Unit 2 Terms: AP Language and Composition Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 15573545303 | syllogism | A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. |  | 0 |
| 15573549790 | enthymeme | Logical reasoning with one premise left unstated |  | 1 |
| 15573565810 | warrant | the underlying connection between the claim and evidence, or why the evidence supports the claim | 2 | |
| 15573613677 | major premise | the first part of a syllogism, consisting of a general statement about the subject of your argument |  | 3 |
| 15573619023 | minor premise | a statement about a specific case related to the general characteristics of the major premise | | 4 |
| 15573627516 | inductive reasoning | A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations. |  | 5 |
| 15573632318 | deductive reasoning | reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.) | | 6 |
| 15573645285 | premise indicators | because, since, for, for example, for the reason that, in that, given that, as indicated by, due to, owing to, this can be seen from, we know this by | 7 | |
| 15580924701 | analogy | A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way |  | 8 |
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Ap literature Flashcards
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| 9873742759 | allegory | story or poem that can be used to reveal a hidden meaning |  | 0 |
| 9873742760 | alliteration | beginning of same letter or sound in closely connected words |  | 1 |
| 9873742761 | allusion | indirect of passing reference |  | 2 |
| 9873742762 | anaphora | repetition in first part of a sentence , to have an artistic meaning |  | 3 |
| 9873742763 | antagonist | a hostile person who is opposed to another character |  | 4 |
| 9873742764 | apostrophe | figure of speech used to adresss an imaginary character |  | 5 |
| 9873742765 | approximate rhyme | words in rhyming pattern that sound alike |  | 6 |
| 9873742766 | aside | when a character's dialogue is spoken but not heard by other actors on the stage |  | 7 |
| 9873742767 | assonance | repetition of vowel sounds |  | 8 |
| 9873742768 | blank verse | poetry written in meter without an ending rhyme |  | 9 |
| 9873742769 | cacophony | blend of unharmonious sounds |  | 10 |
| 9873742770 | caesura | pause in the middle of a line |  | 11 |
| 9873742771 | catharsis | the release of emotions through art (emotional cleanse) |  | 12 |
| 9873742772 | flat character | story character who have no depth, usually has one personality or characteristic |  | 13 |
| 9873742773 | round character | character who has complex personality: contradicted person |  | 14 |
| 9873742774 | dynamic character | changes throughout the story, through major conflict |  | 15 |
| 9873742775 | static character | person who doesn't change throughout story keeps same personality |  | 16 |
| 9873742776 | characterization | process of revealing characters personality |  | 17 |
| 9873742777 | climax | point where conflict hits its highest point |  | 18 |
| 9873742778 | comedy | drama that is amusing or funny |  | 19 |
| 9873742779 | conflict | struggle between opposing forces |  | 20 |
| 9873742780 | connotation | secondary meaning to a word |  | 21 |
| 9873742781 | consonance | repetition of same consonant in words close together |  | 22 |
| 9873742782 | couplet | two rhyming lines in a verse |  | 23 |
| 9873742783 | denotation | the literal meaning of a word |  | 24 |
| 9873742784 | denouement | final outcome of the story |  | 25 |
| 9873742785 | deus ex machina | resolution of a plot by chance or coincidence |  | 26 |
| 9873742786 | didactic writing | writing with a primary purpose to teach or preach |  | 27 |
| 9873742787 | direct presentation of character | author telling the reader how a character is and what actions it will do further in the story |  | 28 |
| 9873742788 | double rhyme | rhyme where the repeated vowel is in the second last syllable of words involved (ex; born scorn) | 29 | |
| 9873742789 | dramatic exposition | prose commentaries, to provide background information about the characters and their world |  | 30 |
| 9873742790 | end rhyme | rhymes occurring at the end of line |  | 31 |
| 9873742791 | end stopped line | line ending in regular punctuation |  | 32 |
| 9873742792 | English sonnet | a sonnet rhyming ababcdcdededgg |  | 33 |
| 9873742793 | epiphany | when a character receives a spiritual insight into they life |  | 34 |
| 9873742794 | euphony | smooth choice and arrangement of sounds |  | 35 |
| 9873742795 | extended figure | A figure of speech sustained or developed through a considerable number of lines or through a whole poem. |  | 36 |
| 9873742796 | falling action | Events after the climax, leading to the resolution |  | 37 |
| 9873742797 | feminine rhyme | lines rhymed by their final two syllables |  | 38 |
| 9873742798 | figurative language | Language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling. |  | 39 |
| 9873742799 | figure of speech | a way of saying something other than the ordinary way |  | 40 |
| 9873742800 | foot | basic unit in the scansion or measurement of verse , stressed and un stressed syllables |  | 41 |
| 9873742801 | form | external pattern or shape of a poem |  | 42 |
| 9873742802 | free verse | Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme |  | 43 |
| 9873742803 | hamartia | tragic flaw which causes a character's downfall |  | 44 |
| 9873742804 | imagery | Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste) |  | 45 |
| 9873742805 | indirect presentation of character | the personality of a character is revealed by what he or she does or says |  | 46 |
| 9873742806 | internal rhyme | A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line |  | 47 |
| 9873742807 | irony | A contrast between expectation and reality |  | 48 |
| 9873742808 | verbal irony | A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant |  | 49 |
| 9873742809 | dramatic irony | Irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play. |  | 50 |
| 9873742810 | irony of situation | refers to an occurrence that is contrary to what is expected or intended |  | 51 |
| 9873742811 | italian sonnet | A sonnet consisting of an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba, followed by a sestet with the rhyme pattern cdecde or cdcdcd |  | 52 |
| 9873742812 | masculine rhyme | A rhyme ending on the final stressed syllable |  | 53 |
| 9873742813 | melodrama | a play based upon a dramatic plot and developed sensationally |  | 54 |
| 9873742814 | metaphor | A comparison without using like or as |  | 55 |
| 9873742815 | meter | A regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry |  | 56 |
| 9873742816 | metonymy | A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it |  | 57 |
| 9873742817 | motivation | A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior |  | 58 |
| 9873742818 | narrator | Person telling the story |  | 59 |
| 9873742819 | octave | 8 line stanza |  | 60 |
| 9873742820 | onomatopoeia | A word that imitates the sound it represents. |  | 61 |
| 9873742821 | hyperbole | A figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor |  | 62 |
| 9873742822 | oxymoron | A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase. |  | 63 |
| 9873742823 | paradox | A contradiction or dilemma |  | 64 |
| 9873742824 | paraphrase | A restatement of a text or passage in your own words. |  | 65 |
| 9873742825 | personification | A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes |  | 66 |
| 9873742826 | plot | Sequence of events in a story | | 67 |
| 9873742827 | point of view | The perspective from which a story is told |  | 68 |
| 9873742828 | omniscient point of view | The point of view where the narrator knows everything about the characters and their problems - told in the 3rd person. |  | 69 |
| 9873742829 | third person limited point of view | narrator tells the story from only one character's pov |  | 70 |
| 9873742830 | first person point of view | a character in the story is actually telling the story himself/herself |  | 71 |
| 9873742831 | objective point of view | a narrator who is totally impersonal and objective tells the story, with no comment on any characters or events. |  | 72 |
| 9873742832 | protagonist | Main character |  | 73 |
| 9873742833 | quatrain | A four line stanza |  | 74 |
| 9873742834 | rhythm | A regularly recurring sequence of events or actions. |  | 75 |
| 9873742835 | rhyme scheme | A regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem |  | 76 |
| 9873742836 | rising action | Events leading up to the climax |  | 77 |
| 9873742837 | sarcasm | the use of irony to mock or convey contempt |  | 78 |
| 9873742838 | satire | A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies. |  | 79 |
| 9873742839 | scansion | Analysis of verse into metrical patterns |  | 80 |
| 9873742840 | sestet | 6 line stanza |  | 81 |
| 9873742841 | setting | The context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs. |  | 82 |
| 9873742842 | simile | A comparison using "like" or "as" |  | 83 |
| 9873742843 | soliloquy | A long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage |  | 84 |
| 9873742844 | sonnet | 14 line poem |  | 85 |
| 9873742845 | stanza | A group of lines in a poem | | 86 |
| 9873742846 | stream of consciousness | private thoughts of a character without commentary |  | 87 |
| 9873742847 | syllabic verse | Verse measured by the number of syllables rather than the number of feet per line. |  | 88 |
| 9873742848 | symbol | A thing that represents or stands for something else |  | 89 |
| 9873742849 | synecdoche | a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa |  | 90 |
| 9873742850 | synesthesia | describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound") |  | 91 |
| 9873742851 | tercet | 3 line stanza | | 92 |
| 9873742852 | terza rima | a verse form with a rhyme scheme: aba bcb cdc, etc. |  | 93 |
| 9873742853 | theme | Central idea of a work of literature |  | 94 |
| 9873742854 | tone | Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character |  | 95 |
| 9873742855 | tragedy | A serious form of drama dealing with the downfall of a heroic or noble character |  | 96 |
| 9873742856 | truncation | Utilizing a melody with part of the end omitted. |  | 97 |
| 9873742857 | understandment | the deliberate representation of something as lesser in magnitude than it actually is; a deliberate under-emphasis |  | 98 |
| 9873742858 | verse | A single line of poetry writing arranged with a metrical rhythm, typically having a rhyme | | 99 |
| 9873742859 | vilanelle | a nineteen-line poem with two rhymes throughout, consisting of five tercets and a quatrain, with the first and third lines of the opening tercet recurring alternately at the end of the other tercets and with both repeated at the close of the concluding quatrain. |  | 100 |
Flashcards
ap govt chapter 3 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 15488186845 | Articles of Confederation | 1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade) Each state retained sovereignty, the ability to act independently of the Confederation. Each state had equal representation in a unicameral (single house) legislature. established nat'l legislature, Continental Congress, but most power given to states. | 0 | |
| 15488186846 | Shays' rebellion | Rebellion led by farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out. |  | 1 |
| 15488186847 | Checks and Balances | A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power | 2 | |
| 15488186848 | Separation of powers | A way of dividing the power of government among the legislative, executive, and judicial branch to prevent tyranny. | 3 | |
| 15488186849 | Popular sovereignty | A government in which the people rule by their own consent. | 4 | |
| 15488186851 | Federalists | Those who favored a stronger national government and weaker state governments. Supported the ratification of the Constitution. | 5 | |
| 15488186852 | Anti-Federalist | Those who favored strong state governments and a weaker national government. Advocated for a bill of rights to formally address individual and state rights. Concerned about the concentration of power in a central government under the Constitution. | 6 | |
| 15488186853 | Federalism | A system of government in which power and responsibilty is divided between the federal and state governments | 7 | |
| 15488186854 | Supremacy clause | Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits. (ex. McCulloch v. Maryland) | 8 | |
| 15488186855 | Virginia Plan | Initial proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by the Virginia delegation for a strong central government with a bicameral legislature dominated by the big states. | 9 | |
| 15488186856 | New Jersey Plan | Proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by William Paterson of New Jersey for a central government with a single-house legislature in which each state would be represented equally. | 10 | |
| 15488186857 | Connecticut or Great Compromise | Compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators. | 11 | |
| 15488186858 | Republican Democracy | Format chosen by Founding Fathers. People vote for representatives who then make laws. People do not vote directly on legislation. | 12 | |
| 15488186859 | Three-Fifths Compromise | slave counted as 3/5 of a person for population counts to determine how many representatives. | 13 | |
| 15488186860 | Federalist Papers | A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail. | 14 | |
| 15488186862 | Bill of Rights | The first ten amendments to the Constitution, drafted in response to anti-federalist concerns. amendments define basic liberties | 15 | |
| 15488186863 | Elastic clause | AKA the "Necessary and Proper Clause" Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution. Has allowed the federal government to expand its power over time. | 16 | |
| 15488186864 | Commerce clause | The clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations. Has helped the Federal government expand its power over time. | 17 | |
| 15488186865 | Concurrent powers | Powers held jointly by the national and state governments. For example, the powers to tax, pass laws and borrow funds | 18 | |
| 15488186868 | Expressed Powers/Enumerated powers | Powers the Constitution specifically granted to one of the branches of the national government. Listed explicitly in the Constitution. Ex: right to coin money, declare war, regulate foreign and interstate trade, tax, etc. | 19 | |
| 15488186869 | Implied powers | Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution; Powers inferred from the express powers that allow Congress to carry out its functions. Has Constitutional basis in Necessary and Proper/Elastic Clause | 20 | |
| 15488186870 | Inherent powers | powers that exist for the national government because the government is sovereign. Ex: The Louisiana Purchase | 21 | |
| 15488186872 | Reserved Powers | belong to the states and the people; Powers not specifically granted to the federal government or denied to the states. Granted by the 10th Amendment. For example, regulating voting and administering elections at the state level. | 22 | |
| 15488186871 | McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) | The court ruled that the states did not have the power to tax the national bank. Used the backing of the Supremacy Clause to argue that states could not interfere with legitimate federal laws Supremacy clause and elastic clause | 23 | |
| 15488186873 | Unitary System | A government that gives all key powers to the national or central government | 24 | |
| 15488186874 | Block grants | Federal money given to the states with limited spending guidelines. Allows the states power to decide how to spend funds within relatively loose guidelines. Ex: funds for transportation and state chooses how to allocate. | 25 | |
| 15488186875 | Categorical Grants | Federal money given to the states with specific spending guidelines. Gives the federal government the power to decide how funds are spent within the state. Ex: funds for highway repairs, cannot be used for other purposes. | 26 | |
| 15488186876 | Devolution | The transfer of power from a high level political office to a lower level; central government to regional, state, or local governments. Example-Welfare Reform Act of 1996 | 27 | |
| 15488186877 | Gibbons v. Ogden | Commerce clause case (1824). Decision greatly enlarged Congress' interstate commerce clause power by broadly defining the meaning of "commerce" to include virtually all types of economic activity. | 28 | |
| 15488186878 | The 10th Amendment | Reserves powers to the states. Has been used successfully by the states to get the federal courts to strike down federal laws that violate this principle. | 29 | |
| 15488186879 | 1st Amendment | Guarantees many individual rights including the right to expression and freedom of the press, freedom of religion, the right to petition the government, and the right to peaceful assembly. | 30 | |
| 15488186882 | Ratification | The Constitutional process by which the states must approve amendments to the Constitution. Three-quarters of the states must approve an amendment before it is ratified and officially becomes part of the Constitution. Another example of federalism in the Constitution's structure. | 31 | |
| 15488186883 | Conditions of Aid | Federal rules attached to the grants that states receive. States must agree to abide by these rules in order to receive the grants. | 32 | |
| 15488186884 | Constitutional Convention | Meeting held in 1787, originally meant to revise the Articles of Confederation but created a new plan of government instead | 33 | |
| 15488186885 | Intrastate commerce | Commerce WITHIN A STATEcommercial activity regulated at the state level | 34 | |
| 15488186886 | Interstate commerce | Commerce between different states, can be regulated by Congress. | 35 | |
| 15488186888 | Political Culture | a set of attitudes and practices held by a people that shapes their political behavior. It includes moral judgments, political myths, beliefs, and ideas about what makes for a good society. | 36 | |
| 15488186889 | Direct democracy | people vote on laws and make decisions for the community as a group (no representatives) | 37 | |
| 15488186890 | Oligarchy | rule by the few, done in their own interest and not for the collective good of a community | 38 | |
| 15488186891 | Conservative | One who generally favors limited government intervention, particularly in economic affairs. | 39 | |
| 15488186892 | Liberal | One who favors greater government intervention, particularly in economic affairs and in providing social services | 40 | |
| 15488186895 | Libertarian | one who believes in limited government interference in the economy and personal liberties | 41 | |
| 15488186899 | Marbury v Madison | under Chief Justice John Marshall. Court case that established the Supreme Court's power to strike down federal laws that violated the constitution. JUDICIAL REVIEWThis has allowed for continuous interpretation of the Constitution by the Supreme Court (informal amendment) | 42 | |
| 15496882253 | limited government | The idea that certain restrictions should be placed on government to protect the natural rights of citizens. | 43 | |
| 15496882254 | Full Faith and Credit Clause | each state must recognize public acts, records, and judicial proceedings rendered by all other states | 44 | |
| 15496908203 | constitutional construction | strict constructions - literal interpretation of the Constitution. loose constructionist - the Constitution should be interpreted in light of changing conditions | 45 | |
| 15496917422 | judicial review | Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws, acts by Congress, and the executive. established by John Marshall in Marbury v Madison | 46 | |
| 15496930634 | line item veto | unconstitutional for President. An executive's ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by the legislature | 47 | |
| 15496935769 | Amendment | changes in or additions to the Constitution | 48 | |
| 15496939027 | bill of attender | a law declaring someone guilty of a crime without a judicial trial | 49 | |
| 15496946739 | ex post facto law | a law that makes an act criminal although the act was legal when it was committed | 50 | |
| 15496953671 | writ of habeas corpus | A court order requiring jailers/police officials to show sufficient cause to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody. | 51 | |
| 15496965420 | Declaration of Independence | Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state. | 52 | |
| 15496979323 | The US Constitution | The document written in 1787 and ratified in 1788 that sets forth the institutional structure of the U.S. government and the tasks these institutions perform. It replaced the Articles of Confederation. | 53 | |
| 15496990246 | Pennsylvania Constitution | A governing document considered to be highly democratic yet with a tendency toward tyranny as the result of concentrating all powers in one set of hands | 54 | |
| 15496992107 | Massachusetts Constitution | A state constitution with clear separation of powers but considered to have produced too weak a government | 55 | |
| 15496992108 | james madison | "Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States. felt that govt power enough to encourage virtue in its citizens was too powerful | 56 | |
| 15497000301 | Alexander Hamilton | 1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. major political figure during the debate over the Constitution, as outspoken leader of the Federalists and author of the Federalist Papers. later secretary of treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. | 57 | |
| 15497014659 | Thomas Jefferson | Author of the Declaration of Independence. | 58 | |
| 15497016657 | Andrew Jackson | popular leader and advocate for expanding suffrage (ending property requirement) to all white men, was influential in creasing citizen participation/voter turnout. embodied the common man, the no son of privilege. | 59 | |
| 15497031499 | charles a beard | A historian who argued that the Founders were largely motivated by the economic advantage of their class in writing the Constitution | 60 | |
| 15497033588 | john marshall | American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review. ruled on many decisions that gave govt more power | 61 | |
| 15497825594 | inalienable rights | rights that cannot be taken away: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness | 62 |
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