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Campbell biology chapter 23. Flashcards

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13451779060T OR F organisms evolve during their lifetimesfalse0
13451779061Natural selection acts on ______, but ______ evolveindividuals, populations1
13451779062Microevolutionchange in allele frequencies in a population over generations2
13451779063Three mechanisms causes allele frequency changeNatural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow3
13451779064Only _____ can cause ______ evolutionNatural selection, adaptive4
13451779065Variation in heritable traits is a prerequisite forevolution5
13451779066Mendel is the father ofgenetics6
13451779067genetic variation is caused bydifferences in genes or other DNA segments7
13451779068phenotype isthe product of genotype and environmental influences8
13451779069natural selection can only act on a phenotype with agenetic component9
13451779070Some phenotypic differences are classified on aneither or basis10
13451779071genetic variation can be measured asgene variability or nucleotide variability11
13451779072Some pheontypic variation does not result from ______ differences but from ______ influencesgenetic, environmental12
13451779073New genes and alleles can arise bymutation and gene duplication13
13451779074sexual reproduction can result in genetic variation byrecombining existing alleles14
13451779075MutationRandom change in nucleotide sequence of DNA15
13451779076what type of mutations can be passed to offspringmutations that occur in gametes16
13451779077a point mutation is a change inone base in a gene17
13451779078neutral variationno selective advantage or disadvantage18
13451779079mutation rate is _____ in animalslow19
13451779080sexual reproduction can shuffle existing alleles into new combinationscrossing over20
13451779081Populationa localized group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring21
13451779082gene poolall alleles for all loci in a population22
13451779083the sum of all alleles is always123
13451779084hardy weinberg equilibriuma population where gametes contribute to the next generation randomly and genotype frequencies remain constant24
13451779085Five conditions for nonevolving populationsNo mutations, random mating, no natural selection, large population, no gene flow25
13451779086Three factors bring out the most evolutionary changeNatural selection, genetic drift, gene flow26
13451779087adaptive evolutionthe match between organisms and their environments27
13451779088genetic driftdescribes how allele frequencies can fluctuate from one generation to the next28
13451779089the founder effecta few individuals become isolated from a larger population i.e pond getting more shallow29
13451779090bottleneck effectsudden reduction in population size cause by the environment i.e volcano30
13451779091Summary of genetic driftIt is significant in small populations it can cause allele frequencies to change at random it can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations it can cause harmful alleles to become fixed31
13451779092Geneflowthe movement of alleles among populations32
13451779093T OR F gene flow can decrease and increase the fitness of a populationtrue33
13451779094gene flow is an important agent ofevolutionary change in modern human populations34
13451779095evolution by natural selection involves both _____ and ____chance and sorting35
13451779096natural selection brings about adaptive evolution by acting on an organismsphenotype36
13451779097Relative fitnessthe contribution an individual makes to the gene pool for the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals37
13451779098Directional selectionfavors individuals at one extreme end of the phenotypic range38
13451779099Disruptive selectionfavors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range39
13451779100stabilizing selectionfavors intermediate variants and acts against extreme phenotypes40
13451779101adaptive evolution is acontinuous process41
13451779102sexual selectionnatural selection for mating success42
13451779103sexual dimorphismmarked differences between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics43
13451779104intrasexual selectiondirect competition among individuals of one sex for mates of the opposite sex44
13451779105intersexual selectionmate choice, individuals of one sex(usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates45
13451779106balancing selectionwhen natural selection maintains stable frequencies or two or more phenotypic forms in a population46
13451779107balancing selection includes two thingsheterozygote advantage and frequency dependent selection47
13451779108heterozygote advantagewhen heterozygotes have a higher fitness than do both homozygotes48
13451779109frequency dependent selectionthe fitness of a population declines if it becomes too common in the population49
13451779110Why natural selection cannot fashion perfect organismsselection can act only on existing variations evolution is limited by historical constraints adaptations are often compromises chance, natural selection, and the environment interact50
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AP Biology Flashcards

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15161163019Oparin-Haldane hypothesisEarth had a reducing (electron adding) environment where simple molecules + energy (UV lightening) formed organic compounds0
15161193105Miller-Urey experimentCreated conditions of early Earth and synthesized amino acids1
151612056794 Steps of Life1. Amino acids and nitrogenous bases formed from small molecules (monomers) 2. Amino acids joined to form proteins; nitrogenous bases joined to form nucleic acids (polymers) 3. Protocells formed- membranes with polymers 4. Self-replicating molecules allowed the inheritance of traits2
15161244364GenomeThe total amount of DNA in an organism or virus (coding and non-coding DNA)3
15161255381AlignmentLining up the genes from different species can show how closely they are related4
15161274526Comparing genomesAlignment show when nucleotides (DNA/RNA) or amino acids (proteins) are the same in different species5
15161296105Conversed processes: Genetic Code1. All organism have some sort of DNA 2. Organisms use the same nucleotides (A, C, T, G) in their DNA 3. Organisms transcribe DNA into RNA and translate RNA into protein6
15161314819Hox genes-Found in multiple organisms to drive animal development showing Hox expression - Indicate other cells to express proteins7
15161337209Metabolic PathwaysConserved core process8
15161341696GenotypeThe set of alleles in an organism (AA, Aa, aa)9
15161353699PenotypeObservable physical and physiological traits determined by genotype (tall, purple, blood type AB).10
15161383181Darwin's theory of Natural Selection1. Individuals with a population differ 2. The differences are, at least in part, passed from parents to offspring 3. Some individuals are more successful at surviving and reproducing than others 4. The successful individuals succeed because of variant traits they have inherited and will pass onto their offspring11
15161451960Genetic variation1. New alleles (mutation) 2. Changing gene number or position (duplication, translocation) 3. Rapid reproduction (bacteria) 4. Sexual reproduction (recombination)12
15161476079Caution!!!!!!Environments do NOT change genotypes- enviroments select some phenotypes for survival13
15161496827AdaptationA gene (trait or characteristics) that is inherited by an organism that increase the chances of successful reproduction and survival in an environment14
15161520308Genetic VariationDiffering genotypes or alleles in a population leading to different features/ characteristics/ phenotypes expressed15
15161537643FitnessA measure of how well a genotype results in future offspring (reproductive success)16
15277270774Genetic variationDiffering genotypes or alleles in a population leading to different features/characteristics/ phenotypes expressed17
15277288809Chance & EvolutionChance and random events can also affect evolution18
15277305916Types of environmental pressure1. Overpopulation 2. Changing environment 3. Resource competition 4. Predators (over population of predators)19
152773268123 Types of Natural SelectionDirectional, Stabilizing and Disruption Selection20
15277354812Directional SelectionNatural selection that favors genes to the left or right of the mean variant21
15277370103Stabilizing selectionNatural selection that favors the mean variant in the population22
15277422698Disruptive selectionNatural selection that favors the genes to the left and right of the mean variant in the population23
15277448181Sexual selectionForm of natural selection where individuals with certain inherited traits are more likely to mate24
15277456670Balancing selectionNatural selection that maintains variation by keeping unfavorable recessive alleles in a population25
15277481350SpeciesA population of organisms whose members interbreed in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring26
15277503752SpeciationAn evolution process where one species splits into two or more species27
15277512945Adaptive radiationEvolutionary change where organisms from new species with adaptations that fill different ecological roles(niches) in a community28
15277541556Speciation ratesSpeciation rates vary over time, especially when adaptive radiation allows organisms to enter new niches29
15277559900ExtinctionExtinction occurs rapidly at time of ecological stress30
15277576415Allopartic speciationA population is divided by geographic isolation, resulting in speciation31
15277617979Sympatric speciationA population forms a new species in the SAME geographic location32
15277639869PolyploidyAn event where cells inherit extra chromosomes (poly=many; ploid=chromosome number) resulting in a new species33
15277663449HomologySimilar structures or processes resulting from common ancestry (decent with modification)34
152776749193 types of homology1. An atomical (Limbs) 2. Molecular (DNA or protein sequence) 3. Developmental (Cell division)35
15277702365BiogeographyThe study of geographic variation in nature from genes to entire communities and ecosystems - Geographic distribution of species: evidence for evolution36
15277731240Reproductive isolationThe existence of biological factors( barriers) that prevent two different species from forming viable, fertile offspring37
15277751439ZygoteThe diploid cell produced by haploid cells after fertilization38
15277755767Prezygotic barriersBarriers to reproduction before successful fertilization39
15277771556Post zygotic barriersBarriers to reproduction following successful fertilization40
15277788164Hybrid zoneArea where two species meet and mate producing some mixed offspring41
152778078153 outcomes of hybrid zones1. Reinforcement: barriers is stronger 2. Fusion: barriers is weakened 3. Stability: hybrid organisms continue to form42
15277827869PopulationGroup of individuals that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring43
15277836897Gene poolAll copies of every type of allele in a population44
15277849729Allele frequencyHow often an allele (R or r) is seen in a population45
15277860391GenotypeHow often a genotype (RR,Rr, or rr) is seen in a population46
15277870715Hardy-Weinberg equilibriumWhen allele frequencies in a population remain constant47
152788488075 Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium1. No selection (no sexual or natural selection) 2. No mutation 3. No migration (prevent genetic drift & gene flow) 4. Large population (less shifting in the frequency) 5. Random mating (gets rid of sexual selection)48
15278893033Calculating allele frequencyp+q=1 p²+2pq+q²=1 p² + 2pq= Dominant phenotype q²= recessive phenotype49
152789223883 main causes of evolutionary change1. Natural selection 2. Genetic drift 3. Gene flow50
15278930864Genetic driftChance events that cause allele frequencies to change, resulting in evolution51
15278942001Founder effectType of genetic drift where a few organisms are isolated from a population and establish a new population52
15278978555Bottleneck effectType of genetic drift where a severe drop in a population number causes some alleles to become favored53
15278993007Gene flowTransfer of alleles in or out of a population due to immigration or emigration, resulting in evolution54
15279004185PhylogenyEvolutionary history of a species or group of species55
15279010998TaxonomyScientific discipline that names and classifies organisms56
15279018746Phylogenetic treeBranching diagram that shows the evolutionary history of the organism57
15279034710AnalogySimilarity due to convergent evolution, or the independent evolution of shared traits58
15279051450Two types of homology1. Morphological homology 2. Molecular homology59
15279070023Morphological homologyClosely related species share morphological homology (similar limbs, etc) - Phenotype60
15279112292Molecular homologyClosely related species share identical or similar DNA sequences -Genotype61
15279130368Shared ancestral characterTrait from an ancestor of the clade (backbone)62
15279137153Shared derived characterEvolutionary novelty shared by a clade (mammal hair)63
15279143344Maximum parsimonybuilding evolutionary trees with the fewest morphological or molecular events (simplest explanation)64
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Campbell Biology Chapter 22 Flashcards

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8572360959CatastrophismExplanation of landforms and fossil faunas by floods.0
8572360960UniformitarianismPresent state of earth could be explained by gradual processes of sedimentation.1
8572360961Voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle 1831-362
8572360962Galapagos IslandsVolcanic archipelago; Geologically young. Diversification (adaptive radiation) from mainland ancestors.3
8572360963Darwin's Finches14 species found on the Galapagos.4
8572360964Evolution by Natural SelectionMembers of a population vary in their traits. Traits are inherited from parents to offspring. More individuals are born than will survive to reproduce. Some individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce because of their heritable characteristics. Those characteristics become more common in the next generation.5
8572360965EvolutionEvolution happens to populations, not individuals. Evolution can happen through artificial selection, natural selection, or by chance ("genetic drift").6
8572360966Artificial SelectionArtificial selection alters animals and plants through the same mechanism as natural selection but is directed by man.7
8572360967AdaptationChange to fit the environment. Characteristics that favor (survival and) reproduction become more common.8
8572360968SpeciesSpecies generally do not interbreed or share alleles with one another, so each is an independent entity.9
8572360969Darwin's EvidenceDomesticated varieties and effects of artificial selection . Fossil record. Comparative anatomy and homology. Biogeography- (including island faunas).10
8572360970Homology2 things are similar because of common origin and retention of similarity. Both are copies of an original. (or copies of copies)11
8572360971Analogy2 things have different origin but have become similar. They have converged.12
8572360972Molecular HomologiesSequence similarity can be quantified. (% identity) Statistical analysis can be used to reconstruct relationships. (molecular phylogeny)13
8572360973BiogeographyOrganisms in different places evolved there over time. ie. Galapagos Finches and Australian Marsupials.14
8572360974MicroevolutionChange of allele frequency in a population over generations.15
8572360975MacroevolotionOrigin of species and higher taxa through microevolutionary processes and other factors.16
8572360976Hardy-Weinberg TheoremRandomly mating populations free from evolutionary forces, allele frequencies (p and q) do not change.17
8572360977Genotype frequencies stabilize after one generation of random mating to p squared + 2pq + q squared = 118
8572360978Calculating Allele FrequenciesBy gene counting: p = f(A) = (2 X count of AA)+(count of Aa)/(2 X N) where N = total number of individuals19
8572360979By genotype frequencies: p = f(A) = f(AA) + ½ f(Aa)https://o.quizlet.com/KiPiEll9bTFqrtNlILl2bA_m.png20
8572360980Factors of MicroevolutionNatural or artificial21
8572360981Directional22
8572360982Diversifying23
8572360983Stabilizing24
8572360984Frequency dependent25
8572360985Sexual26
8572360986Directional SelectionAn extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes, causing the allele frequency to shift over time in the direction of that phenotype. https://o.quizlet.com/H-bKmMTp5hg9jnyP45BfyQ_m.png27
8572360987Diversifying SelectionExtreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values. The variance of the trait increases and the population is divided into two distinct groups. https://o.quizlet.com/H-bKmMTp5hg9jnyP45BfyQ_m.png28
8572360988Stabilizing SelectionFavors the intermediate variants. It reduces phenotypic variation. https://o.quizlet.com/H-bKmMTp5hg9jnyP45BfyQ_m.png29
8572360989Intrasexual CompetitionMale-male competition for access to mates. Leads to sexual dimorphism https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5127/5379599365_4b860c547f_m.jpg30
8572360990Intersexual CompetitionFemales choose between male mates. https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4014/4395063913_b8b9533bc4_m.jpg31
8572360991Gene FlowImmigration or emigration of individuals to and from a population can alter allele frequencies and bring in new alleles. https://o.quizlet.com/-Pz-zrdzWMpUVy0jl.wJPw_m.png32
8572360992MutationMutation is a source of new alleles but is unlikely to change allele frequencies because it is a rare event.33
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AP Exam APES: Population Flashcards

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13809577313populationA group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area0
13809577315population sizethe number of individuals inhabiting a given geographical area1
13809587679birth, immigrationways population size increases2
13809587680death, emigrationways population size decreases3
13809592581population densitythe number of individuals per unit area4
13809596475population growththe change in population size over time5
13809600517demographicsparameters that affect growth (known as vital statistics) including age structure, sex ratio (ratio of males to females), and death rate6
13809600518life historytraits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival, for example, how many offspring are produced per reproductive effort (humans: one on average; mice: twelve on average), or lifespan.7
13809654365carrying capacityLargest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support8
13809660660logistic growthGrowth pattern in which a population's growth rate slows or stops following a period of exponential growth9
13809663311exponential growthGrowth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate10
13809694919survivorship curveGraph showing the number of survivors in different age groups for a particular species.11
13809699465type 1 survivorshiplow death rate early and through midlife, followed by a sudden increase in old age (humans)12
13809708922type 2 survivorshipsteady death rate across all age groups (this is typical of songbirds, which have as good a chance of dying at any point in life);13
13809712647type 3 survivorshiphigh death rate in early life stages, with a sharp decrease in late age groups (amphibians)14
13809737036China, India, USmost populated countries15
13809741198Asia, Africa, Europemost populous continents16
13809744367crude birth rateThe total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.17
13809747317total fertility ratean estimate of the average number of children a woman will have throughout her life18
13809751809Replacement level fertilitythe number of children a couple must have to replace themselves19
138097552792.1replacement level fertility in developed countries20
138097585972.5replacement level fertility in developing countries21
13809815057pre-industrial stagelittle growth because of difficult living conditions such as poor nutrition, sanitation, and healthcare, and both birth and death rates are high22
13809818445transitional stateindustrialization begins, health care and sanitation improves, and death rates drop, but birth rates stay high (developing)23
13809825605industrial statebirth rates drop, slowing down population growth (developed)24
13809829617post-industrial stateas birth rates decline further, population growth is practically non-existent, so the population size might start decreasing (developed)25
13809839811age structurenumber of males and females of each age in a population26
13809843238rapid, slow, no, negativestages of age structure pyramid27
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AP Language Vocab 10 Flashcards

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15947641604acrimoniouscaustic, biting or rancorous in nature.0
15947641605idiosyncrasya peculiarity of temperament or an individualizing characteristic or quality1
15947641606languidDrooping as if from exhaustion; weak or sluggish.2
15947641607moietyone of two approximately equal parts; a component.3
15947641608notionaltheoretical or speculative; existing in the mind only; imaginary.4
15947641609ossifyto harden into bone; to become hardened or conventional and opposed to change.5
15947641610paronymousformed from a word of another language; having the form of a cognate foreign word.6
15947641611propinquitykinship or proximity in time and place.7
15947641612repetenda repeated sound, word, or phrase; refrain.8
15947641613stalwartmarked by outstanding strength and vigor of body, mind, or spirit.9
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