AP Lang Vocab Set: 6 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10561231058 | speaker | the person or group who creates a text | 0 | |
| 10561236440 | stance | a speaker's attitude toward the audience | 1 | |
| 10561246665 | straw man | A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea. | 2 | |
| 10561250353 | subject | The topic of a text. What the text is about. | 3 | |
| 10561252562 | Syllogism | a logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion | 4 | |
| 10561258642 | Synecdoche | figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole | 5 | |
| 10561260578 | Syntax | the arrangement of words into phrases, clauses, and sentences | 6 | |
| 10561266144 | synthesize | combining two or more ideas in order to create something more complex in support of a new idea | 7 | |
| 10561273637 | text | While this term generally means the written word, in the humanities it has come to mean any cultural product that can be "read" - meaning not just consumed and comprehended, but investigated. This includes fiction, nonfiction, poetry, political cartoons, fine art, photography, performances, fashion, cultural trends, and much more. | 8 | |
| 10561275247 | Tone | A speaker's attitude toward the subject conveyed by the speaker's stylistic and rhetorical choices. | 9 | |
| 10561280186 | Toulmin Model | An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosopher Stephen Toulmin. | 10 | |
| 10561285096 | Trope | Artful diction; from the Greek word for "turning," a figure of speech such as metaphor, simile, hyperbole, metonymy, or synecdoche. | 11 | |
| 10561288366 | Understatement | a figure of speech in which something is presented as less important, dire, urgent, good, and so on, than it actually is, often for satiric or comical effect. | 12 | |
| 10561302213 | warrant | In the Toulmin model, the warrant expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience. | 13 | |
| 10561305741 | wit | In rhetoric, the use of laughter, humor, irony, and satire in the confirmation or refutation of an argument. | 14 | |
| 10561309729 | Zeugma | use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings | 15 |
AP Government in America Chapter 15 The Federal Courts Flashcards
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| 13528053278 | standing to sue | The requirement that plaintiffs have a serious interest in a case, which depends on whether they have sustained or are likely to sustain a direct and substantial injury from another party or from an action of the government. | 0 | |
| 13528053279 | class action suits | Lawsuits in which a small number of people sue on behalf of all people in similar circumstances. | 1 | |
| 13528053280 | justiciable disputes | Issues capable of being settled as a matter of law. | 2 | |
| 13528053281 | amicus curiae briefs | Legal briefs submitted by a "friend of the court" for the purpose of influencing a court's decision by raising additional points of view and presenting information not contained in the briefs of the formal parties. | 3 | |
| 13528053282 | original jurisdiction | The jurisdiction of courts that hear a case first, usually in a trial. These are the courts that determine the facts about a case. - cases involving foreign diplomats | 4 | |
| 13528053283 | appellate jurisdiction | The jurisdiction of courts that hear cases brought to them on appeal from lower courts. These courts do not review the factual record, only the legal issues involved. - US courts of appeals - court of appeals for federal circuit - legislative courts | 5 | |
| 13528053284 | district courts | The 91 federal courts of original jurisdiction. They are the only federal courts in which trials are held and in which juries may be impaneled. | 6 | |
| 13528053285 | courts of appeals | Appellate courts empowered to review all final decisions of district courts , except in rare cases. In addition, they also hear appeals to orders of many federal regulatory agencies. | 7 | |
| 13528053286 | Supreme Court | The pinnacle of the American judicial system. The Court ensures uniformity in interpreting national laws, resolves conflicts among states, and maintains national supremacy in law. It has both original jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction. | 8 | |
| 13528053287 | senatorial courtesy | An unwritten tradition whereby nominations for state-level federal judicial posts are usually not confirmed if they are opposed by a senator of the president's party from the state in which the nominee will serve. The traditional also applies to courts of appeals when there is opposition from a senator of the president's party who is from the nominee's state. | 9 | |
| 13528053288 | solicitor general | A presidential appointee and the third-ranking office in the Department of Justice. The solicitor general is in charge of the appellate court litigation of the federal government. - represents government in SCOTUS arguments and can submit amicus curiae | 10 | |
| 13528053289 | opinion | A statement of legal reasoning behind a judicial decision. The content of this statement may be as important as the decision itself. | 11 | |
| 13528053290 | stare decisis | a Latin phrase meaning "let the decision stand." Most cases reaching appellate courts are settled on this principle. | 12 | |
| 13528053291 | precedent | How similar cases have been decided in the past. | 13 | |
| 13528053292 | originalism | A view that the Constitution should be interpreted according to the original intentions or original meanings of the Framers. Many conservatives support this view. | 14 | |
| 13528053293 | judicial implementation | How and whether court decisions are translated into actual policy, thereby affecting the behavior of others. The court rely on other units of government to enforce their decisions. | 15 | |
| 13528053294 | Marbury v. Madison | The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, in this case the Judiciary Act of 1789. | 16 | |
| 13528053295 | judicial review | The power of the courts to determine whether acts of Congress and, by implication, the executive are in accord with the U.S. Constitution. This was established by John Marshall and his associates in Marbury v. Madison. | 17 | |
| 13528053296 | judicial restraint | An approach to decision making in which judges play minimal policy-making roles and defer to legislatures whenever possible. | 18 | |
| 13528053297 | judicial activism | An approach to decision making in which judges sometimes make bold policy decisions, even charting new constitutional ground. | 19 | |
| 13528053298 | political questions | A doctrine developed by the federal courts and used as a means to avoid deciding some cases, principally those involving conflicts between the president and Congress. | 20 | |
| 13528053299 | statutory construction | The judicial interpretation of an act of Congress. In some cases where this is an issue, Congress passes new legislation to clarify existing laws. | 21 | |
| 13528062007 | the accumulation of judicial decisions about legal issues | What is common law? | 22 | |
| 13528077945 | the senate | which of the following must confirm all federal judges? | 23 | |
| 13528091116 | judiciary | The act of 1789 established the basic three tiered structure of the federal court system? | 24 | |
| 13528107613 | federal question | the supreme court hears cases from state courts only if they involve a | 25 | |
| 13528120042 | writ of centiorari | A _________ is issued by the supreme court when it agrees to hear a case | 26 | |
| 13528158875 | four | For a case to be heard in the supreme court a minimum of how many justices must vote to hear the case? | 27 | |
| 13528170014 | civil | which type of law involves the violation of the legal rights of one individual toward another? | 28 | |
| 13528178347 | filing amicus curiae briefs | Which of the following is a way that interest groups attempt to influence the supreme court's decisions? | 29 | |
| 13528185425 | solicitor general | Who represents the federal government in appeals to the supreme court? | 30 | |
| 13528200118 | concurring | Which of the following is an opinion written by a justice who voted with the majority, but has an alternative basis for the decision? | 31 | |
| 13528223467 | President Roosevelt | Who attempted to expand the number of supreme court justices in 1937? | 32 | |
| 13528235241 | state | In which courts are the vast majority of all cases tried? | 33 | |
| 13528240943 | district courts | In which federal courts are trials conducted? | 34 | |
| 13542530896 | warren | Which court was most active in shaping public policy in the twentieth century? | 35 | |
| 13542545027 | standing to sue | which of the following must plaintiffs have in order to sustain a lawsuit in court? | 36 | |
| 13542564976 | senatorial courtesy | In a process known as _______ the senate generally allows senators of the presidents party from the state in which a judicial vacancy occurs to block the nominations? | 37 | |
| 13542578605 | stare decisis | According to the principle of _______, a court should not overturn precedent unless it is absolutely necessary | 38 | |
| 13542672535 | 9 justices (one chief + 8 justices) | How many justices are in the supreme court? | 39 | |
| 13542682344 | appoints and confirms | For the supreme court the president ________ and the senate _______ | 40 | |
| 13542705521 | Rule of Four | At least four justices of the Supreme Court must vote to consider a case before it can be heard | 41 | |
| 13542708860 | cases | must come from federal appeals | 42 | |
| 13542713827 | state cases | Must have a federal question (ex: death penalty or 8th amendment) but will not determine matters of state law - US & state - 2/ more states -state vs. citizens of another state - state vs. foreign country | 43 | |
| 13542725604 | state - the supreme court | What is the highest level of state court of appeals? | 44 | |
| 13542885973 | rulings | - SCOTUS decisions established precedent | 45 | |
| 13542907132 | amendment / law | How does one appeal? (law of the land) | 46 | |
| 13542916041 | interpreting population | lawyers and judges who reflect the intent of the original decision in a case. - how will this impact? | 47 | |
| 13542920368 | implementing population | legislatures, executives, lower courts, state officials, local officials who carry out the decision of the Supreme Court - administrative groups from impacted population | 48 | |
| 13542930697 | consumer population | general population who are affected by the Court's decision. Example: women who want abortions or criminal defendants who need attorneys. - people specifically impacted by the decision | 49 | |
| 13542981684 | Warren Court | the Supreme Court during the period when Earl Warren was chief justice, noted for its activism in the areas of civil rights and free speech - most judicial activist | 50 | |
| 13542987419 | Rehnquest Court | - most recent substantial | 51 |
Government in America: Chapter 15 Flashcards
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| 9399632483 | Criminal Law | The government charges an individual with violating specific laws. | 0 | |
| 9399632484 | Civil Law | A dispute between two parties. | 1 | |
| 9399632485 | Statutes | Laws passed by legislators. | 2 | |
| 9399632486 | Common Law | The accumulation of judicial decisions about legal issues. | 3 | |
| 9399632487 | Litigrants | A person involved in a lawsuit. | 4 | |
| 9399632488 | Plaintiff | Bringing the charge. | 5 | |
| 9399632489 | Defendant | Who is charged. | 6 | |
| 9399632490 | Standing to Sue | The requirement that plaintiffs have a serious interest in a case, which depends on whether they have sustained or are likely to sustain a direct and substantial injury from another party or from an action of government. | 7 | |
| 9399632491 | Class Action Suits | Lawsuits in which a small number of people sue on behalf of all people in similar circumstances. | 8 | |
| 9399632492 | Justiciable Disputes | Issues capable of being settled as a matter of law. | 9 | |
| 9399632493 | Attorneys | A person appointed to act for another in business or legal matters. | 10 | |
| 9399632494 | Amicus Curiae Briefs | Legal briefs submitted by a "friend of the court" for the purpose of influencing a court's decision by raising additional points of view and presenting information not contained in the briefs of the formal parties. | 11 | |
| 9399632495 | Constitutional Courts | From the Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress created lower federal courts. | 12 | |
| 9399632496 | Legislative Courts | Courts for special purposes. | 13 | |
| 9399632497 | Original Jurisdiction | The jurisdiction of courts that hear a case first, usually in a trial. | 14 | |
| 9399632498 | Appellate Jurisdiction | The jurisdiction of courts that hear cases brought to them on appeal from lower courts. | 15 | |
| 9399632499 | District Courts | The 91 federal courts of original jurisdiction. | 16 | |
| 9399632500 | Courts of Appeals | Appellate courts empowered to review all final decisions of district courts. | 17 | |
| 9399632501 | Judicial Circuits | The U.S. is divided in 12 judicial circuits, where each Court of Appeal is responsible for. | 18 | |
| 9399632502 | US Court of Appeals for Federal Circuits | Established by Congress, composed of 12 judges to hear appeals in specialized cases. | 19 | |
| 9399632503 | Supreme Court | The Court ensures uniformity in interpreting national laws, resolves conflicts among states, and maintains national supremacy in law. | 20 | |
| 9399632504 | Justices | The judges who are members of the Supreme Court. | 21 | |
| 9399632505 | Senatorial Courtesy | An unwritten traditional whereby nominations for state level federal judicial posts are usually not confirmed if they are opposed by a senator of the president's party from the state in which the nominee will serve. | 22 | |
| 9399632506 | Solicitor General | A presidential appointee and the third ranking office in the Department of Justice. In charge of the appellate court litigation of the federal government. | 23 | |
| 9399632507 | Opinion | A statement of legal reasoning behind a judicial decision. | 24 | |
| 9399632508 | Majority Opinion | Legal basis for the decision by the majority of justices. | 25 | |
| 9399632509 | Concurring Opinion | Still with the majority, but for a different legal basis. | 26 | |
| 9399632510 | Dissenting Opinion | Legal basis for opposing the decision. | 27 | |
| 9399632511 | Per curium Opinion | Unauthorized/unsigned opinion of the full court. | 28 | |
| 9399632512 | Stare Decisis | "let the decision stand" | 29 | |
| 9399632513 | Precedent | How similar cases have been decided in the past. | 30 | |
| 9399632514 | Originalism | A view that the Constitution should be interpreted according to the original intentions of original meaning of the Framers. | 31 | |
| 9399632515 | Judicial Implementation | How and whether court decisions are translated into actual policy, thereby affecting the behavior of others. | 32 | |
| 9399632516 | Interpreting Population | Those who have understood and reflect on the decision. | 33 | |
| 9399632517 | Implementing Population | Those who have to understand the decision. | 34 | |
| 9399632518 | Consumer Population | Those who are actually affected by the law. | 35 | |
| 9399632519 | John Marshall Court | John Marshall played a very important role in making the Court a significant national agenda setter. | 36 | |
| 9399632520 | Marbury v Madison | The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning the U.S. Constitution and also established judicial review. | 37 | |
| 9399632521 | Judicial Review | The power of the courts to determine whether the acts of Congress and the executive are in accord with the U.S. Constitution. | 38 | |
| 9399632522 | Nine Old Men | FDR proposed to Congress in expand the size of the Court so he could appoint more judges to support his New Deal Plan, Congress objected and never passed his plans. But Chief Justice Charles Evan Hughes and Associate Justice Owen Roberts switched their votes to favor the New Deal. | 39 | |
| 9399632523 | Warren Court | A time when Chief Justice Earl Warren was active in shaping public policy. | 40 | |
| 9399632524 | Burger Court | After, Chief Justice Warren E. Burger made the court more conservative. | 41 | |
| 9399632525 | Rehnquist Court | Led by Chief Justice William Rehnquist and was conservative. | 42 | |
| 9399632526 | Judicial Retraint | An approach to decision making in which judges play minimal policymaking roles and defer to legislatures whenever possible. | 43 | |
| 9399632527 | Judicial Activism | An approach to decision making in which judges sometimes make bold policy decisions, even charting new constitutional ground. | 44 | |
| 9399632528 | Political Questions | A doctrine developed by the federal courts and used as a means to avoid deciding some cases, principally those involving conflicts between the president and Congress. | 45 | |
| 9399632529 | Statutory Contsruction | The judicial interpretation of an act of Congress. | 46 | |
| 9399655837 | Writ of Certiorari | a formal document calling up the case from the lower federal or state courts. | 47 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Language Set 10 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13694801996 | pensive | (adj.) deeply thoughtful; meditative and reflective | 0 | |
| 13694805830 | callous | emotionally hardened, unfeeling | 1 | |
| 13694811556 | abstruse | difficult to understand; obscure | 2 | |
| 13694814553 | conciliatory | appeasing; soothing; showing willingness to reconcile | 3 | |
| 13694829883 | disparaging | expressing the opinion that something is of little worth; derogatory | 4 | |
| 13694836076 | obsequious | overly submissive and eager to please | 5 | |
| 13694847321 | nostalgic | having a longing for things past | 6 | |
| 13694854917 | benevolent | well meaning and kindly | 7 | |
| 13694866807 | remorseful | feeling or expressing pain or sorrow for sins or offenses | 8 | |
| 13694873100 | apathetic | showing or feeling no interest, enthusiasm, or concern | 9 |
Flashcards
AP PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 12677366284 | echoic memory | auditory memory |  | 0 |
| 12677371862 | explicit memory | processed in hippocampus | 1 | |
| 12677387128 | long-term memory | contain information that has been rehearsed | 2 | |
| 12677394589 | iconic memory | visual memory | 3 | |
| 12677407235 | implicit memory | produced by automatic processing | 4 | |
| 12677412653 | sensory memory | holds information for maximum 4 seconds | 5 | |
| 12677420680 | short-term memory | limited capacity storage that holds between 4 and 9 items | 6 | |
| 12677430478 | working memory | are where we manipulate info in our conscious attenttion | 7 |
Flashcards
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