AP Bio Chapter 40 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 15076942586 | ecology | The scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment | 0 | |
| 15076942587 | Global ecology | Examines how regional exchanges of energy and materials influences the functioning and distribution of organisms across the biosphere | 1 | |
| 15076942588 | landscape ecology | focuses on the factors controlling exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems | 2 | |
| 15076942589 | Ecosystem ecology | emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the environment | 3 | |
| 15076942590 | community ecology | examines how interactions between species, such as predation and competition, affect community structure and organization | 4 | |
| 15076942591 | population ecology | analyzes factors that affect population size and how and why it changes through time | 5 | |
| 15076942592 | organismal ecology | concerned with how an organism's structure, physiology, and behavior meet the challenges posed by its environment | 6 | |
| 15076942593 | climate | the long-term prevailing weather conditions in a given area | 7 | |
| 15076942594 | Four major components of climate | temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind | 8 | |
| 15076942595 | Global climate patterns are determined by... | input of solar energy and Earth's movement in space | 9 | |
| 15076942596 | Biomes | major life zones characterized by vegetation type in terrestrial biomes or by the physical environment in aquatic biomes | 10 | |
| 15076942597 | Because there are (blank) patterns of climate over the Earth's surface, there are also (blank) patterns of biome distribution | latitudinal | 11 | |
| 15076942598 | The distribution of biomes can be modified by (blank) | disturbances | 12 | |
| 15076942599 | Disturbance | An event, such as storm, fire, flood, drought, overgrazing or human activity, that changes a community and alters resource availability. | 13 | |
| 15076942600 | What are terrestrial biomes named for? | Predominant physical, climatic, or vegetative features | 14 | |
| 15080509050 | photic zone | The top layer of an ocean or lake where there's enough light for photosynthesis | 15 | |
| 15080509051 | aphotic zone | The part of the ocean beneath the photic zone, where light does not penetrate sufficiently for photosynthesis to occur. | 16 | |
| 15080509052 | benthic zone | The bottom surface of an aquatic environment | 17 | |
| 15080509053 | Benthos | The communities of organisms living in the benthic zone of an aquatic biome. | 18 | |
| 15080509054 | littoral zone | shallow, well-lit waters close to shore | 19 | |
| 15080509055 | limnetic zone | In a lake, the well-lit, open surface waters farther from shore. | 20 | |
| 15080509056 | pelagic zone | open water above the ocean floor | 21 | |
| 15080509057 | Thermocline | a narrow layer of abrupt temperature change that separates the more uniformly warm upper layer from more uniformly cold deeper waters | 22 | |
| 15080509058 | Marine (blank) and (blank) supply much of the world's oxygen and consume large amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide | Algae, photosynthetic bacteria | 23 | |
| 15080509059 | oligotrophic lake | A lake that's nutrient-poor and oxygen-rich (typically large bodies of water that are dilute in nutrients) | 24 | |
| 15080509060 | Eutrophic lake | nutrient-rich and often depleted of oxygen in the deepest zone in summer and if covered with ice in winter | 25 | |
| 15080509061 | Eutrophication | A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria. | 26 | |
| 15080509062 | Estuary | a transition area between a river and the ocean | 27 | |
| 15080509063 | intertidal zone | Portion of the shoreline that lies between the high and low tide lines, periodically submerged and exposed by the tides twice daily | 28 | |
| 15080509064 | Species distributions are a consequence of (blank) and (blank) | Ecological factors and evolutionary history | 29 | |
| 15080509065 | Dispersal | Movement of individuals away from centers of high population density or their area of origin. | 30 | |
| 15080509066 | Biotic factors | living parts of an ecosystem (i.e. predators, herbivores, pollinators, etc.) | 31 | |
| 15080509067 | abiotic factors | nonliving parts of an ecosystem | 32 | |
| 15080509068 | major abiotic factors | Temperature, water, oxygen, salinity, sunlights, rocks, soil | 33 | |
| 15080509069 | Density | The number of individuals per unit area or volume | 34 | |
| 15080509070 | Factors that increase and decrease population density | Increase: birth and immigration Decrease: death and emigration | 35 | |
| 15080509071 | patterns of dispersion | The pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population | 36 | |
| 15080887612 | Three basic dispersion patterns | Clumped (organisms groups together), uniform (organisms are super territorial and spread out evenly), random (there's no behavioral reason for the organisms for the organisms to be dispersed the way they are) | 37 | |
| 15080887613 | Demography | Study of vital statistics of a population and how they change over time. | 38 | |
| 15080887614 | Life tables | Age-specific survival and reproductive rates of individuals in a population. These are produced following the fate of a cohort | 39 | |
| 15080887615 | survivorship curve | a graph that represents the distinct patterns of species survival as a function of age |  | 40 |
| 15080887616 | Type I survivorship curve | a pattern of survival over time in which there is high survival throughout most of the life span, but then individuals start to die in large numbers as they approach old age (associated with k-selected species) | 41 | |
| 15080887617 | Type II survivorship curve | a pattern of survival over time in which there is a relatively constant decline in survivorship throughout most of the life span (SQUIRRELS) | 42 | |
| 15080887618 | Type III survivorship curve | Curve that describes species in which most individuals die young, with only a few organisms surviving long enough to reproduce and beyond (associated with r-selected species) | 43 | |
| 15080887619 | Population growth rate | The change in number of individuals over a given period of time | 44 | |
| 15080887620 | exponential population growth | An idealized population growth in an environment with unlimited resources. This can occur in the short run (associated with r-selected species) | 45 | |
| 15080887621 | intrinsic rate of increase | the per capita rate at which an exponentially growing population increases in size at each instant in time | 46 | |
| 15080887622 | Carrying capacity | The maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources, symbolized as K. | 47 | |
| 15080887623 | logistic population growth | population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity | 48 | |
| 15080887624 | life history | Traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival. | 49 | |
| 15080887625 | Variables that influence life histories | When reproduction begins, how often the organism reproduces, how many offspring per reproductive episode | 50 | |
| 15080887626 | K-selection | Selection for life history traits that are sensitive to population density; also called density-dependent selection. | 51 | |
| 15080887627 | Characteristics of k-selected organisms | Stable environment, long lived, high parental care, fewer offspring (i.e. elephants, humans) | 52 | |
| 15080887628 | r-selection | Selection for life history traits that maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environments; also called density-independent selection. | 53 | |
| 15080887629 | Characteristics of r-selected organisms | Unstable environment, high fecundity, small in size, early maturity/breeding, short generation time, boom and bust (i.e. oysters, dandelions) | 54 | |
| 15080887630 | density dependent | Referring to any characteristic that varies according to an increase in population density. | 55 | |
| 15080887631 | density dependent factors | Competition, territoriality, predation, disease, intrinsic factors | 56 | |
| 15080887632 | Density independent | Referring to any characteristic that is not affected by population density. | 57 | |
| 15080887633 | Density independent factors | Oil spill, drought, weather | 58 | |
| 15123975330 | Tundra | An extremely cold, dry biome. | 59 | |
| 15123975331 | Taiga | biome with long cold winters and a few months of warm weather; dominated by coniferous evergreens; also called boreal forest | 60 | |
| 15123975332 | Grassland | A biome found in the dry temperate interiors of continents. This biome is characterized by rich soil, moderate rainfall, a hot, dry climate, thick grasses, and herds of grazing animals. | 61 | |
| 15123975333 | deciduous forest | A biome with four seasons, plants shed leaves in the fall and grow new ones in the spring. | 62 | |
| 15123975334 | Chaparral | A biome with vegetation consisting chiefly of tangled shrubs and thorny bushes. | 63 | |
| 15123975335 | desert | An extremely hot, dry biome with little water and few plants | 64 | |
| 15123975336 | Savannah | Open grassland biome with scattered trees | 65 | |
| 15123975337 | rainforest | A tropical forest biome, usually of tall, densely growing, broad-leaved evergreen trees in an area of high annual rainfall. | 66 | |
| 15123975338 | Alpine | high mountain biome | 67 | |
| 15123975339 | Population growth rate equation | Change in N/change in t, which is equal to (B-D)/(t2-t1) | 68 | |
| 15123975340 | Per capita birth rate | b= B/N | 69 | |
| 15123975341 | per capita death rate | d=D/N | 70 | |
| 15123975342 | Per capita growth of a population | (B-D)/N=b-d=r | 71 | |
| 15123975343 | Exponential growth equation | dN/dt = rN | 72 | |
| 15123975344 | Logistic growth equation | dN/dt=rN(K-N/K) | 73 | |
| 15123975345 | Marked animals equation | N=Mn/m | 74 | |
| 15358104936 | Zones of aquatic ecosystems |  | 75 | |
| 15358968592 | r | The PER CAPITA growth rate of a population | 76 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Lang Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10639046410 | rhetorical style | how a writer uses rhetorical devices to create images in your head ex. imagery | 0 | |
| 10639046411 | rhetorical triangle | speaker; writer, narrator, voice, message; point, meaning, theme, audience; listener, viewer, reader, receiver purpose; goal, objective , tone; flavor, feeling, attitude, ambiance, method; mode, format, process, technique |  | 1 |
| 10639046412 | ethos | ethical, persuading by appealing to the ethical ex. Dr. recommended products | 2 | |
| 10639046413 | pathos | emotional, persuading by appealing to the reader's emotions ex. the dogs in the humane society commercials | 3 | |
| 10639046414 | logos | logical ex. 100=10x10 | 4 | |
| 10639046415 | syntax | the construction of the sentence ex. short vs long sentences | 5 | |
| 10639046416 | diction | word choice, or the style of speaking that a writer, speaker, or character uses ex. | 6 | |
| 10639046417 | point of view (position) | your position toward the speaker and the argument ex. 1st limited, 3rd person omniscient, rhetorical point of view, | 7 | |
| 10639046418 | devices of language | a device used by a writer to help the readers artistic ends but also gives readers a greater understanding and appreciation of their literary works ex. figurative devices | 8 | |
| 10639046419 | tone | the writers attitude toward his or her subject ex. | 9 | |
| 10639046420 | imagery | language and description the writer uses to appeal to the five senses ex. | 10 | |
| 10639046421 | figures of speech | a word or phrase used in a non-literal sense for rhetorical or vivid effect ex. its raining cats and dogs | 11 | |
| 10639046422 | metaphor | a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable ex. | 12 | |
| 10639046423 | simile | a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid ex. brave as a lion | 13 | |
| 10639046424 | trope | a figurative or metaphorical use of a word or expression, ---when you turn from literal to figurative--- | 14 | |
| 10639046425 | metonymy | the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant, attribute or symbol to represent something else- businessman suit | 15 | |
| 10639046426 | synecdoche | a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa ex. car-wheels | 16 | |
| 10639046427 | phrasing | musical quality, dr seuss, created by sentence length, created by words in the sentence | 17 | |
| 10639046428 | coordination | the organization of the different elements of a complex body or activity so as to enable them to work together effectively | 18 | |
| 10639046429 | subordination | a clause, typically introduced by a conjunction, that forms part of and is dependent on a main clause | 19 | |
| 10639046430 | parallelism | the use of successive verbal constructions in poetry or prose that correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meter, meaning | 20 | |
| 10639046431 | repetition | the action of repeating something that has already been said or written ex. he went to the store he went to school he went to the mall | 21 | |
| 10639046432 | modes of discourse | means + purpose for communicating ex. tv | 22 | |
| 10639046433 | MOD a. persuasion | the action or fact of persuading someone or of being persuaded to do or believe something | 23 | |
| 10639046434 | MOD aa. argumentative | given to expressing divergent or opposite views | 24 | |
| 10639046435 | MOD b. expository | intended to explain or describe something ex. cookbook | 25 | |
| 10639046436 | MOD c. narrative | a spoken or written account of connected events; a story | 26 | |
| 10639046437 | MOD d. descriptive | serving or seeking to describe | 27 | |
| 10639046438 | cause/effect | in which one event (the cause) makes another event happen (the effect) | 28 | |
| 10639046439 | compare/contrast | contrast something is to look for differences among two or more elements, but compare is to do the opposite, to look for similarities comparison- show similarities contrast- show differences | 29 | |
| 10639046440 | balance | A balanced sentence is made up of two segments which are equal, not only in length, but also in grammatical structure and meaning | 30 | |
| 10639046441 | litotes | ironic understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary- saying 'that dress is soooooo cute' when you dont actually like it | 31 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Psychology Unit 1 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14886434283 | empiricism | the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation |  | 0 |
| 14886434284 | structuralism | an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind |  | 1 |
| 14886434285 | functionalism | a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive and flourish |  | 2 |
| 14886434286 | experimental psychology | the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method |  | 3 |
| 14886434287 | behaviorism | the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2) |  | 4 |
| 14886434288 | humanistic psychology | historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth |  | 5 |
| 14886434289 | cognitive neuroscience | the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) |  | 6 |
| 14886434290 | psychology | the science of behavior and mental processes |  | 7 |
| 14886434291 | nature-nurture issue | the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture |  | 8 |
| 14886434292 | natural selection | the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival with most likely be passed on to succeeding generations |  | 9 |
| 14886434293 | level of analysis | the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon |  | 10 |
| 14886434294 | biopsychosocial approach | an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis |  | 11 |
| 14886434295 | biological psychology | a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes |  | 12 |
| 14886434296 | evolutionary psychology | the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection |  | 13 |
| 14886434297 | psychodynamic psychology | a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders |  | 14 |
| 14886434298 | behavioral psychology | the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning |  | 15 |
| 14886434299 | cognitive psychology | the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicatin |  | 16 |
| 14886434300 | social-cultural psychology | the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking | 17 | |
| 14886434301 | psychometrics | the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits | 18 | |
| 14886434302 | basic research | pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |  | 19 |
| 14886434303 | developmental psychology | the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span | 20 | |
| 14886434304 | educational psychology | the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning |  | 21 |
| 14886434305 | personality psychology | the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting |  | 22 |
| 14886434306 | social psychology | the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |  | 23 |
| 14886434307 | applied research | scientific study that aims to solve practical problems |  | 24 |
| 14886434308 | industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology | the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces |  | 25 |
| 14886434309 | human factors psychology | the study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments |  | 26 |
| 14886434310 | counseling psychology | a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being |  | 27 |
| 14886434311 | clinical psychology | a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders |  | 28 |
| 14886434312 | psychiatry | a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy |  | 29 |
| 14886434313 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry. |  | 30 |
| 14886434314 | Charles Darwin | English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882) |  | 31 |
| 14886434315 | Sigmund Freud | Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do). | 32 | |
| 14886434316 | William James | founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment |  | 33 |
| 14886434317 | Jean Piaget | Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation |  | 34 |
| 14886434318 | Wilhelm Wundt | german physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879 |  | 35 |
| 14886434319 | Mary Whiton Calkins | first female president of the APA (1905); a student of William James; denied the PhD she earned from Harvard because of her sex (later, posthumously, it was granted to her) | 36 | |
| 14886434320 | Margaret Floy Washburn | First female to be awarded a PhD in psychology; 2nd president of the APA (1921) | 37 | |
| 14886434321 | John B. Watson | founder of behaviorism | 38 | |
| 14886434322 | B. F. Skinner | American psychologist who championed behaviorism and studied operant conditioning | 39 | |
| 14886434323 | Carl Rogers | 1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person | 40 | |
| 14886434324 | positive psychology | the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive | 41 | |
| 14886434325 | community psychology | a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups | 42 |
AP Calculus AB Formulas Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9904734429 | Definition of Derivative |  | 0 | |
| 9904734430 | Definition of Derivative at x = a |  | 1 | |
| 9904734431 | Volume using Disks |  | 2 | |
| 9904734432 | Volume using Washers |  | 3 | |
| 9904734433 | Volume of Cross-Sections |  | 4 | |
| 9904734439 | The particle is slowing down |  | 5 | |
| 9904734440 | The particle is speeding up |  | 6 | |
| 9904734441 | Total distance traveled |  | 7 | |
| 9904734442 | Average value of a function |  | 8 | |
| 9904734443 | Displacement |  | 9 | |
| 9904734444 | Average rate of change or average velocity |  | 10 | |
| 9904734493 | True | ~True or False |  | 11 |
| 9904734445 | Fundamental Theorem of Calculus |  | 12 | |
| 9904734446 | (x')f(x) |  | 13 | |
| 9904734447 | |velocity| |  | 14 | |
| 9904734448 | vertical asymptote |  | 15 | |
| 9904734449 | hole |  | 16 | |
| 9904734450 | slope |  | 17 | |
| 9904734451 | concavity | sign of |  | 18 |
| 9904734452 | Critical Points |  | 19 | |
| 9904734453 | Possible Inflection Points |  | 20 | |
| 9904734454 | nx^(n-1) |  | 21 | |
| 9904734455 | Product Rule |  | 22 | |
| 9904734456 | Quotient Rule |  | 23 | |
| 9904734457 | e^x |  | 24 | |
| 9904734458 | 1/x |  | 25 | |
| 9904734459 | 1/(xlna) |  | 26 | |
| 9904734460 | a^x∙lna |  | 27 | |
| 9904734461 | Chain Rule |  | 28 | |
| 9904734462 | cosx |  | 29 | |
| 9904734463 | -sinx |  | 30 | |
| 9904734464 | (secx)^2 |  | 31 | |
| 9904734465 | -(cscx)^2 |  | 32 | |
| 9904734466 | -cscxcotx |  | 33 | |
| 9904734467 | secxtanx |  | 34 | |
| 9904734468 | 1/[f'(f^(-1)(a))] |  | 35 | |
| 9904734469 | d/dx arcsin u |  | 36 | |
| 9904734470 | d/dx arccos u |  | 37 | |
| 9904734471 | d/dx arctan u |  | 38 | |
| 9904734472 | d/dx arccot u |  | 39 | |
| 9904734473 | d/dx arcsec u |  | 40 | |
| 9904734474 | d/dx arccsc u |  | 41 | |
| 9904734475 | x^(n+1)/(n+1) + C |  | 42 | |
| 9904734476 | e^u + C |  | 43 | |
| 9904734477 | (a^u)/lna + C |  | 44 | |
| 9904734478 | ln|u| + C |  | 45 | |
| 9904734479 | -cosu + C |  | 46 | |
| 9904734480 | sinu + C |  | 47 | |
| 9904734481 | -ln|cosu| + C |  | 48 | |
| 9904734485 | tanu + C |  | 49 | |
| 9904734486 | -cotu + C |  | 50 | |
| 9904734487 | secu + C |  | 51 | |
| 9904734488 | -cscu + C |  | 52 | |
| 9904734489 | arcsin(u/a) + C |  | 53 | |
| 9904734490 | (1/a)arctan(u/a) + C |  | 54 | |
| 9904734491 | (1/a)arcsec(|u|/a) + C |  | 55 | |
| 9904795498 | Intermediate Value Theorem |  | 56 | |
| 9904798314 | Mean Value Theorem |  | 57 | |
| 9904801198 | Equation of a tangent line |  | 58 | |
| 9904834139 | Justify approximation of Riemann Sum | Use increasing or decreasing | 59 | |
| 9904835177 | Justify approximation of Trapezoidal Sum | Use concavity | 60 | |
| 9904902991 | Where is a function not differentiable? | Cusp, corner, vertical tangent line, and discontinuity. | 61 | |
| 9904919919 | Solving Differential Equations | 1. Separate Variables 2. Integrate both sides (add +C on one side) 3. Use Initial Condition 4. Solve for y | 62 | |
| 9904928822 | Horizontal Asymptote |  | 63 | |
| 9904982890 | L'Hopital's Rule |  | 64 | |
| 9905016925 | Finding Absolute Min or Max | 1. Find critical points 2. Evaluate ORIGINAL FUNCTION at endpoints and critical points (Absolute Min & Max guaranteed by Extreme Value Theorem) | 65 |
Flashcards
Pages
Need Help?
We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.
For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.
If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.
Need Notes?
While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!
