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AP Language Flashcards

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13721456915	Rhetoric	the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially with the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques. (The very act of defending has itself been a central part of rhetoric).	0
13721456916	Bombastic	High sounding but with little meaning; inflated;grandiloquent.	1
13721456917	Ethos	Appeal based on the character of speaker. Meaning convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader (speaker).	2
13721456918	Logos	An appeal to logic or reason. For example scholarly documents.	3
13721456919	Pathos	Appeal on emotion. The quality that evokes pity or sadness.	4
13721456920	Capricious	Impulsive; unpredictable. Sudden and unaccountable changes of mood or behavior.	5
13721456921	Tone	Writer's attitude, mood or moral outlook toward the subject and/or the readers.	6
13721456922	Appeal	the power of arousing a sympathetic response, to arouse a sympathetic response.	7
13721456923	Argument	Discourse intended to persuade; process of reasoning; exchange of diverging/ opposite views.	8
13721456924	Colloquialism (Colloquial)	a word or phrase that is not formal or literary. It is still used in literature to provide a sense of actual conversation and the use of pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary of everyday speech.	9
13721456925	Connotation	and idea or feeling that a word evokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning. Words imply or suggest qualities, attributes, and characteristics.	10
13721456926	Apathy	lack of interest, enthusiasm or concern. No emotion	11
13721456927	Dialect	A variety of language confined to a region or group, manner or means of expressing oneself.	12
13721456928	Understatement	Statement which says less than is really meant. Opposite of hyperbole. Made smaller, worse, or less important than really is. Minimizing.	13
13721456929	Hyperbole	Deliberate and obvious exaggeration for effect.	14
13721456930	Anecdote	a short and amusing or interesting story about a real person or incident.	15
13721456931	Condescending	Having or feeling superior. patronizing or assuming superiority.	16
13721456932	Voice	An authors distinctive literary style, basic vision and general attitude toward the world. Revealed through the use of Syntax, Diction, Punctuation, Characterization, and Dialogue.	17
13721456933	Syntax	Sentence construction	18
13721456934	Diction	Author's choice of words. Distinctive vocabulary.	19
13721456935	Assertion	A confident and forceful statement of fact or belief. A declaration that's made em pathetically in an argument as it to be understood as a statement of fact.	20
13721456936	Cogent	(of an argument or case) clear, logical, and convincing.	21
13721456937	Coherent	(of an argument, theory, or policy) logical and consistent	22
13721456938	Cohesive	characterized by or causing cohesion (act or state of being uniting, cohering, or sticking together).	23
13721456939	Didactic	intended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive.	24
13721456940	Discourse	written or spoken communication or debate. (verb) speak or write authoritatively about a topic.	25
13721456941	Eloquence	fluent or persuasive speaking or writing.	26
13721456942	Fluid	able to flow easily.	27
13721456943	implication	the conclusion that can be drawn from something, although it is not explicitly stated.	28
13721456944	lucid	expressed clearly; easy to understand	29
13721456945	rhetor	a teacher of rhetoric	30
13721456946	Arbiter	a person who settles a dispute or has ultimate authority in a matter	31
13721456947	Biased	unfairly prejudiced for or against something or someone.	32
13721456948	Exculpate	show or declare that (someone) is not guilty of wrongdoing	33
13721456949	Impartial	treating all rivals or disputants equally; fair and just.	34
13721456950	Incontrovertible	not able to be denied or disputed.	35
13721456951	Integrity	the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles; moral uprightness.	36
13721456952	Objectivity	the quality of being objective; justice; neutrality	37
13721456953	Plausible	(of an argument or statement) seeming reasonable or probable.	38
13721456954	Substantiated	provide evidence to support or prove that truth of.	39
13721456955	vindicated	clear (something) of blame or suspicion.	40
13721456956	Condescending	Having or feeling superior. patronizing or assuming superiority.	41
13721456957	Contemptuous	showing contempt; scornful	42
13721456958	Despotic	of, relating to, or characteristics of a despot (ruler with total power; usually unfair)	43
13721456959	Dictatorial	of or typical of a ruler with total control	44
13721456960	Disdain	the feeling that someone or something is unworthy of one's consideration or respect; contempt.	45
13721456961	Haughty	arrogantly superior and disdainful.	46
13721456962	Imperious	assuming power or authority without justification; arrogant and domineering.	47
13721456963	Patronizing	treat with an apparent kindness that betrays a feeling of superiority.	48
13721456964	Listless	lacking energy or enthusiasm.	49
13721456965	Melancholy	a feeling of pensive sadness, typically with no obvious cause.	50
13721456966	Torpor	a state of physical or mental inactivity	51
13721456967	alliance	a relationship based on an affinity in interests, nature, or qualities.	52
13721456968	disparity	a great difference, imbalance.	53
13721456969	impinge	have an affect or impact, especially a negative one. Influence.	54
13721456970	Paradox	a state or proposition that, despite reasoning, leads to a conclusion that seems senseless, logically unacceptable, self-contradictory.	55
13721456971	allusion	an expression to call something to mind without mentioning it exactly; an indirect or passing reference.	56
13721456972	parallelism	the act of being parallel or corresponding in some way.	57
13721456973	indolent	wanting to avoid activity or exertion; lazy.	58
13721456974	insipid.	lacking flavor, vigor or interest.	59
13721456975	lament	a passionate expression or grief or sorrow.	60
13721456976	Sanction	a threatening penalty for disobeying a law or rule	61
13721456977	servile	having or showing an excessive willingness to serve or please others.	62
13721456978	suppressed	forcibly to an end to.	63
13721456979	Embellish	make (something) more attractive by the addition of decorative details or features.	64
13721456980	florid	having a red or flushed complexion	65
13721456981	opulent	ostentatiously rich and luxurious or lavish	66
13721456982	ornate	made in an intricate shape or decorated with complex patterns.	67
13721456983	ostentatious	characterized by vulgar or pretentious display; designed to impress or attract notice.	68
13721456984	poignant	evoking a keen sense or sadness or regret.	69
13721456985	Ebullience	the quality of being cheerful and full of energy; exuberance.	70
13721456986	effusive	expressing feelings of gratitude, pleasure, or approval in an unrestrained or heartfelt manner.	71
13721456987	egregious	outstandingly bad; shocking.	72
13721456988	frenetic	fast and energetic in a rather wild and uncontrolled way.	73
13721456989	gratuitous	uncalled for; lacking good reason; unwarranted	74
13721456990	flagrant	(of something considered wrong or immoral) conspicuously or obviously offensive	75
13721456991	superfluous	unnecessary, especially through being more than enough.	76
13721456992	convoluted	extremely complex and difficult to follow (especially or a story, sentence, or argument).	77
13721456993	cryptic	having a meaning that is mysterious or obscure	78
13721456994	Obscure	uncertain; not discovered or know about.	79
13721456995	futile	incapable of producing any useful result; pointless.	80
13721456996	impede	delay or prevent by obstructing them; hinder.	81
13721456997	quandary	a state of perplexity or uncertainty over what what to do in a difficult situation.	82
13721456998	alleviate	make (suffering or a problem) less severe.	83
13721456999	asylum	the protection granted by a nation to someone who has left their native country as a political refugee. ( or it can be a mental hospital).	84
13721457000	auspicious	conductive to success; favorable.	85
13721457001	benevolent	well meaning and kindly	86
13721457002	benign	gentle, kindly.	87
13721457003	Mollify	appease the anger or anxiety of (someone)	88
13721457004	reclamation	reclaiming; reformation, recovery. (or it can be land obtained from water)	89
13721457005	Sanction	Approval or permission for an action	90
13721457006	Dubious	Not to be relied upon; suspect (hesitating or doubting)	91
13721457007	Fabricated	invent or concoct (something), typically with deceitful intent	92
13721457008	Hypocrisy	the practice of claiming to have moral standards or beliefs to which one's own behavior does not conform; pretense	93
13721457009	Slander	make false and damaging statements about (someone).	94
13721457010	spurious	not being what it purports to be; false or fake	95
13721457011	Astute	having or showing an ability to accurately assess situations or people and turn this to one's advantage	96
13721457012	clandestine	operation is an intelligence or millitary operation carried out in such a way that the operation goes unnoticed by the general population	97
13721457013	disingenuous	not candid or sincere, typically by pretending that one knows less about something than one really does.	98
13721457014	ruse	an action intended to deceive someone; a trick	99
13721457015	stratagem	a plan or scheme, especially one used to outwit an opponent or achieve an end	100
13721457016	surreptitious	kept secret, especially because it would not be approved of.	101
13721457017	wary	feeling or showing caution about possible dangers or problems	102
13721457018	wily	skilled at gaining an advantage, especially deceitfully.	103
13721457019	inconsequential	not important or significant	104
13721457020	superficial	existing or occurring at or on the surface. (appearing to be true or real only until examined more closely).	105
13721457021	tenuous	very weak or slight >( small in degree).	106
13721457022	trivial	of little value or importance	107
13721457023	coup	a sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government.	108
13721457024	Ambiguous	(of language) open to more than one interpretation; having a double meaning.	109
13721457025	ambivalent	having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone.	110
13721457026	apathetic	showing or feeling no interest, enthusiasm, or concern.	111
13721457027	Arbitrary	based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system.	112
13721457028	capricious	given to sudden and unaccountable changes of mood or behavior	113
13721457029	equivocate	use ambiguous language so as to conceal the truth or avoid committing oneself.	114
13721457030	indifferent	having no particular interest or sympathy; unconcerned.	115
13721457031	whimsical	playfully quaint or fanciful, especially in an appealing and amusing way	116
13721457032	assiduous	showing great care and perseverance	117
13721457033	compelling	evoking interest, attention, or admiration in a powerfully irresistible way	118
13721457034	diligent	having or showing care and conscientiousness in one's work or duties	119
13721457035	dogged	having or showing tenacity and grim persistence.	120
13721457036	endure	suffer (something painful or difficult) patiently	121
13721457037	intrepid	fearless; adventurous (often used for rhetorical or humorous effect)	122
13721457038	maverick	an unorthodox or independent-minded person	123
13721457039	obdurate	stubbornly refusing to change one's opinion or course of action	124
13721457040	obstinate	stubbornly refusing to change one's opinion or chosen course of action, despite attempts to persuade one to do so	125
13721457041	proliferate	increase rapidly in numbers; multiply	126
13721457042	tenacity	the quality or fact of being able to grip something firmly; grip.	127
13721457043	vitality	the state of being strong and active; energy	128
13721457044	assimilation	the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group	129
13721457045	consensus	general agreement.	130
13721457046	context	the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation.	131
13721457047	derived	obtain something from (a specified source)	132
13721457048	incumbent	necessary for (someone) as a duty or responsibility.	133
13721457049	inevitable	certain to happen; unavoidable	134
13721457050	malleable	easily influenced; pliable	135
13721457051	subdue	overcome, quieten, or bring under control (a feeling or person)	136
13721457052	Inoculate	medical : to give (a person or animal) a weakened form of a disease in order to prevent infection by the disease	137
13721457053	Lurid	: causing shock or disgust : involving sex or violence in a way that is meant to be shocking : shining or glowing with a bright and unpleasant color	138
13721457054	Putrefying	to be slowly destroyed by natural processes : to rot and become putrid	139
13721457055	Somnolent	1 : of a kind likely to induce sleep 2 a : inclined to or heavy with sleep : drowsy	140
13721457056	Dour	serious and unfriendly : silent and gloomy	141
13721457057	Errant	serious and unfriendly : silent and gloomy	142
13721457058	Bewildered	1 : to cause to lose one's bearings 2 : to perplex or confuse especially by a complexity, variety, or multitude of objects or considerations	143
13721457059	Astroturfed	—used for an artificial surface that resembles grass	144
13721457060	Geriatric	An old person y	145
13721457061	Tromped	1 : tramp 1 2 : to step hard : stamp	146
13721457062	Connoisseur	: a person who knows a lot about something (such as art, wine, food, etc.) : an expert in a particular subject	147
13721457063	Attesting	to show, prove, or state that something is true or real	148
13721457064	Soporific	: causing a person to become tired and ready to fall asleep	149

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APES Unit 4 Flashcards

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15972732336	ecosystem diversity	variety of ecosystems	0
15941185159	species diversity	variety of species in a given ecosystem	1
15941185160	genetic diversity	variety of genes with in a species	2
15941257361	species	A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.	3
15941446816	species richness	the number of different species in a community	4
15941449518	species evenness	relative abundance of each species	5
15941466021	phylogeny	branching pattern of evolutionary relations that indicate how closely related they are -morphology -behavior -genetics	6
15941470405	ecological succession	the predictable replacement of one group of species by another group of species over time	7
15941470406	primary succession	succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists	8
15941484285	secondary succession	succession that starts with soil	9
15941505408	pioneer species	first species to populate an area during succession	10
15941507553	climax community	a stable community that no longer goes through major ecological changes doesnt truly exist	11
15941512534	island biogeography	•dispersing species are more likely to find larger>smaller habitats •at any latitude, larger habitats support more species and larger populations •larger habitats contain a wider range of environ conditions and in therefore more niches and greater opportunity for speciation	12
15941556836	evolution	a change in the genetic composition of a population over time	13
15941560724	microevolution	evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period.	14
15941563265	macroevolution	large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time give rise to new species	15
15941563266	genes	the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA	16
15941597859	phenotype	actual set of traits physically expressed	17
15941597860	genotype	complete set of genes in an individual	18
15941600430	mutation	a random error in gene replication that leads to a change	19
15941600431	recombination	the genetic process by which one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome during reproductive cell division produces novel traits	20
15941604900	artificial selection	human breeding of organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits.	21
15941644053	natural selection	the environment determines which organisms (and therefore traits) survive	22
15941647488	fitness	ability to survive and reproduce	23
15941647489	adaptations	traits that improve fitness	24
15941668125	gene flow	process by which individuals move from one population to another and alter the genetic composition of both	25
15941668126	genetic drift	A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance	26
15941729233	bottleneck effect	a reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size higher risk of extinction	27
15941821215	extinction	A term that typically describes a species that no longer has any known living individuals.	28
15941825900	founder effect	change in genetic composition due to a small number of colonizers moving	29
15941858265	geographic isolation	physical separation of a group from others of the same species	30
15941858266	allopatric isolation	The process of speciation that occurs in geographic isolation	31
15949933064	reproductive isolation	Separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed	32
15949934822	sympatric speciation	the evolution of one species into two, without geographic isolation	33
15950260851	genetically modified organisms; gmo	scientists copy genes of desired traits and insert them to make ...	34
15950265308	range of tolerance	the limits to the abiotic conditions that a species can tolerate	35
15950272013	fundamental niche	The suite of abiotic conditions under which a species can survive, grow, and reproduce	36
15950272014	realized niche	the range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives	37
15950274882	distribution	areas of the world in which a species lives	38
15950274883	niche generalists	a species that can live under a wide range of abiotic or biotic conditions	39
15950276645	niche specialists	a species that is specialized to live in a specific habitat or to feed on a small group of species more vulnerable to environmental change	40
15970542009	mass extinction	event in which many types of living things become extinct at the same time	41
15970542010	sixth mass extinction	current mass extinction caused primarily by habitat loss due to human actions	42
15970551808	Marine Mammal Protection Act	prohibits the killing of all marine mammals in the U.S. and prohibits the import or export of any marine mammal body parts.	43
15970551809	endangered species	A species whose numbers are so small that the species is at risk of extinction	44
15970554995	threathened species	a species that is likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future	45
15970554996	CITES	agreement to ban/limit trade in endangered species	46
15970564939	Convention on Biological Diversity	An international treaty to help protect biodiversity	47
15970564940	edge habitat	A habitat that occurs where two different communities come together, typically forming an abrupt transition	48
15970570761	biosphere reserves	protected areas consisting of zones that vary in the amount of permissible human impact	49
15970570762	core zone	no human activity allowed best biodiversity	50
15970573651	buffer zone	area of a reserve that is minimally impacted by humans	51
15970573652	transition zone	area of reserve where human activity progresses like normal	52
15970577485	Paine's experiment	hypothesis: if the starfish is removed then the ecosystem will collapse independent: presence of starfish dependent: ecosystem diversity experimental: the tide pool without starfish control: the natural tide pool results: saw the ecosystem collapse and become a mussel monoculture	53
15995424225	78	__% of earth's atmosphere is nitrogen	54
15995431682	Trophosphere	layer of Earth's atmosphere closest to Earth's surface where weather takes place and where most pollution occurs	55
15995448166	stratosphere	2nd layer of atmosphere; extends from 10 to 30 miles up; location of ozone layer; absorbs 95% of Ultraviolet radiation; temperature increases with altitude increase.	56
15995458283	mesosphere	3rd + coldest layer of the atmosphere	57
15995464658	Thermosphere	The uppermost layer of the atmosphere, in which temperature increases as altitude increases	58
15995473102	Albedo	Ability of a surface to reflect light	59
15995478080	equator	region of the earth where the sun hits at the most direct angle	60
15995537538	rises	warm air ____	61
15995562149	sinks	cold air ____	62
15995572621	intertropical convergence zone; itcz	The latitude that receives the most intense sunlight, which causes the ascending branches of the two Hadley cells to converge	63
15995576578	hadley cells	a large-scale atmospheric convection cell in which air rises at the equator and sinks at medium latitudes, typically about 30° north or south.	64
15995589925	Coriolis effect	Causes moving air and water to turn left in the southern hemisphere and turn right in the northern hemisphere due to Earth's hemisphere.	65
15995660551	gyres	A large-scale pattern of water circulation that moves clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere	66
15995666296	upwelling	the upward movement of ocean water toward the surface as a result of diverging currents	67
15995669684	downwelling	The movement of water from the surface to greater depths.	68
15995674933	thermohaline circulation	a worldwide current system in which warmer, fresher water moves along the surface; and colder, saltier water moves deep beneath the surface	69
15995693987	El Nino	an irregularly occurring and complex series of climatic changes affecting the equatorial Pacific region and beyond every few years, characterized by the appearance of unusually warm, nutrient-poor water	70
15995707898	la nina	A climate event in the eastern Pacific Ocean in which surface waters are colder than normal.	71
15995711271	windward side	side of the mountain where rain and other weather are expected	72
15995714076	leeward side	side of mountain that gets very little precipitation and can be desert like	73
15995729112	rainshadow effect		74
15995736316	rain shadow	A dry area on the downwind side of a mountain.	75
15995739204	Permafrost	permanently frozen layer of soil beneath the surface of the ground	76

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AP Macroeconomics Unit 1 Flashcards

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14968572856	economics	the study of how people try to satisfy seemingly unlimited wants with limited resources; the study of how society allocates scarce resources	0
14968572857	factors of production	inputs or resources that go into the production function to produce goods and services: land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship	1
14968572858	inputs	resources such as people, raw materials, energy, information, or finance that are put into a system (such as an economy, manufacturing plant, computer system) to obtain a desired output. Inputs are classified under costs in accounting.	2
14968572859	capital	resources (buildings, machinery, and equipment) used to produce goods and services; also called investment goods.	3
14968572860	microeconomics	portion of economics concerned with the individual elements that make up the economy; households, firms, government, and resource input prices	4
14968572861	macroeconomics	the portion of economics concerned with the overall performance of the economy; focused on aggregate demand-aggregate supply relationship, and the resultant output, income, employment, and price levels	5
14968572862	positive economics	(as opposed to normative economics) is the branch of economics that concerns the description and explanation of economic phenomena. It focuses on facts and cause-and-effect behavioral relationships and includes the development and testing of economics theories.	6
14968572863	normative economics	(as opposed to positive economics) is a part of economics that expresses value or normative judgments about economic fairness or what the outcome of the economy or goals of public policy ought to be.	7
14968572864	ceteris paribus	with other conditions remaining the same.	8
14968572866	scarcity	the imbalance between limited productive resources and unlimited human wants	9
14968572867	opportunity cost	the value of the sacrifice made to pursue a course of action	10
14968572869	Production possibilities	the different quantities of goods that an economy can produce with a given amount of scarce resources	11
14968572871	law of increasing opportunity cost	the principle that as the production of a good increases, the opportunity cost of producing an additional unit rises.	12
14968572870	constant costs	an industry in which the ratio comparing units produced to production cost per unit remains the same regardless of industry volume or demand growth. This supply-curve equilibrium occurs when input costs do not increase in response to increased demand.	13
14968572872	absolute advantage	the ability to produce more of a good than all other producers	14
14968572873	comparative advantage	the ability to produce a good at lower opportunity cost than all other producers	15
14968572874	specialization	production of goods, or performance of tasks, based upon comparative advantage	16
14968572875	terms of trade	the ratio of an index of a country's export prices to an index of its import prices.	17
14968572876	Demand	the quantity of a good or service that buyers wish to buy at various prices	18
14968572877	law of demand	all else equal, when the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded of that good falls	19
14968572878	quantity demanded	various amounts along a consumer demand curve showing the quantity consumers will buy at various prices	20
14968572879	market demand	market demand is the sum of the individual demand for a product from buyers in the market.	21
14968572880	Substitutes	two goods are consumer substitutes if they provide essentially the same utility to the consumer	22
14968572881	complements	two goods that provide more utility when consumed together than all other producers	23
14968572882	normal goods	a good for which demand increases with an increase in consumer income	24
14968572883	inferior goods	a good for which demand decreases with an increase in consumer income	25
14968572884	supply	supply is a fundamental economic concept that describes the total amount of a specific good or service that is available to consumers. Supply can relate to the amount available at a specific price or the amount available across a range of prices if displayed on a graph.	26
14968572885	law of supply	all else equal, when the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied of that good rises	27
14968572886	quantity supplied	various amounts along a producer supply curve showing the quantity producers will sell at various prices	28
14968572887	market equilibrium	exists at the only price where the quantity supplied equals the quantity demanded. Or, it is the only quantity where the price consumers are willing to pay is exactly the price producers are willing to accept.	29
14968572888	equilibrium price	price at which the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied are equal (intersect), shelves clear, and price stability occurs	30
14968572889	equilibrium quantity	quantity demanded and supplied at the equilibrium price	31
14968572890	unemployment	Unemployment is a phenomenon that occurs when a person who is actively searching for employment is unable to find work. ... The most frequently measure of unemployment is the unemployment rate, which is the number of unemployed people divided by the number of people in the labor force.	32
14968572891	economic growth	the increase in an economy's PPF over time	33
14968572892	marginal	additional	34
14968572893	utility	ability or capacity of a good or service to be useful and give satisfaction to someone.	35
14968600338	3 Shifters of the PPC	1. change in resource quantity or quality 2. change in technology 3. change in trade	36

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AP English Terms Flashcards

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14971850775	active voice	the subject of the sentence performs the action	0
14971854126	allusion	a reference to another work of literature, person, or event	1
14971860756	alter-ego	one's other self	2
14971881406	anecdote	short account of event	3
14971909743	antecedent	the word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.	4
14971917758	classicism	art or literature characterized by a realistic view of people and the world; sticks to traditional themes and structures.	5
14971998315	comic relief	a humorous scene or speech intended to lighten the mood	6
14972003107	diction	the choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing.	7
14972011010	colloquial	characteristic of ordinary conversation rather than formal speech or writing	8
14972068263	connotation	the implied or associative meaning of a word	9
14972075996	denotation	the literal meaning of a word	10
14972079944	jargon	special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.	11
14972092932	vernacular	the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.	12
14972098901	didactic	intended to teach	13
14972146036	adage	folk saying with a lesson	14
14972153351	allegory	a story, fictional or nonfictional, in which characters, things and events represent qualities or concepts	15
14972206043	aphorism	a concise statement of a truth or principle	16
14972262661	ellipsis	the omission of a word or phrase which is grammatically necessary but can be deduced from the context	17
14972318693	euphemism	a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept	18
14972344304	figurative language	writing or speech that is not meant to be taken literally	19
14972348243	analogy	a comparison of two different things that are similar in some way	20
14972356977	hyperbole	exaggeration	21
14972356978	idiom	a common, often used expression that doesn't make sense if you take it literally.	22
14972365236	metaphor	comparison not using like or as	23
14972374051	metonymy	the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant	24
14972390495	synecdoche	a kind of metonymy when a whole is represented by naming one of its parts, or vice versa.	25
14972414759	simile	comparing two things using like or as	26
14972427280	synesthesia	describing one kind of sensation in terms of another	27
14972437305	personification	the giving of human qualities to an animal, object, or idea	28
14972443874	foreshadowing	the use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in a plot	29
14972448329	genre	a major category or type of literature	30
14972462065	gothic	writing characterized by gloom, mystery, fear and/or death.	31
14972479207	imagery	description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)	32
14972490304	invective	abusive language	33
14972496657	irony	when the opposite of what you expect to happen does	34
14972548165	verbal irony	irony in which a person says or writes one thing and means another, or uses words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of the literal meaning.	35
14972553772	dramatic irony	when a reader is aware of something that a character isn't	36
14972580995	situational irony	irony involving a situation in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, so that the outcome is contrary to what was expected.	37
14972607047	juxtaposition	placing two elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast	38
14972612222	mood	feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader	39
14972620938	motif	A recurring theme, subject or idea in literary work	40
14972633348	oxymoron	conjoining contradictory terms (as in 'deafening silence')	41
14972639940	pacing	the movement of a literary piece from one point or one section to another	42
14972651162	paradox	a contradiction or dilemma	43
14972666412	parallelism	phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other	44
14972713935	anaphora	the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses	45
14972722014	chiasmus	same words used twice in succession	46
14972730521	antithesis	two opposite or contrasting word with parallel structure	47
14972759097	zuegma (syllepsis)	when a single word governs or modifies two or more other words, and the meaning of the first word must change for each of the other words it governs or modifies. "The butler killed the lights, and then the mistress." "I quickly dressed myself and the salad."	48
14972788271	parenthetical idea	parentheses are used to set off an idea from the rest of the sentence.	49
14972806008	parody	a work which imitates another in a ridiculous manner	50
14972811087	persona	the fictional mask or narrator that tells a story.	51
14972833830	polysyndeton	the deliberate use of a series of conjunctions.	52
14972848030	pun	a humorous play on words	53
14972887475	rhetoric	the art of effective communication	54
14972922873	aristotle's rhetorical triangle	the relationships between the writer, the audience, and the subject	55
14972937628	rhetorical question	a question asked merely for effect with no answer expected.	56
14972946646	romanticism	literature characterized by an idealistic view of people and the world	57
14972971424	sarcasm	harsh, cutting language or tone intended to ridicule	58
14972981080	satire	a work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way. It doesn't simply abuse (as in invective) or get personal (as in sarcasm). It targets groups or large concepts rather than individuals.	59
14973001585	style	choices that a writer makes in diction, tone, and syntax	60
14973018947	symbol	anything that stands for or represents something else	61
14973034640	syntax/sentence variety	grammatical arrangement of words, grouping of words	62
14973038618	theme	the central idea of a work	63
14973051440	thesis	focus statement of a work	64
14973063589	tone	the general character or attitude of a place, piece of writing, situation, etc.	65
14973070048	understatement	the presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is.	66
14973078428	litotes	a form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite	67

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AP Review - #1 Flashcards

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13519976030	Thomas Hobbes	wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful government could keep an orderly society	0
13520022193	State of Nature	a hypothetical condition in which there is no government	1
13520031843	John Locke	English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. -social contract theory	2
13520042491	4 theories of the origin of the state	1) Force Theory: idea that early govs were a result of one person or small group claiming control over an area and forced those on it to submit to their rule 2) Evolutionary Theory: idea that state developed naturally out of the early family. Primitive fam of which 1 person was the head of 3) Divine Right Theory: the right to rule derives from God --> Kings 4) Social Contract Theory: state arose out of a voluntary act by free people	3
13520094631	demagogue	a leader who seeks support by appealing to popular passions rather than rational argument	4
13520116040	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Social Contract	5
13520129389	Utilitarianism	idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people	6
13520132260	John Stuart Mill	Arguably the most famous English philosopher and politician of the 1800s. Champion of liberty over unlimited state control. Also famous for adding falsification as a key component of the scientific method.	7
13520141665	Hobbes vs Locke	Compare: Both agree that original state of humankind is STATE OF NATURE and rulership is SOCIAL CONTRACT not divine right. Contrast: Hobbes- Government protects us from ourselves, sovereignty with the monarch, no government power limit, and no right to revolution. Locke- Government to protect natural rights, sovereignty resides with the people, power can be limited and they have right of revolution.	8
13520150863	Popular Sovereignty	A government in which the people rule by their own consent.	9
13520156984	4 Components of a State	1. population- small or large, not necessarily homogeneous 2. territory- known and recognized boundaries 3- sovereignty 4. gov't- way a state exerts its will and accomplishes its goals	10
13520168912	3 Major Powers of Government	1) Legislative: Make Laws 2)Executive: Enforce Laws 3) Judicial: Interpret Laws	11
13520204059	Aristocracy	A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility	12
13520207399	plutocracy	government of the wealthy	13
13520211340	Corporatocracy	a system of government that serves the interests of corporations and that involves ties between government and business	14
13520222866	Presidential vs. Parliamentary Systems	presidential= executive and legislative chosen separately parliamentary=legislative chooses executive	15
13520231758	coalition government	When two or more parties join together to form a majority in a national legislature. This form of government is quite common in the multiparty systems of Europe.	16
13520246595	Unitary Government	A government that gives all key powers to the national or central government. ex: Dr.Carcara	17
13520253528	Confederate Government	there are local and national governments. However, the local governments have the most power. -Central power has little power and answers to the local govs. ex: confederacy in US EU	18
13520279152	Federal Government	system that divides power of gov bt the national gov and state and local govs -each level of gov has sovereignty in some areas and shares powers in other areas	19