | 4 | |
| 6292058303 | Ossify | Become bone, become rigidly set in a pattern, habit, or custom. "The flexible limbs of the infant were not yet completely ossified." | 5 | |
| 6292061522 | Proscribe | Outlaw, forbid by law. "Theft is proscribed for the most part by state law." | 6 | |
| 6292062958 | Ascribe | Attribute, assign as a cause or source. "His death was ascribed to poison." | 7 | |
| 6292065343 | Vilify | Defame, attempt to degrade by slander. "The man was sued for attempting to vilify the physician." | 8 | |
| 6292068150 | Inure | Harden or accustom to difficulty or pain. "A life of hard physical labour has inured them to petty discomforts." | 9 |
Flashcards
AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards
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| 13859016042 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 13859016043 | psychology's biggest question | Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture? | 1 | |
| 13859016044 | psychology's three levels of analysis | biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together) | 2 | |
| 13859016045 | biological approach | genetics, close-relatives, body functions | 3 | |
| 13859016046 | evolutionary approach | species - helped with survival (ancestors) | 4 | |
| 13859016047 | psychodynamic approach | (Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes | 5 | |
| 13859016048 | behavioral approach | learning (classical and operant) observed | 6 | |
| 13859016049 | cognitive approach | thinking affects behavior | 7 | |
| 13859016050 | humanistic approach | becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) | 8 | |
| 13859016051 | social-cultural approach | cultural, family, environment | 9 | |
| 13859016052 | two reasons of why experiments are important | hindsight bias + overconfidence | 10 | |
| 13859016053 | types of research methods | descriptive, correlational, and experimental | 11 | |
| 13859016054 | descriptive methods | case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT) | 12 | |
| 13859016055 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 13 | |
| 13859016056 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 14 | |
| 13859016057 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 15 | |
| 13859016058 | correlational method | shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research | 16 | |
| 13859016059 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 17 | |
| 13859016060 | experimental method | does show cause and effect | 18 | |
| 13859016061 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 19 | |
| 13859016062 | sample | actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias) | 20 | |
| 13859016063 | random assignment | chance selection between experimental and control groups | 21 | |
| 13859016064 | control group | not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo | 22 | |
| 13859016065 | experimental group | receiving treatment/drug | 23 | |
| 13859016066 | independent variable | drug/procedure/treatment | 24 | |
| 13859016067 | dependent variable | outcome of using the drug/treatment | 25 | |
| 13859016068 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 26 | |
| 13859016069 | scientific method | theory hypothesis operational definition revision | 27 | |
| 13859016070 | theory | general idea being tested | 28 | |
| 13859016071 | hypothesis | measurable/specific | 29 | |
| 13859016072 | operational definition | procedures that explain components | 30 | |
| 13859016073 | mode | appears the most | 31 | |
| 13859016074 | mean | average | 32 | |
| 13859016075 | median | middle | 33 | |
| 13859016076 | range | highest - lowest | 34 | |
| 13859016077 | standard deviation | how scores vary around the mean | 35 | |
| 13859016078 | central tendency | single score that represents the whole | 36 | |
| 13859016079 | bell curve | (natural curve) |  | 37 |
| 13859016080 | ethics of testing on animals | need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans | 38 | |
| 13859016081 | ethics of testing on humans | consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality | 39 | |
| 13859016082 | sensory neurons | travel from sensory receptors to brain | 40 | |
| 13859016083 | motor neurons | travel from brain to "motor" workings | 41 | |
| 13859016084 | interneurons | (in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons | 42 | |
| 13859016277 | neuron |  | 43 | |
| 13859016085 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 44 | |
| 13859016086 | myelin sheath | protects the axon | 45 | |
| 13859016087 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 46 | |
| 13859016088 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers | 47 | |
| 13859016089 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 48 | |
| 13859016090 | excitatory charge | "Let's do it!" | 49 | |
| 13859016091 | inhibitory charge | "Let's not do it!" | 50 | |
| 13859016092 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 51 | |
| 13859016093 | peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system | 52 | |
| 13859016094 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 53 | |
| 13859016095 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) | 54 | |
| 13859016096 | sympathetic nervous system | arousing | 55 | |
| 13859016097 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming | 56 | |
| 13859016098 | neural networks | more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used | 57 | |
| 13859016099 | spinal cord | expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved | 58 | |
| 13859016100 | endocrine system | slow uses hormones in the blood system | 59 | |
| 13859016101 | master gland | pituitary gland | 60 | |
| 13859016102 | brainstem | extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival | 61 | |
| 13859016103 | reticular formation (if stimulated) | sleeping subject wakes up | 62 | |
| 13859016104 | reticular formation (if damaged) | coma | 63 | |
| 13859016105 | brainstem (if severed) | still move (without purpose) | 64 | |
| 13859016106 | thalamus | sensory switchboard (does not process smell) | 65 | |
| 13859016107 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 66 | |
| 13859016108 | cerebellum | nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 67 | |
| 13859016109 | cerebellum (if damaged) | difficulty walking and coordinating | 68 | |
| 13859016110 | amygdala | aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions | 69 | |
| 13859016111 | amygdala (if lesioned) | subject is mellow | 70 | |
| 13859016112 | amygdala (if stimulated) | aggressive | 71 | |
| 13859016113 | hippocampus | process new memory | 72 | |
| 13859016114 | cerebrum | two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing | 73 | |
| 13859016115 | cerebral cortex | only in higher life forms | 74 | |
| 13859016116 | association areas | integrate and interpret information | 75 | |
| 13859016117 | glial cells | provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons | 76 | |
| 13859016118 | frontal lobe | judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident) | 77 | |
| 13859016119 | parietal lobe | math and spatial reasoning | 78 | |
| 13859016120 | temporal lobe | audition and recognizing faces | 79 | |
| 13859016121 | occipital lobe | vision | 80 | |
| 13859016122 | corpus callosum | split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures) | 81 | |
| 13859016123 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory and hearing | 82 | |
| 13859016124 | Broca's area | speaking words | 83 | |
| 13859016125 | plasticity | ability to adapt if damaged | 84 | |
| 13859016126 | sensation | what our senses tell us | 85 | |
| 13859016127 | bottom-up processing | senses to brain | 86 | |
| 13859016128 | perception | what our brain tells us to do with that information | 87 | |
| 13859016129 | top-down processing | brain to senses | 88 | |
| 13859016130 | inattentional blindness | fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere | 89 | |
| 13859016131 | cocktail party effect | even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. | 90 | |
| 13859016132 | change blindness | giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice | 91 | |
| 13859016133 | choice blindness | when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed | 92 | |
| 13859016134 | absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time | 93 | |
| 13859016135 | signal detection theory | we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying) | 94 | |
| 13859016136 | JND (just noticeable difference) | (Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion | 95 | |
| 13859016137 | sensory adaptation | tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?" | 96 | |
| 13859016138 | rods | night time | 97 | |
| 13859016139 | cones | color | 98 | |
| 13859016140 | parallel processing | notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. | 99 | |
| 13859016141 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | 3 corresponding color receptors (RGB) | 100 | |
| 13859016142 | Hering's opponent-process theory | after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB) | 101 | |
| 13859016143 | trichromatic + opponent-process | Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex | 102 | |
| 13859016144 | frequency we hear most | human voice | 103 | |
| 13859016145 | Helmoltz (hearing) | we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches) | 104 | |
| 13859016146 | frequency theory | impulse frequency (low pitches) | 105 | |
| 13859016147 | Helmholtz + frequency theory | middle pitches | 106 | |
| 13859016148 | Skin feels what? | warmth, cold, pressure, pain | 107 | |
| 13859016149 | gate-control theory | small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses | 108 | |
| 13859016150 | memory of pain | peaks and ends | 109 | |
| 13859016151 | smell | close to memory section (not in thalamus) | 110 | |
| 13859016152 | grouping | Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole | 111 | |
| 13859016153 | grouping groups | proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure | 112 | |
| 13859016154 | make assumptions of placement | higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front | 113 | |
| 13859016155 | perception = | mood + motivation | 114 | |
| 13859016156 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and the environment | 115 | |
| 13859016157 | circadian rhythm | daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake) | 116 | |
| 13859016158 | circadian rhythm pattern | - activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin | 117 | |
| 13859016159 | What messes with circadian rhythm? | artificial light | 118 | |
| 13859016160 | The whole sleep cycle lasts how long? | 90 minutes | 119 | |
| 13859016161 | sleep stages | relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep) | 120 | |
| 13859016162 | purpose of sleep | 1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more) | 121 | |
| 13859016163 | insomnia | can't sleep | 122 | |
| 13859016164 | narcolepsy | fall asleep anywhere at anytime | 123 | |
| 13859016165 | sleep apnea | stop breathing in sleep | 124 | |
| 13859016166 | night terrors | prevalent in children | 125 | |
| 13859016167 | sleepwalking/sleeptalking | hereditary - prevalent in children | 126 | |
| 13859016168 | dreaming (3) | 1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries | 127 | |
| 13859016169 | purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES) | 1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence | 128 | |
| 13859016170 | 1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible? | 1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE)) | 129 | |
| 13859016171 | depressants | slows neural pathways | 130 | |
| 13859016172 | alcohol | ((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect | 131 | |
| 13859016173 | barbituates (tranquilizers) | ((depressant)) reduce anxiety | 132 | |
| 13859016174 | opiates | ((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain | 133 | |
| 13859016175 | stimulants | hypes neural processing | 134 | |
| 13859016176 | methamphetamine | ((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine | 135 | |
| 13859016177 | caffeine | ((stimulant)) | 136 | |
| 13859016178 | nicotine | ((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine | 137 | |
| 13859016179 | cocaine | ((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine | 138 | |
| 13859016180 | hallucinogen | excites neural activity | 139 | |
| 13859016181 | ecstasy | ((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin | 140 | |
| 13859016182 | LSD | ((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin | 141 | |
| 13859016183 | marijuana | ((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation | 142 | |
| 13859016184 | learning | organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events) | 143 | |
| 13859016185 | types of learning | classical operant observational | 144 | |
| 13859016186 | famous classical psychologists | Pavlov and Watson | 145 | |
| 13859016187 | famous operant psychologist | Skinner | 146 | |
| 13859016188 | famous observational psychologists | Bandura | 147 | |
| 13859016189 | classical conditioning | outside stimulus | 148 | |
| 13859016190 | Pavlov's experiment | Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation) | 149 | |
| 13859016191 | Watson's experiment | white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry) | 150 | |
| 13859016192 | generalization | any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now | 151 | |
| 13859016193 | discriminate | any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry | 152 | |
| 13859016194 | extinction | stop "treating" with conditioned response | 153 | |
| 13859016195 | spontaneous recovery | bring stimulus back after a while | 154 | |
| 13859016196 | operant conditioning | control by organism | 155 | |
| 13859016197 | Skinner's experiment | operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping) | 156 | |
| 13859016198 | shaping | get animal closer to doing what you want them to do | 157 | |
| 13859016199 | reinforcers | want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging) | 158 | |
| 13859016200 | punishments | want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone) | 159 | |
| 13859016201 | fixed ratio | happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card) | 160 | |
| 13859016202 | variable ratio | happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery) | 161 | |
| 13859016203 | organism must do these (2 times) | fixed ratio and variable ratio | 162 | |
| 13859016204 | fixed interval | happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM) | 163 | |
| 13859016205 | variable interval | happens at any time (receive texts from friends) | 164 | |
| 13859016206 | these things happen regardless (2 times) | fixed interval and variable interval | 165 | |
| 13859016207 | Which (fixed/variable) conditions better? | variable | 166 | |
| 13859016208 | criticisms of Skinner | doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation | 167 | |
| 13859016209 | intrinsic motivation | doing something for yourself, not the reward | 168 | |
| 13859016210 | extrinsic motivation | doing something for reward | 169 | |
| 13859016211 | Skinner's legacy | use it personally, at school, and at work | 170 | |
| 13859016212 | famous observational experiment | Bandura's Bobo doll | 171 | |
| 13859016213 | famous observational psychologist | Bandura | 172 | |
| 13859016214 | mirror neurons | "feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals | 173 | |
| 13859016215 | Bobo doll experiment legacy | violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil | 174 | |
| 13859016216 | observational learning | biological behaviors work best | 175 | |
| 13859016217 | habituation | get used to it -> stop reacting | 176 | |
| 13859016218 | examples for observational learning | lectures and reading | 177 | |
| 13859016219 | serotonin involved with memory | speeds the connection between neurons | 178 | |
| 13859016220 | LTP | ((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed) | 179 | |
| 13859016221 | CREB | protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories | 180 | |
| 13859016222 | glutamate involved with memory | neurotransmitter that enhances LTP | 181 | |
| 13859016223 | glucose involved with memory | released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered)) | 182 | |
| 13859016224 | flashbulb memory | type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment | 183 | |
| 13859016225 | amygdala (memory) | boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight | 184 | |
| 13859016226 | cerebellum (memory) | forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning)) | 185 | |
| 13859016227 | hippocampus (memory) | active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours)) | 186 | |
| 13859016228 | memory | learning over time contains information that can be retrieved | 187 | |
| 13859016229 | processing stages | encoding -> storage -> retrieval | 188 | |
| 13859016230 | encoding | information going in | 189 | |
| 13859016231 | storage | keeping information in | 190 | |
| 13859016232 | retrieval | taking information out | 191 | |
| 13859016233 | How long is sensory memory stored? | seconds | 192 | |
| 13859016234 | How long is short-term memory stored? | less than a minute | 193 | |
| 13859016235 | How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory? | 7 | 194 | |
| 13859016236 | How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory? | 4 | 195 | |
| 13859016237 | How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory? | 2 | 196 | |
| 13859016238 | short term memory goes to ______________ | working memory | 197 | |
| 13859016239 | working memory | make a connection and process information to mean something | 198 | |
| 13859016240 | working memory goes to _________________ | long-term memory | 199 | |
| 13859016241 | How much is stored in long-term memory? | LIMITLESS | 200 | |
| 13859016242 | implicit memory | naturally do | 201 | |
| 13859016243 | explicit memory | need to explain | 202 | |
| 13859016244 | automatic processing | space, time, frequency, well-learned information | 203 | |
| 13859016245 | effortful processing | processing that requires effort | 204 | |
| 13859016246 | spacing effect | spread out learning over time | 205 | |
| 13859016247 | serial position effect | primary/recency effect | 206 | |
| 13859016248 | primary effect | remember the first things in a list | 207 | |
| 13859016249 | recency effect | remember the last things in a list | 208 | |
| 13859016250 | effortful processing (4 things) | 1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect | 209 | |
| 13859016251 | semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to | make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you | 210 | |
| 13859016252 | if we can't remember a memory... | 1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story | 211 | |
| 13859016253 | misinformation effect | not correct information | 212 | |
| 13859016254 | imagination inflation | imagine or visualize something that isn't real | 213 | |
| 13859016255 | source amnesia | what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?) | 214 | |
| 13859016256 | priming | association (setting you up) | 215 | |
| 13859016257 | context | environment helps with memory | 216 | |
| 13859016258 | state-dependency | you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high) | 217 | |
| 13859016259 | mood-congruency | emotion will bring back similar emotional memories | 218 | |
| 13859016260 | forgetting curve | forget after 5 days forget after 5 years | 219 | |
| 13859016261 | the forgetting curve was created by | Ebbinghaus | 220 | |
| 13859016262 | proactive interference | old information interferes with the new | 221 | |
| 13859016263 | retroactive interference | new information interferes with the old | 222 | |
| 13859016264 | children can't remember before age __ | 3 | 223 | |
| 13859016265 | Loftus | connected to abuse cases/childhood | 224 | |
| 13859016266 | prototypes | generalize | 225 | |
| 13859016267 | problem-solving (4) | trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!" | 226 | |
| 13859016268 | against problem-solving | fixation | 227 | |
| 13859016269 | mental set | what has worked in the past | 228 | |
| 13859016270 | functional fixedness | only way to do this is with this | 229 | |
| 13859016271 | Chomsky (nature or nurture?) | "born with language" (nature) | 230 | |
| 13859016272 | Skinner (nature or nurture?) | language is learned (nurture) | 231 | |
| 13859016273 | grammar is _________ | universal | 232 | |
| 13859016274 | phonemes | smallest sound unit | 233 | |
| 13859016275 | morphemes | smallest meaning unit | 234 |
Flashcards
AP World History Period 3 Vovcabulary Flashcards
The Post-Classical World, 500-1450
Terms : Hide Images
| 11310922887 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam | 0 | |
| 11310922888 | Medina | town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar | 1 | |
| 11310922889 | Umayyad | clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty | 2 | |
| 11310922890 | Muhammad | (570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh | 3 | |
| 11310922891 | Qur'an | the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam | 4 | |
| 11310922892 | Umma | community of the faithful within Islam | 5 | |
| 11310922893 | Five Pillars | the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) | 6 | |
| 11310922894 | Caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community | 7 | |
| 11310922895 | Ali | cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism | 8 | |
| 11310922896 | Abu Bakr | succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph | 9 | |
| 11310922897 | Jihad | Islamic holy war | 10 | |
| 11310922898 | Sunnis | followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads | 11 | |
| 11310922899 | Shi'a | followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam | 12 | |
| 11310922900 | Dhimmis | "the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus | 13 | |
| 11310922901 | Abbasids | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad | 14 | |
| 11310922902 | Hadiths | "traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam | 15 | |
| 11310922903 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants | 16 | |
| 11310922904 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids | 17 | |
| 11310922905 | Crusades | invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291 | 18 | |
| 11310922906 | Ulama | Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking | 19 | |
| 11310922907 | Sufis | Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions | 20 | |
| 11310922908 | Mongols | central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph | 21 | |
| 11310922909 | Chinggis Khan | (1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms | 22 | |
| 11310922910 | Mamluks | Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves | 23 | |
| 11310922911 | Arabic numerals | Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West | 24 | |
| 11310922912 | Shrivijaya | trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam | 25 | |
| 11310922913 | Mali | state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers | 26 | |
| 11310922914 | Mansa | title of the ruler of Mali | 27 | |
| 11310922915 | Ibn Battuta | Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world | 28 | |
| 11310922916 | East African trading ports | urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar | 29 | |
| 11310922917 | Great Zimbabwe | with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa | 30 | |
| 11310922918 | Greek Fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople | 31 | |
| 11310922919 | Icons | images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians | 32 | |
| 11310922920 | Cyril and Methodius | Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic | 33 | |
| 11310922921 | Kiev | commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c | 34 | |
| 11310922922 | Vladmir I | ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity | 35 | |
| 11310922923 | Russian Orthodoxy | Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire | 36 | |
| 11310922924 | Tatars | Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact | 37 | |
| 11310922925 | Middle Ages | the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c | 38 | |
| 11310922926 | Gothic | an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls | 39 | |
| 11310922927 | Vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily | 40 | |
| 11310922928 | Manorialism | rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection | 41 | |
| 11310922929 | Serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system | 42 | |
| 11310922930 | Three-field system | practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure | 43 | |
| 11310922931 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800 | 44 | |
| 11310922932 | Holy Roman Emperors | political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy | 45 | |
| 11310922933 | Feudalism | personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service | 46 | |
| 11310922934 | Vassals | members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | 47 | |
| 11310922935 | Magna Carta | Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law | 48 | |
| 11310922936 | Parliaments | bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects | 49 | |
| 11310922937 | Hundred Years War | conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism. | 50 | |
| 11310922938 | Pope Urban II | organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control | 51 | |
| 11310922939 | Investiture | the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV | 52 | |
| 11310922940 | Thomas Aquinas | creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God | 53 | |
| 11310922941 | Scholasticism | dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems | 54 | |
| 11310922942 | Hanseatic League | an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance | 55 | |
| 11310922943 | Guilds | associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities | 56 | |
| 11310922944 | Black Death | bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia | 57 | |
| 11310922945 | Grand Canal | great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin | 58 | |
| 11310922946 | Junks | Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula | 59 | |
| 11310922947 | Footbinding | male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite. | 60 | |
| 11310922948 | Fujiwara | mid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power | 61 | |
| 11310922949 | Samurai | mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor | 62 | |
| 11310922950 | Seppuku | ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor | 63 | |
| 11310922951 | Shoguns | military leaders of the bakufu | 64 | |
| 11310922952 | Daimyos | warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states | 65 | |
| 11310922953 | Sinification | extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions | 66 | |
| 11310922954 | Chinggis Khan | born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227 | 67 | |
| 11310922955 | Shamanistic religion | Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits | 68 | |
| 11310922956 | Golden Horde | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c | 69 | |
| 11310922957 | Ilkhan khanate | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire | 70 | |
| 11310922958 | Hulegu | grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad | 71 | |
| 11310922959 | Mamluks | Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260 | 72 | |
| 11310922960 | Kubilai Khan | grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271 | 73 | |
| 11310922961 | White Lotus Society | secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty | 74 | |
| 11310922962 | Ottoman Empire | Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire | 75 | |
| 11310922963 | Ethnocentrism | judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history | 76 | |
| 11310922964 | Muhammad's primary historical achievement | spread of Islam | 77 | |
| 11310922977 | Silk Road Trade system |  | 78 | |
| 11310922978 | Kingdom of Mali |  | 79 | |
| 11310922965 | Inca and Rome both had | extensive road systems | 80 | |
| 11310922966 | Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450 | land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place | 81 | |
| 11310922967 | Champa Rice | tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase | 82 | |
| 11310922968 | Trans Saharan trade | Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates.. |  | 83 |
| 11310922969 | Effect of Muslim conquests | collapse of other empires, mass conversion | 84 | |
| 11310922970 | Tang Dynasty | followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence | 85 | |
| 11310922971 | Black Death | plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe. |  | 86 |
| 11310922979 | Indian Ocean Maritime Trade |  | 87 | |
| 11310922972 | Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade | Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu | 88 | |
| 11310922973 | Timbuktu | trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people | 89 | |
| 11310922974 | New forms of monetization | Checks, Bills of Exchange | 90 | |
| 11310922980 | Bantu Migrations |  | 91 | |
| 11310922975 | footbinding | began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming |  | 92 |
| 11310922976 | Marco Polo | traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan | 93 |
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