Respiratory System (AP2) Flashcards
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| 13400097281 | Functions of the respiratory system | 1. gas exchange 2. acid-base balance 3. speech and vocalization 4. sense of smell 5. breathing helps circulate blood and lymph | 0 | |
| 13405272183 | meaning | 1. ventilation of lungs 2. exchange of gasses between air, blood, and tissues 3. cellular respiration (generation of ATP)` | 1 | |
| 13405469064 | lung pressure | happens due to pressure gradient
- pressure in atmosphere (760 mm Hg)
- intrapulm pressure 760
- intrapleural press 756
>>intrapleural| 2 | | |
| 13414492288 | Inspiration | -lungs inflate due to diaphragm contraction - pleural cavities and lungs increase in volume = decrease in P - air flows from H->L pressure (into lungs) | 3 | |
| 13414674978 | expiration | -passive - caused by elastic recoil - relax all that stretched to inhale - forced = abdominal contraction | 4 | |
| 13414712131 | tidal ventilation | - vital capacity - tidal volume - inspiratory reserve V - Expiratory reserve V |  | 5 |
| 13414750031 | anatomical dead space | airways in which gas exchange cannot occur > increase by dilating bronchioles (sympathetic) > decrease by constricting (para) | 6 | |
| 13414784512 | atmospheric Vs Alveolar pressure vs blood N2 | Atmosphere: 597 / 78.6% Alv: 569 | 7 | |
| 13414821275 | atmospheric Vs Alveolar pressure vs blood O2 | atmosphere: 159 (20.8%)
alv: 104
Blood: 40
leaving lungs: 95
entering < leaving| 8 | | |
| 13414854795 | atmospheric Vs Alveolar pressure vs blood CO2` | atmosphere: 0.3 (0.04%) alv: 40 blood entering lungs: 46 leaving: 40 (entering>leaving=alveolar)>atmo | 9 | |
| 13414956083 | factors that affect diffusion rates | 1. pressure gradients 2. solubility 3. membrane thickness 4. membrane area (increase surface area = inc diff) 5. ventilation-perfusion coupling (resp rate = blood flow to lungs) >>increase resp rate= increase pO2 of BVs, pulm vessels dilate, increases bf (opposite of skeletal muscles) | 10 | |
| 13415094925 | how does blood carry O2 | 1.5% in plasma 98.5% binds to Hemoglobin (Hb) *up to 4 per molecule* -binds iron atom of heme group to produce oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) | 11 | |
| 13415118571 | oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve | cooperative binding of oxygen to hemoglobin (easier and easier to add O2 until 4th) A. @ peak, hemoglobins in alveoli are 100% saturated w O2 B. pO2 40= 3O2 on Hb |  | 12 |
| 13415267857 | factors that shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve | 1. low pO2= shift left 2. increase in temp = shift right 3. bohr effect (drop in pH) = shift right >>CO2 leads ro release of H which compete w O2 for binding of Hb 4. bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) - anaerobic metabolism in RBC product - increased levels shifts right - increase happens at high altitudes | 13 | |
| 13415189790 | how does blood carry CO2 | - 70% reacts with water to produce *carbonic acid* , dissociates into carbonate (HCO3) > rxn is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase = shift to right - 23% binds to plasma proteins - 7% carried as dissolved gas >>doesn't compete with oxygen because doesn't BIND to Hb |  | 14 |
| 13415383857 | physiological vs evolut adaptations to high altitudes | Phys: BPG Evol : 1. increase | 15 | |
| 13415422633 | carbonic anhydrase and O2 and CO2 transport (CO2 loading) | - promotes rxn of Co2 and water to produce H+ - H binds to HbO2 to shift equilibrium right - H competes w O2 and pushes off Hb = *deoxyhemoglobin* | 16 | |
| 13415462032 | Haladane effect | the dissociation of O2 from Hb allows more CO2 to combine with Hb -O2 diffuses out of RBC - less O2 = more protons (H+) - shifts rxn right | 17 | |
| 13415476894 | oxygen unloading | - H+ attaches to HbO2 and reduces affinity for O2 -shifts curve right - O2 diff out of cap | 18 | |
| 13415513822 | O2 delivery and metabolic needs | - Low pH = acidosis, hyperventilation to increase O2 - high pH = alkalosis, inhibit respiration to decrease O2 saturation (para) | 19 | |
| 13415547275 | Tibetan Adaptation to Low Oxygen | - hemoglobin = sea level - O2 SAT= Decreased | 20 | |
| 13483948309 | andean adaptation to high altitudes | -Hb= elevated - O2 sat = decreased (higher than tibetan) | 21 | |
| 13483948310 | ethiopian adaptation to high altitudes | - Hb = same as sea - O2 sat = same as sea | 22 | |
| 13483948311 | Ethiopian results | - increased conductance of O2 from lungs to blood - increased Hb affinity for O2 (mutant hb) - breathe more to get rid of more CO2 and gain O2 -increase diff of O2 from alv to blood | 23 |
Flashcards
AP Literature #3 Flashcards
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| 13137937943 | Mood | An atmosphere created by a writer's diction and the details selected. | 0 | |
| 13137878595 | Motivation | reasons for a character's behavior | 1 | |
| 13137886653 | Motif | a recurring image, word, phrase, action, idea, object, or situation used throughout a work | 2 | |
| 13137899160 | Metonymy | when a person, place, or thing, is referred to by something closely associated with it | 3 | |
| 13137998528 | Onomatopoeia | the use of words whose sounds echo their sense | 4 | |
| 13138024647 | Oxymoron | combining opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase | 5 | |
| 13137948269 | Parallelism | the repetition of words or phrases that have similar grammatical structures | 6 | |
| 13137795468 | Parody | a work that makes fun of another work through imitation | 7 | |
| 13137804179 | Parable | a relatively short story that teaches a moral, or lesson | 8 | |
| 13137833687 | Paradox | a statement that appears self-contradictory but reveals a kind of truth | 9 | |
| 13137962589 | Paratactic sentence | A sentence that simply juxtaposes clauses or sentences | 10 | |
| 13137814466 | Personification | when an object or animal is given human feeling, thoughts, or attitudes | 11 | |
| 13137846446 | Periodic sentence | sentence that places the main idea at the end of the sentence, after all introductory elements | 12 | |
| 13137858952 | Polysyndeton | sentence which uses a conjunction with NO commas | 13 | |
| 13137867034 | Protagonist | central character in a story, the one who initiates the action | 14 | |
| 13137911956 | Pun | a "play on words" | 15 | |
| 13137911957 | Plot | the series of related events in a story or play, sometimes called the storyline | 16 | |
| 13138008818 | Quatrain | a poem consisting of four lines, or four lines of a poem | 17 | |
| 13138035988 | Refrain | a word, phrase, line, or group of lines that is repeated several times in a poem | 18 | |
| 13138048489 | Rhetoric | art of effective communication, especially persuasive discourse | 19 | |
| 13138169581 | Rhythm | alteration of stresses and unstressed syllables in language | 20 | |
| 13138048491 | Romance | a story in which an idealized hero or heroine undertakes a successful quest | 21 | |
| 13138062742 | Satire | a writing that ridicules the shortcomings of people or institutions to bring about a change | 22 | |
| 13138071199 | Simile | comparison between two unlike things, using words such as like, as, than, or resembles | 23 | |
| 13138082240 | Soliloquy | a long speech made by a character in a play while alone on stage | 24 | |
| 13138107529 | Stream of Conciousness | a style of writing that portrays the inner workings of a character's mind | 25 | |
| 13138098295 | Style | a writer's distinctive use of diction, tone, and syntax | 26 | |
| 13138121407 | Symbol | something that represents both itself and something else | 27 | |
| 13138121408 | Synecdoche | a figure of speech in which a part represents the whole | 28 | |
| 13138142799 | Syntactic permutation | sentence structures that are extraordinarily complex | 29 | |
| 13138150855 | Talltale | an outrageously exaggerated, humorous story that is obviously unbelievable | 30 | |
| 13138160407 | Telegraphic sentence | A sentence shorter than five words in length | 31 | |
| 13138177504 | Theme | the insight about human life that is revealed in a literary work | 32 | |
| 13138191152 | Tone | the attitude a writer takes towards something | 33 | |
| 13138193543 | Tricolor sentence | sentence of three parts of equal importance and length | 34 | |
| 13138216651 | Understatement | A statement that says less than what is meant | 35 | |
| 13138219095 | Vernacular | the language spoken by the people who live in a particular locality | 36 |
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AP world history 2 Flashcards
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| 15604645402 | Federalism | a political system with multiple levels of government, in which each level has independent authority over some important policy areas | 0 | |
| 15604645403 | Confederation | a political system with multiple levels of government, in which lower-level governments retain full sovereignty and cannot be compelled by the national government to act | 1 | |
| 15604645404 | Dual Federlism | A political system in which each level, national and state, is a sovereignty in its on sphere of political authority | 2 | |
| 15604645405 | Cooperative Federlism | A political system in which both levels of government- national and state- are active in nearly all areas of policy and share sovereign authority | 3 | |
| 15604645406 | Intergovernmentalism | a system in which multiple levels of government are active in a given policy area | 4 | |
| 15604645407 | Intergovernmental relations | The relationship between the different levels of government. For example, it may pertain to the struggle between the national government and the states for authority over a specific policy domain, or it may pertain to the coordination of action between the levels in an effort to achieve common goals. | 5 | |
| 15604645408 | Elastics Clause (N&P Clause) | The provision in Article I, Sector 8, of the constitution that states that congress can make what whatever laws are necessary and proper. In order to provide the means to carry out its enumerated powers | 6 | |
| 15604645409 | Commerce Clause | An enumerated power listed in Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution that grants Congress the power to "regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes." | 7 | |
| 15604645410 | Grant-in-aid | Money that is distributed to lower-level governments with the purpose of funding special projects | 8 | |
| 15604645411 | Categorical Grant | Grants that narrowly define how the funds are to be spent. These grants normally come with conditions that need to be satisfied in order for money to be used. | 9 | |
| 15604645412 | Revenue Sharing | a principle whereby the national government and the lower-level governments cooperate in funding a project | 10 | |
| 15604645413 | Block grants | sums of money transferred to lower-level governments such that, as long as the general purpose of the grant is met, the lower-level governments are allowed considerable freedom in deciding how the money is spent | 11 | |
| 15604645414 | Ballot initiative | an election in which citizens vote directly on a proposition raised by a group of fellow citizens | 12 | |
| 15604645415 | Referendum | an election in which citizens vote directly on whether to overturn a bill or a constitutional amendment that has been passed by the legislature | 13 | |
| 15604645416 | Recall election | an election during the term of an elected government official in which citizens vote directly on whether to remove the individual from office | 14 | |
| 15604645417 | Home rule | the constitutional or legal authority held by local governments that allows them to govern themselves with little or no interference from the state | 15 | |
| 15604645418 | Unitary system | a political system in which the national government holds ultimate authority over all areas of policy and over the actions of subunit governments | 16 | |
| 15604645419 | Reserve powers | those powers that the Constitution does not grant to the National Government and does not, at the same time, deny to the States | 17 | |
| 15604645420 | Civil rights | Rights that enable individuals to engage in activities central to citizenship or legal immigrant status. Such as voting or petitioning the government. Also ensures all individuals receive due process and equal treatment under the law. Or guarantee freedom from discriminatory actions by others that seek to deny an individual's full status as an equal member of society | 18 | |
| 15604645421 | Civil liberties | freedoms protected from interference by the government, such as freedom of speech and freedom of religion | 19 | |
| 15604645422 | Bill of rights | The first ten amendments to the Constitution which enumerate a set of liberties not to be violated by the government and a set of rights protected by the government | 20 | |
| 15604645423 | Jim Crow Laws | laws passed after the Civil War to establish a system of segregation of public facilities and private establishments that made African Americans second-class citizens | 21 | |
| 15604645424 | Civil rights Movement | a social movement of the 1950s and 1960s focused primarily on the situation of African Americans, but also promoting the goals that all people be treated as equals under the law and that discrimination based on race, religion, ethnicity, gender, and place of origin be eliminated | 22 | |
| 15604645425 | Due Process | the right to legal protections against arbitrary deprivation of life, liberty, or property | 23 | |
| 15604645426 | Equal Protection | the principle that laws passed and enforced by the states must apply fairly to all individuals | 24 | |
| 15604645427 | Incorporation | the process by which rights and liberties established by the Bill of Rights are applied to state and local governments through the Fourteenth Amendment | 25 | |
| 15604645428 | Strict Scrutiny | The highest-level standard used by the Supreme Court to determine whether a law is compatible with the Constitution. A law subject to this standard is considered unconstitutional unless it advances a "compelling state interest" and represents the least intrusive means. | 26 | |
| 15604645429 | Rational Basis test | The lowest-level standard used by the Supreme Court to determine whether a law is compatible with the Constitution. A law subject to this standard is assumed to be constitutional as long as its goals are clearly linked to its means. | 27 | |
| 15604645430 | Intermediate scrutiny | An intermediate standard used by the Supreme Court to determine whether a law is compatible with the Constitution. A law subject to this standard is considered constitutional if it advances "an important government objective" and is "substantially related" to the objective | 28 | |
| 15604645431 | Affirmative Action | efforts to redress previous discrimination against women and minorities through active measures to promote their employment and educational opportunities | 29 |
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