AP Spanish Literature and Culture Terms Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13249362632 | alegoría | Relato que ilustra una idea o moraleja y cuyos objetos tienen significado simbólico. Ejemplo la calavera representa la muerta. | 0 | |
| 13249362646 | Apologiá | 1 | ||
| 13249362633 | desdoblamiento | separación de una cosa a dos partas, como una manifestasción de dos o más personalidades de una persona. | 2 | |
| 13249362634 | leitmotivo | la repetición, en una obra literaria, de una palabra, frase, situación o idea, con el fin de dar un sentido de unidad al conjunto. | 3 | |
| 13249362635 | metaficción | el autor rompe la ilusión de realidad por referir a la irrealidad de la obra. | 4 | |
| 13249362636 | meta-teatro | una técnica de "teatro dentro del teatro" que enfatiza que el mundo es un gran teatro y los seres humanos somos personajes que desempeñamos cierto papel. | 5 | |
| 13249362637 | parodia | Imitación de una obra con fin de ridiculizarla. | 6 | |
| 13249362638 | narrativa en primera persona | En que el narrador uso la primera persona para relata las acciones de la obra | 7 | |
| 13249362639 | narrativa epistolar | Narrativa en forma de cartas escritas por uno o varios personajes; permite presentar varios puntos de vista y prescindir del narrador omnisciente. | 8 | |
| 13249362640 | narrador fidedigno | Narrador digno de confianza, cuyo entendimiento de los personajes o las acciones del relato lo acredita para contar los hechos. Se ajusta a las normas que establece el autor implícito. | 9 | |
| 13249362641 | narrador no fidedigno | Un narrador "no digno de confianza," que describe la acción con sus propios opiniones? | 10 | |
| 13249362642 | narrador testigo | Narrador que no participa en la acción pero relata los hechos en primera persona y hace comentarios. | 11 | |
| 13249362643 | Narratorio | Personaje o personajes a los que se dirige el narrador de un texto. | 12 | |
| 13249362644 | parábola | Relato breve didáctico cuya acción se refiere, o es aplicable, a otra situación. | 13 | |
| 13249362645 | caricatura | dibujo donde se exagera o deforma algún aspecto físico de alguien o algo | 14 | |
| 13264662264 | Anáfora | Repetición de palabras en una sucesión de versos o enunciados. Ejemplo cuando se repite en un poema la misma palabra en un verso. | 15 | |
| 13264676159 | estribillo | verso o versos que se repiten de forma periódica en un poema, por lo general de arte menor, y que frecuentemente encierra la idea principal. Ejemplo: ¡Ay de mi Alahama! | 16 | |
| 13264978683 | apóstrofe | 17 | ||
| 13307273188 | Cromatismo | El uso de colores para expresar ideas y sentimientos. | 18 | |
| 13312480886 | Antítesis | Contraposición de palabras, frases o ideas de significado opuesto. | 19 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Bio Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13854483491 | created the binomial naming system of classification | Carolus Linnaeus | 0 | |
| 13854489644 | Paleontology, catastrophism | Georges Cuvier | 1 | |
| 13854494754 | earth's geologic features formed gradually over time; uniformitarianism | Hutton and Lyell | 2 | |
| 13854540785 | -use and disuse, inheritance of acquired characteristics - organisms have an innate desire to become more complex/perfect | Jean- Baptiste de Lamarck | 3 | |
| 13854558335 | structures that are descended from common ancestor that no longer serve a function (ex: appendix) | Vestigial Structure | 4 | |
| 13854570820 | independent evolution of similar features in different lineages (no common ancestor) | Convergent Evolution | 5 | |
| 13854589716 | results from convergent evolution and are similar features adapted for similar functions in similar environments but don't come from common ancestor | Analogous structures | 6 | |
| 13854609095 | similarity resulting from common ancestry; structurally similar but could be functionally different | Homology | 7 | |
| 13854618657 | anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor | Homologous Structures | 8 | |
| 13854644590 | 1. No mutations 2. Random mating 3. No natural selection 4. Extremely large population size 5. No gene flow | Conditions for Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium | 9 | |
| 13854670765 | 1. 640 red eyes and 360 sepia 2. 16%? | In a pop. of 1000 fruit flies, 640 have red eyes. The remainder have sepia eyes. Sepia eye color is recessive to red eye color. 1. What are the frequencies of the red and sepia alleles in this pop? 2. How many would you expect to be homozygous for red eye color? | 10 | |
| 13854703830 | small populations (ex: wildflowers trampled by moose) | Genetic Drift is most common in? | 11 | |
| 13854713337 | a few individuals become isolated from a larger pop. by chance and establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population | Genetic Drift: Founder Effect | 12 | |
| 13854735219 | a severe drop in pop. size due to a sudden change such as a fire or flood. Allele frequencies in the surviving population may not represent the source pop. by chance alone | Genetic Drift: the bottleneck effect | 13 | |
| 13854754469 | transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes-makes species more similar | Gene flow | 14 | |
| 13854772055 | conditions favoring one extreme | Directional Selection |  | 15 |
| 13854794016 | conditions favor individual at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes | Disruptive Selection |  | 16 |
| 13854812736 | Acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants | Stabilizing Selection |  | 17 |
| 13854823085 | difference between the two sexes in secondary sexual characteristics (ex: peacocks)-type of sexual selection | sexual dimorphism | 18 | |
| 13854841648 | intrasexual- individuals of one sex compete directly for mates (usually among males) Intersexual- mate choice; individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting their mates from the other sex | Intrasexual vs. intersexual sexual selection | 19 | |
| 13854871277 | Atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons | Isotopes | 20 | |
| 13854887908 | loss of electrons | oxidation | 21 | |
| 13854890198 | gain of electrons | reduction | 22 | |
| 13854909265 | hydrogen bond | forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom | 23 |
AP Human Geography: Language Flashcards
Language
Terms : Hide Images
| 12171462440 | Indo European language family | Largest language family Includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere Also used in South and Southwest Asia. Includes the Germanic branch, Indo-Iranian branch, Balto-Slavic branch, and Romance branch. |  | 0 |
| 12171462441 | Sino-Tibetan Language Family | 2nd largest language family. Includes Mandarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese |  | 1 |
| 12171462456 | Ebonics | A dialect of English spoken by some African Americans. |  | 2 |
| 12171462458 | Francophone | Places and countries where French is spoken around the world. (Quebec in Canada, Vietnam, Haiti, Sub-Saharan Africa, Belgium, Switzerland, France). | 3 | |
| 12171462460 | Romance Branch | A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes languages that evolved from Latin (the language of the Romans). The 5 main languages include: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, and Romanian. |  | 4 |
| 12171462461 | Germanic Branch | A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. Divided into North and West Germanic. North Germanic includes Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic), which all came from Old Norse. West Germanic is further divided into High Germanic and Low Germanic subgroups. High German includes the standard German language. Low German includes English, Dutch, Flemish (Dialect of Dutch), Afrikaans, and Frisian. |  | 5 |
| 12171462462 | Indo-Iranian Branch | The branch of the Indo-European language family with the most speakers. This branch includes more than 100 individual languages divided into an eastern group (Indic), which includes the languages of Hindi and Urdu and a western group (Iranian), which includes Farsi and Kurdish. |  | 6 |
| 12171462463 | Balto-Slavic Branch | This branch of the Indo-European language family can be broken down into four groups: East Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian), Baltic (Latvian, Lithuanian), West Slavic (Polish, Czech, and Slovak), and South Slavic (Serbo-Croatian). Russian is the most widely used language in this branch, due to the spread of the Soviet Union. |  | 7 |
| 12171462464 | Celtic Branch | A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes the languages of the British Isles before the invasion of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. This branch is divided into two language groups: Goidelic (Gaelic), which includes Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic, and Brythonic, which includes Welsh, Breton, and Cornish. These languages declined because the Celts lost most of their territory and the English colonizers forbid the use of the Celtic languages. | 8 | |
| 12171462465 | Uralic Language Family | Language Family in Europe that includes the languages of Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian. Languages in this family originated from the Ural mountains in Russia, spreading through migration. |  | 9 |
| 12171462466 | Austronesian Language Family | Language Family spoken mostly in Indonesia. This family includes the languages of Javanese, Indonesian, Malay, and Malagasy. The most spoken language in this family is Javanese, since Java is the populous island of Indonesia. The Indonesian language is used as a lingua franca in Indonesia, due to so many different native languages (739 active languages). Malay is spoken in Malaysia, Malagasy is spoken in Madagascar. |  | 10 |
| 12171462467 | Afro-Asiatic Language Family | This language family is found in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Middle East), where Islam is the dominant religion. This family includes the languages of Arabic and Hebrew. Hebrew is spoken in Israel, a Jewish state, and Arabic is spoken throughout the region since it is the language of the Koran, the Islamic holy book. |  | 11 |
| 12171462468 | Niger-Congo Language Family | More than 95% of people in Sub-Saharan Africa speak languages from this family. This family includes Swahili, the lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages. |  | 12 |
| 12171462469 | Prehistoric Subgroup | A language that predates the current language family, before the written record. Ex: Proto-Indo-European | 13 | |
| 12171462470 | Altaic Language Family | A language family spoken across central Asia named after the Altai Mountains. The most spoken language in this family is Turkish. The family also includes the languages spoken in the Caucasus Region and across Central Asia, previously controlled by the Soviet Union. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, newly independent countries in these regions reverted to their native languages in this family, including the countries of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia and Georgia. |  | 14 |
| 12171462471 | Kurgan Theory | Proposed by Marija Gimbutas, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by military conquest as nomadic herders on horseback (Kurgans) invaded west from the Asian Steppe ( border between Russia and Kazakhstan) around 4300 B.C in search of grasslands. | 15 | |
| 12171462472 | Renfrew (Anatolian) Theory | Proposed by Colin Renfrew, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by way of agricultural practices from Anatolia (Turkey) in 6300 BC. | 16 | |
| 12171462479 | Hindi | Approximately one-third of Indians, mostly in the north, use this Indic language. This language can be spoken in many different ways, but there is only one official way to write the language, using a script called Devanagari. It serves as the lingua franca in India and is used by the government, growing into a national language in the nineteenth century when the British encouraged its use in government. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch. | 17 | |
| 12171462480 | Swahili | The lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages. This language was developed between African and Arab traders and is one for the few African languages with extensive literature. It is part of the Niger-Congo language family. | 18 | |
| 12171462481 | Urdu | Pakistan's principal language, spoken very much like Hindi but written with the Arabic alphabet, a legacy of the fact that most Pakistanis are Muslims, and their holiest book (the Quran) is written in Arabic. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch. | 19 | |
| 12171462482 | Farsi | The principle language of Iran, a remnant of the Persian Empire. It is written with the Arabic alphabet since Iran is a Muslim country. This language is part of the Indo-Iranian branch. | 20 | |
| 12171462483 | Mandarin | This language is the most spoken language in the world. It is spoken by approximately three-fourths of the Chinese people, and is used by the Chinese government. There is no single Chinese language. Instead of letters, Chinese languages use ideograms (characters) that mostly represent concepts rather than sounds. | 21 | |
| 12171462484 | Arabic | This language serves as a unifying force in the Middle East (Northern Africa and Southwest Asia), typically referred to as the Arab World. This language is the language of Islam (used in the Koran),, which is predominant throughout the region. This language belongs to the Afro-Asiatic language family and is the official language in two dozen countries of North Africa and southwestern Asia, from Morocco to the Arabian Peninsula. | 22 | |
| 12171462485 | Hebrew | This language was an extinct language that has been revived. It diminished in use in the fourth century B.C. and was thereafter retained only for Jewish religious services. When Israel was established in 1948, this language became one of the new country's two official languages, along with Arabic. This language was chosen to unify the Jews of Israel and give them a sense of nationalism, since Israel was created by Jewish refugees and migrants who spoke many different languages. Reviving this language required the creation of many new words for the modern world. | 23 | |
| 12171462486 | Irish Gaelic | This is one of the two official languages of Ireland, along with English. Branches off from Indo-European branch This language was forbidden under English rule. When Ireland got their independence form England in 1922, this language became an important part of their cultural identity and sense of nationalism and became a compulsory course in all public schools and required for public service jobs. | 24 | |
| 12171462487 | Basque | Also known as Euskera, this isolated language predates the Indo-European language and is not related to any other language family in Europe. Spoken in the Pyrenees Mountains (between Spain and France), the mountainous homeland created isolation, making the preservation of the language possible. | 25 | |
| 12171462488 | Welsh | This is one of the two official languages of Wales, along with English. This language was forbidden under English rule, but has been revived in recent years. This language is a compulsory subject in all schools in Wales and knowledge of the language is now required for many jobs in Wales. Bilingual signs and television and radio programs have also been added to help preserve this language. | 26 | |
| 12171462489 | Inuktitut | The language spoken by the Inuits (indigenous tribe) of northern Canada. It is recognized as an official language, along with English and French in Nunavut, the Inuit territory of Canada. Similar to the Celtic languages, it has declined with the forces of globalization and is undergoing a revival since it is an important part of the Inuit culture and is taught in schools and represented on bilingual signs and in the government. | 27 | |
| 12171462490 | Globalization | The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence and operate on an international scale. Currently, America dominates the world with multinational corporations and media, which has made English the world's current lingua franca (international language of business). | 28 | |
| 12171462491 | Quebec | This province in Canada primarily speaks French, due to its history of colonization. As a result, Canada is officially bilingual, recognizing both English and French as official languages. | 29 | |
| 12171462492 | Latin | The language of the Romans | 30 | |
| 12171462493 | Latin America | This region of the Americas primarily speaks Romance Languages, which derived from Latin. Brazil speaks Portuguese, Haiti and French Guiana speak French, while the majority of the other countries speak Spanish, all due to the patterns of colonization. | 31 | |
| 12171462494 | Belgium | This multilingual state in Europe, which is part of the francophone world, has experienced tensions between its two language groups. The Flemings live in the north province Flanders and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect. The Walloons live in the south province Wallonia and speak French. Brussels, the capital city if officially bilingual to create a since of unity in the country. Antagonism between the Flemings and Walloons is aggravated by economic and political differences. Historically, the Walloons dominated Belgium's economy and politics and French was the official state language. |  | 32 |
| 12171462495 | Switzerland | This multilingual state in Europe, which is part of the francophone world, remains peaceful with four official languages (German, French, Italian, and Romanish). This country has institutionalized cultural diversity by creating a form of government that places considerable power in local, small communities (Decenetralization). | 33 | |
| 12186751118 | Monolingual States and Example | Countries in which only one language is spoken. Example: Japan, Iceland, Uruguay, Venezuela, Denmark, Portugal, Poland | 34 | |
| 12186768840 | Multilingual States and Example | Countries in which more than one language is spoken. Examples: Belgium, Switzerland, Nigeria | 35 | |
| 12186937679 | Language Classification | Official and standard | 36 | |
| 12191107495 | Creole Language and Example | A language derived from a pidgin that has acquired a fuller vocabulary and more formal structure. It becomes the native language of its speakers. Example: Sango, Kinubi, and Haitian Creole | 37 | |
| 12191369177 | lingua franca | a common language used by people who do not share the same native language | 38 | |
| 12191406693 | International communication | interactions among people from different nations lingua francas are used in this interaction | 39 | |
| 12191443622 | pidgin language | a simplified language (simple grammar and limited vocabulary) mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages; this language is usually not the group's primary language | 40 | |
| 12191577675 | Standard language | acceptable form a given language | 41 | |
| 12191593960 | Official language | The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents. | 42 | |
| 12191600542 | language hierarchy | Family, Branch, Group, Language, Dialect | 43 | |
| 12191753870 | Indo-Aryan group | Hindi is the largest language from the Indo-Aryan group | 44 | |
| 12191761974 | Iranian group | Spoken in Iran, Central Asia Major languages written in Arabic alphabet Largest spoken language is Farsi, Persian Ex. Persian, Kurdish | 45 | |
| 12191851334 | Isolated language | A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family. | 46 | |
| 12191863280 | Logogram | A symbol that represents a word rather than a sound | 47 | |
| 12191879227 | language convergence | the collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of peoples with different languages | 48 | |
| 12191912890 | language divergence | A process whereby new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of the language and continued isolation eventually causes the division of the language into discrete new languages. | 49 | |
| 12191940920 | Extinct Language and Example | Language without any native speakers. Example: Apalachee | 50 | |
| 12191954732 | Isogloss | the boundaries around an area of space where there are variations in pronunciations or word usage | 51 |
Flashcards
Chapter 25 Campbell Biology Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13764714798 | What is the hypothesis about chemical and physical formation of first ever cells? | 1) abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules 2) those molecules formed macromolecules 3) macromolecules were packed into protocells 4) the origin of self-replicating molecules | 0 | |
| 13764740567 | When did the planet form? | 4.6 billion years ago | 1 | |
| 13764748381 | Describe the first atmosphere | little oxygen, a lot of water vapor, chemicals released from volcanos (O2, CO2, NH4, H) | 2 | |
| 13764764858 | How did oceans and lakes form in the early history of earth? | As earth cooled, the heavy amount of water vapor condensed to form oceans and lakes | 3 | |
| 13764789829 | Hydrothermal vents | spots on the ocean floor where hot gases and minerals escape from earth's interior into the water | 4 | |
| 13764794579 | Alkaline vents | deep sea vents that release water that has a high pH (9-11) and is warm (40-90ºC) rather than hot | 5 | |
| 13764808777 | How do vesicles exhibit properties of life? | these fluid filled compartments form spontaneously and have selective semipermeable membranes | 6 | |
| 13764823836 | Ribozymes | enzyme-like RNA catalysts | 7 | |
| 13764836167 | What is meant by "RNA World"? | RNA most likely came before DNA RNA is less fragile than DNA and its bonds are stronger and can be replicated more accurately making it more fit for the harsh conditions of early earth | 8 | |
| 13764864276 | Strata | layers of sedimentary rock | 9 | |
| 13764864277 | Radiometric dating | the process of measuring the absolute age of geologic material by measuring the concentrations of radioactive isotopes and their decay products - expressed by half life | 10 | |
| 13764876461 | Half-life | length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay is not affected bu temperature, pressure, or other environmental variables | 11 | |
| 13764895572 | What does Carbon-14 in an organism's dead body slowly decay into? | Nitrogen-14 | 12 | |
| 13764905434 | Stromatolites | layered rocket that form when prokaryotes bind thin films of sediment together because prokaryotes came first | 13 | |
| 13764923505 | Where did most of the atmospheric O2 come from? What did this result in? | photosynthetic prokaryotes released O2 it dissolved in water to react with iron forming rust and sediments making rocks | 14 | |
| 13764943484 | Oxygen revolution | intense increase in atmospheric O2 that killed many prokaryotes | 15 | |
| 13764973280 | THE Geologic Record | The division of Earth's history into time periods, grouped into three eons—Archaean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic—and further subdivided into eras, periods, and epochs. |  | 16 |
| 13765052740 | Endosymbiosis | prokaryotic cell engulfed a small cell that would evolve into the mitochondrion (the cell engulfed is the endosymbiont) how eukaryotes became | 17 | |
| 13765074567 | Serial endosymbiosis theory. What is evidence supporting it? | theory that mitochondria and plastids originated this way inside what became single organisms of which are thought to have been archaens 1) inner membranes of both organelles are similar to plasma membranes of living bacteria 2) DNA structure and cell division are similar to bacteria 3) both organelles transcribe and translate their own DNA 4) ribosomes are more similar to bacterial than to eukaryotic ribosomes | 18 | |
| 13765105970 | What were the first eukaryotes? | Archaebacteria | 19 | |
| 13765206356 | Describe Cambrian explosion | sudden appearance of fossils resembling modern animal phyla (however, cnidaria, sponges, and mollusks existed before this) first evidence of predator vs. prey had long fuse | 20 | |
| 13765248519 | When did plants and animals begin to adapt to move from ocean to land? | about 500 million years ago | 21 | |
| 13765257930 | What are the most widespread and diverse land animals? | arthropods and tetrapods | 22 | |
| 13765267328 | How long ago did the human lineage evolve? | 6-7 million years ago | 23 | |
| 13765284616 | Over the last billion years, landmasses of earth have formed a super continent multiple times. When were those instances? | 1 billion, 600 million, and 250 million years ago (Pangaea) | 24 | |
| 13765295350 | Plate tectonics theory | the continents are part of great plates of Earth's crust that essentially float on the hot, underlying portion of the mantle | 25 | |
| 13765316096 | When is the next super continent supposed to form? | 250 million years from now | 26 | |
| 13765331618 | What are the effect of Pangaea - the supercontinent that formed 250 million years ago? | deepening of ocean basins reduction in shallow-water habitat colder and drier climate inland | 27 | |
| 13765352032 | True or False: Continental drift prevents allopatric speciation | FALSE: Continental drift promotes allopatric speciation and can justify the distribution os fossils and living groups | 28 | |
| 13765380664 | In each of the FIVE mass extinctions, ___% or more of marine life have vanished | 50% or more | 29 | |
| 13765414619 | What happened in the Permian extinction and what caused it? | in less than 500,000 years, 96% of marine animal species died causes: 1) volcanos in Siberia 2) global warming and ocean acidification from volcano CO2 dissolving 3) anoxic (oxygen-lacking) conditions from bacteria releasing phosphorus and nutrients | 30 | |
| 13765465185 | What happened in the Cretaceous extinction and what caused it? | took over 50% of sea life, many terrestrial plants and animals, and all of dinosaurs (except birds) causes: 1) presence of iridium in sedimentary rock from that time suggests meteorite impact 2) dust clouds from impact blocked the sun 3) the Chicxulub crater off the coast of Mexico is evidence of mass meteorite collision | 31 | |
| 13765520580 | About how long does it take for diversity to recover following a mass extinction? | 5-10 million years | 32 | |
| 13765525839 | adaptive radiation | An evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species which follows mass extinction, evolution of novel characteristics, and the colonization of new regions | 33 | |
| 13765575475 | Heterchrony | an evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events | 34 | |
| 13765586525 | What are contrasting shapes of human and chimp skulls the results of? | relative growth rate | 35 | |
| 13765600439 | Are chimp and human skulls more similar at birth or older age? | at birth | 36 | |
| 13765606328 | Paedomorphosis | The retention in an adult organism of the juvenile features of its evolutionary ancestors the rate of reproductive development accelerates compared with somatic development | 37 | |
| 13765683598 | What do homeotic genes determine? | where wings and legs are on the body plan | 38 | |
| 13765793420 | Hox genes | homeotic genes that provide positional information during animal embryonic development (head-to-tail axis) | 39 | |
| 13765810212 | What do changes in the Ubx gene result in? | turns off let development | 40 | |
| 13765837225 | Are changes in the regulation of development genes or changes to the sequence of genes more harmful? | changes to the sequence of genes are more harmful | 41 | |
| 13765888655 | What have complex eyes evolved from? | photosynthetic cells (like simple limpets) | 42 | |
| 13765927630 | Exaptions | structures that evolve in one context but become co-opted for another function they do NOT evolve in anticipation of future use | 43 |
Campbell Biology Chapter 24 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8782132600 | Speciation | The origin of new species | 0 | |
| 8782132601 | Macroevolution | Broad patterns of evolutionary change above the species level | 1 | |
| 8782132602 | Biological Species Concept | A group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring | 2 | |
| 8782132603 | Reproductive isolation | Barriers impede two species from producing viable, fertile offspring | 3 | |
| 8782132604 | Hybrids | Offspring of crosses between different species | 4 | |
| 8782132605 | Prezygotic Barriers | Before sperm fertilizes egg | 5 | |
| 8782132606 | Habitat isolation | Two species encounter each other rarely, or not at all, because they occupy different habitats, even though not isolated by physical barriers | 6 | |
| 8782132607 | Temporal isolation | Species that breed at different times of the day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix their gametes | 7 | |
| 8782132608 | Behavioral isolation | Courtship rituals and other behaviors unique to a species are effective barriers | 8 | |
| 8782132609 | Mechanical isolation | Morphological differences can prevent successful mating | 9 | |
| 8782132610 | Gametic Isolation | Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize eggs of another species | 10 | |
| 8782132611 | Postzygotic barriers | Inviability of offspring created after fertilization | 11 | |
| 8782132612 | Reduced hybrid viability | Fertilized eggs fail to develop | 12 | |
| 8782132613 | Reduced hybrid fertility | Even if hybrids are vigorous, they may be sterile | 13 | |
| 8782132614 | Hybrid breakdown | Some first-generation hybrids are fertile, but when they mate with another species or with either parent species, offspring of the next generation are feeble or sterile | 14 | |
| 8782132615 | Morphological Species Concept | Defines a species by structural features | 15 | |
| 8782132616 | Ecological Species Concept | Views a species in terms of its ecological niche | 16 | |
| 8782132617 | Phylogenetic species concept | Defines a species as the smallest group of individuals on a phylogenetic tree | 17 | |
| 8782132618 | Allopatric Speciation | Physical barrier separates a population; form of speciation | 18 | |
| 8782132619 | Sympatric Speciation | No barrier separates a population; form of speciation | 19 | |
| 8782132620 | Polyploidy | Possessing more than 2 sets of chromosomes; occurs most often in plants and decreases gene flow between polyploids and normal individuals | 20 | |
| 8782132621 | Autopolyploidy | Mutations that result in doubling of chromosome numbers as a result of non-disjunction in meiosis |  | 21 |
| 8782132622 | Allopolyploidy | Mating between different species produces polyploid individuals; the hybrid has an error in meiosis which doubles chromosomes, creating 2 diploid gametes which may be viable | 22 | |
| 8782132623 | Hybrid Zone | Place where the ranges of two species overlap and they mate to produce hybrids | 23 | |
| 8782132624 | Reinforcement | Strengthening of barriers |  | 24 |
| 8782132625 | Fusion | Weakening of barriers | | 25 |
| 8782132626 | Stability | Odd stasis of statis quo; though hybrids aren't healthy, they continue to be created | | 26 |
| 8782132627 | Punctuated Equilibrium | Periods of apparent stasis interrupted by sudden change; supported by fossil evidence |  | 27 |
| 8782132628 | Gradualism | Slow, steady change of organisms to new species |  | 28 |
Campbell Biology Chapter 24 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9697726453 | Speciation | The origin of new species | 0 | |
| 9697726454 | Microevolution | Changes in allele frequency in a population over time | 1 | |
| 9697726455 | Macroevolution | Broad patterns of evolutionary change above the species level | 2 | |
| 9697726456 | Biological Species Concept | A group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring | 3 | |
| 9697726457 | Reproductive isolation | Barriers impede two species from producing viable, fertile offspring | 4 | |
| 9697726458 | Hybrids | Offspring of crosses between different species | 5 | |
| 9697726459 | Prezygotic Barriers | Before sperm fertilizes egg | 6 | |
| 9697726460 | Habitat isolation | Two species encounter each other rarely, or not at all, because they occupy different habitats, even though not isolated by physical barriers | 7 | |
| 9697726461 | Temporal isolation | Species that breed at different times of the day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix their gametes | 8 | |
| 9697726462 | Behavioral isolation | Courtship rituals and other behaviors unique to a species are effective barriers | 9 | |
| 9697726463 | Mechanical isolation | Morphological differences can prevent successful mating | 10 | |
| 9697726464 | Gametic Isolation | Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize eggs of another species | 11 | |
| 9697726465 | Postzygotic barriers | Inviability of offspring created after fertilization | 12 | |
| 9697726466 | Reduced hybrid viability | Fertilized eggs fail to develop | 13 | |
| 9697726467 | Reduced hybrid fertility | Even if hybrids are vigorous, they may be sterile | 14 | |
| 9697726468 | Hybrid breakdown | Some first-generation hybrids are fertile, but when they mate with another species or with either parent species, offspring of the next generation are feeble or sterile | 15 | |
| 9697726469 | Morphological Species Concept | Defines a species by structural features | 16 | |
| 9697726470 | Ecological Species Concept | Views a species in terms of its ecological niche | 17 | |
| 9697726471 | Phylogenetic species concept | Defines a species as the smallest group of individuals on a phylogenetic tree | 18 | |
| 9697726472 | Allopatric Speciation | Physical barrier separates a population; form of speciation | 19 | |
| 9697726473 | Sympatric Speciation | No barrier separates a population; form of speciation | 20 | |
| 9697726474 | Polyploidy | Possessing more than 2 sets of chromosomes; occurs most often in plants and decreases gene flow between polyploids and normal individuals | 21 | |
| 9697726475 | Autopolyploidy | Mutations that result in doubling of chromosome numbers as a result of non-disjunction in meiosis | | 22 |
| 9697726476 | Allopolyploidy | Mating between different species produces polyploid individuals; the hybrid has an error in meiosis which doubles chromosomes, creating 2 diploid gametes which may be viable | 23 | |
| 9697726477 | Hybrid Zone | Place where the ranges of two species overlap and they mate to produce hybrids | 24 | |
| 9697726478 | Reinforcement | Strengthening of barriers | | 25 |
| 9697726479 | Fusion | Weakening of barriers | | 26 |
| 9697726480 | Stability | Odd stasis of statis quo; though hybrids aren't healthy, they continue to be created | | 27 |
| 9697726481 | Punctuated Equilibrium | Periods of apparent stasis interrupted by sudden change; supported by fossil evidence | | 28 |
| 9697726482 | Gradualism | Slow, steady change of organisms to new species | | 29 |
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