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AP US History Chapter 16 Flashcards

12021036955	William Seward	Secretary of state from 1861 to 1869 under Lincoln and Johnson; believed that U.S. must increase its participation in world, including the Western Hemisphere, Hawaii, and the Philippines.	0
12021036956	Emmeline Wells	Women's right advocate. Served as president of Mormon church.	1
12021036957	John Wesley Powell	Explorer and geologist who warned that traditional agriculture could not succeed in the West.	2
12021036958	Chief Joseph	Leader of the Nez Perce nation who tried to help them escape their homeland in Oregon for Canada in 1877.	3
12021036959	Sitting Bull	The leader of the Sioux, who, with, killed General George A. Custer and his entire 210 man army. He was defending land in the Dakota Territory, which had been reserved for his people but was still being settled by whites. leader of Lakota Sioux on northern plains refused to go to a reservation Repeatedly crossed into cananda	4
12021036960	George Armstrong Custer	Former General during the Civil War, he set out in 1874 with his Seventh Cavalry to return the Plains Indians to the Sioux reservation. Defeated by an army that outnumbered his men 10 to 1. A brash self promoter Graduated last in his class at West Point Led expedition into South Dakota's Black Hill - and proclaimed the discovery of gold	5
12021036961	Geronimo	Apache chieftain who raided the white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation (1829-1909).	6
12021036962	Ohiyesa	An Indian student who grew up to be a doctor and advocate for his people.	7
12021036963	Buffalo Bill Cody	Popular Wild West show traveling throughout US and Europe. Exploited fame and romanticized life of cowboy through reenactments of Indian battles and displays of horsemanship/riflery. Confirmed popular image of the west as romantic/glamourous (kept image alive) in his traveling Wild West performance, enacted a revenge killing of a Chynnne man named Yellow Hand - scalped him "first scalp for Custer" - thought it a win for white civilization	8
12021036964	Frederick Jackson Turner	American historian in the early 20th century best known for his essay "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" in which he argued that the spirit and success of the United States was directly tied to the country's westward expansion.	9
12021036965	transcontinental railroad	Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west, A railroad that stretches across a continent from coast to coast. It made it so that it was easier to for mail and goods to travel faster and cheaper.	10
12021036966	protective tariff	A tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods.	11
12021036967	Treaty of Kanagawa	a treaty signed between the U.S. and Japan allowing Japan to open two ports to the U.S.	12
12021036968	Burlingame Treaty	An 1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S. missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.	13
12021036969	Munn v. Illinois	Allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads and grain elevators, serving the public good.	14
12021036970	gold standard	The practice of backing a country's currency with gold.	15
12021036971	Crime of 1783	A term used by those critical of an 1873 law directing the US treasury to cease minting silver dollars, retire greenbacks and replace with notes backed by the gold standard from an expanded system of national banks.	16
12021036972	Homestead Act	Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property. This policy led to the rapid development of the American West after the Civil War.	17
12021036973	Morrill Act	The 1862 act that gave 160 million acres of land that states could sell to raise money for public universities.	18
12021036974	land-grant colleges	Public universities founded to broaden educational opportunities and foster technical and scientific expertise.	19
12021036975	Comstock Lode	Was a major silver deposit in Nevada. All of the silver mining in this area created the town of Virginia City, which gained much culture and brought it to the area. This area eventually became a ghost town, like others in the area. After a mining boom was over, people would leave the area and move to another one, leaving everything behind.	20
12021036976	Long Drive	Facilitated by the completion of the Missouri Pacific Railroad in 1865, a system by which cowboys herded cattle hundreds of miles north from Texas to Dodge City and the other cow towns of Kansas.	21
12021036977	"rain follows the plow"	An unfounded theory that settlement of the Great Plains caused an increase in rainfall.	22
12021036978	Exodusters	The African Americans migrating to the Great Plains state (ie: Kansas & Oklahoma) in 1879 to escape conditions in the South. who were a group of blacks headed toward the west , participated (6k of em) in the exodus of Kansas There was the largest concentrations of blacks (40k) other than TX	23
12021036979	Yellowstone National Park	Established in 1872 by Congress, Yellowstone was the United States's first national park.	24
12021036980	U.S. Fisheries Commission	A federal bureau established in 1871 that made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish. Its creation was an important step toward wildlife conservation and management.	25
12021036981	Sand Creek Massacre	The November 29, 1864, massacre of more than a hundred Cheyennes, largely women and children, by John M. Chivington's Colorado militia.	26
12021036982	Fetterman Massacre	A massacre in December 1866 in which 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and 80 soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them. With the Fetterman massacre the Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail, the main route into Montana. December 1866, 1500 Sioux lured Captain William Fetterman and his 80 soldiers from a Wyoming fort and wiped them out - allowed the Sioux to close the Bozeman Trail - a private road under army protection that serves as the main route into Montana	27
12021036983	Lone Wolfe v. Hitchcock	A 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose, ignoring all existing treaties.	28
12021036984	Dawes Severalty Act	The 1887 law that gave Native Americans individual ownership of land by dividing reservations into homesteads. The law was a disaster ;and reservation lands ended up being sold to non-Indian.	29
12021036985	Battle of Little Big Horn	The 1876 battle begun when American cavalry under George Armstrong Custer attacked an encampment of Sioux, Arapaho, and Cheyenne Indians who resisted removal to a reservation. Custer's force was annihilated, but with whites calling for U.S. soldiers to retaliate, the Native American military victory was short-lived.	30
12021036986	Ghost Dance movement	Religion of the late 1880s and early 1890s that combined elements of Christianity and traditional Native American religion. It fostered PLains Indians' hope that they could, through sacred dances, resurrect the great bison herds and call up a storm to drive whites back across the Atlantic	31
12021036987	Wounded Knee	The 1890 massacre of Sioux Indians by American cavalry Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota. Sent to suppress the Ghost Dance, soldiers caught up with fleeing Lakotas and killed as many as 300.	32

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AP Biology Cell Membrane Flashcards

Cell membrane structure and functions

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13666565594	Selective Permeability	Allows some substances to cross more easily than others	0
13666565595	Amphipathic	molecule that has both a hydrophillic region and a hydrophobic region such as a phosopholipid	1
13666565596	phospholipid bilayer	a double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma membranes	2
13666565597	Integral Proteins	Proteins that extend through the phospholipid bilayer.	3
13666565598	Peripheral Proteins	A protein loosely attached to the surface of a membrane	4
13666565599	Glycoproteins	proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them	5
13666565600	cholesterol	steroid present in the plasma membranes of animal cells. A large amount of this in a phospholipid bilayer at High Temperatures reduces membrane fluidity, but at Lower Temperature prevents the membrane from solidifying.	6
13666565601	Concentration Gradient	a difference in the concentration of a substance across a space	7
13666565602	Diffusion	the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, so that they spread out evenly reaching equilibrium	8
13666565603	Osmosis	The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane	9
13666565604	Transport Proteins	proteins that help to transport substances across cell membranes	10
13666565605	Aquaporins	Channel proteins that help massive amount of water pass through the membrane; a lot in our kidneys	11
13666565606	Passive Transport	movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy	12
13666565607	Isotonic	a solution whose solute concentration equals that inside a cell; the cell will not change	13
13666565608	Hypertonic	the solution with the greater concentration of solutes than that inside the cell; the cell will lose water to its environment--> Cell will shrivel up	14
13666565609	Hypotonic	the solution with the lower concentration of solutes than that inside the cell; water will enter the cell -> Cell will swell and burst	15
13666565611	Turgid	Very firm (healthy state), especially for plant cells	16
13666565612	Plasmolysis	As a plant cell shrivels its plasma membrane pulls away from the wall	17
13666565613	Facilitated Diffusion	passive transport of ions or polar molecules across a plasma membrane by transport proteins	18
13666565614	Active Transport	transport of a substance through a cell membrane against the concentration gradient; requires energy	19
13666565615	Sodium-Potassium Pump	a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell	20
13666565616	Exocytosis	process by which a cell releases large amounts of material by vesicles	21
13666565617	Endocytosis	the movement of a substance into a cell by a vesicle	22
13666565618	Phagocytosis	a type of endocytosis in which microbes are taken in by immune cells of animals (mainly by macrophages)	23
13666565619	Pinocytosis	cellular drinking	24

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AP Bio Cells Flashcards

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16045042603	Osmosis	Diffusion of water across a membrane through the lipid bilayer	0
16045042604	Hypertonic	Having greater concentration of solute inside than the solution outside. Cell shrinks.	1
16045042605	Hypotonic	Having a lower concentration of solute inside than the solution outside. Cell Expands.	2
16045042606	Isotonic	Having an equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell. Ideal (perfect) conditions. Cell remains normal.	3
16045042662	Vacuole	Storage vesicle for water, food, wastes other substances. 1 large vacuole in plants, many small vacuoles in animals.	4
16045042663	Nucleus	Controls all cell activities and protein production. Contains the DNA and nucleolus.	5
16045042664	Cytoplasm/Cytosol	Cell liquid in which chemical reactions occur. Holds and cushions the organelles.	6
16045042665	Mitochondria	Converts glucose into ATP (energy a cell can use) in the process of cellular respiration.	7
16045042666	Cell/Plasma/Lipid Membrane	A double-layered lipid membrane that surrounds the cell. Regulates what enters and leaves the cell.	8
16045042667	Cell Wall	Rigid external layer of a plant cell (cellulose), bacteria (glycoproteins), or fungi (chitin) that is outside the cell membrane.	9
16045042668	Chloroplast	Converts light energy into glucose in the process of photosynthesis. Contains chlorophyll giving plants their green color.	10
16045042607	Endoplasmic Reticulum	Passageways where compounds are manufactured, processed, and transported.	11
16045042608	Golgi Apparatus/Body/Complex	Collects, modifies, and packages proteins and lipids made by the E.R.	12
16045042609	Prokaryote	Unicellular. Lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Has ribosomes.	13
16045042610	Eukaryote	Unicellular or multicellular. Contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Has ribosomes.	14
16045042611	Diffusion	The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.	15
16045042612	Equilibrium / Homeostasis	A state of balance in which there is little or no total change.	16
16045042613	Lysosome	Contains digestive enzymes to breakdown food and wastes. Involved in apoptosis.	17
16045042614	Nucleolus	Synthesizes ribosomes. Found in the nucleus.	18
16045042615	Vesicle	Small package of nutrients, proteins, wastes, or water created by the golgi.	19
16045042669	Cell	The basic unit of all living things. The smallest unit of life.	20
16045042670	Organism	A complete living thing	21
16045042671	Ribosome	Synthesizes proteins. Mostly found on the rough E.R. but can also be in the cytoplasm.	22
16045042672	Tissue	A collection of similar cells that perform a specific job.	23
16045042673	Unicellular	Made of a single cell	24
16045042674	Multi-cellular	Made of more than one cell.	25
16045042616	Nuclear membrane/envelope	Surrounds the nucleolus and DNA. Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus.	26
16045042617	Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum	Synthesizes lipids for use in the cell membrane and other parts of the cell.	27
16045042618	Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum	Contains most of the cells ribosomes which synthesize proteins.	28
16045042619	Organelle	"Little organs" that make up the cell working together for the survival and function of the cell.	29
16045042620	Unicellular	Made of 1 cell.	30
16045042621	Cilia	Small hairs on a cells surface that wave back and forth allowing the cell to move.	31
16045042622	Flagella	A whip-like structure on a cell that 'whips' back and forth allowing the cell to move (e.g. sperm cell).	32
16045042623	Active Transport	Movement of particles from low to high concentration across the membrane that requires energy (ATP).	33
16045042624	Passive Transport	Movement of particles from high to low concentration across the membrane (no energy needed).	34
16045042625	Facilitated Diffusion	Passive transport through the membrane with the use of protein channels. Some channels are specific while others are not.	35
16045042626	Centriole	Helps align chromosomes during cell division (animal cells only).	36
16045042627	Microtubules/Microfilaments	Small, thin proteins that help support and give structure to a cell. A cells cytoskeleton.	37
16045042628	Cyto-	Prefix meaning cell.	38
16045042629	Phospholipid Membrane	Cell membrane composed of phospholipids, proteins (transport), cholesterol, and aquaporins..	39
16045042630	Pore	A small opening (hole) to allow materials to pass in and out of an area.	40
16045042631	Passive	No energy needed to allow material passage.	41
16045042632	Aquaporin	Protein channels in the cell membrane that allow for quick water passage.	42
16045042633	Hydrophilic	Attracted to water.	43
16045042634	Hydrophobic	Repelled by water.	44
16045042635	Plant Cell	1 large vacuole. Chloroplasts Cell wall (cellulose)	45
16045042636	Animal Cell	Many small vacuoles Cell membrane only Centrioles Lysosomes	46
16045042637	Phospholipid	Makes up the cell membrane. Composed of a phosphate 'head' (hydrophilic) and 2 fatty acid 'tails' (hydrophobic).	47
16045042638	Semi-permeable	Allows some materials (not all) to pass through.	48
16045042639	Selective permeability	The ability to decide which particles enter and leave a cell.	49
16045042640	Cholesterol	Stiff sterol lipid in the cell membrane that provides strength and rigidity.	50
16045042641	Concentration	The amount of dissolved solute in a solvent. Usually expressed as a percent.	51
16045042642	Solution	Solute + solvent	52
16045042643	Solute	Particles dissolved in a liquid (solvent)	53
16045042644	Solvent	A liquid particles (solute) are dissolved in	54
16045042645	Permeability	How well a substance can pass through something.	55
16045042646	[cyto]Lysis	Cell bursting (exploding)	56
16045042647	Plasmolysis	Cell shrinking	57
16045042648	Endocytosis	Taking things in from the surrounding environment by creating a vesicle.	58
16045042649	Exocytosis	Getting rid of wastes into the surrounding environment by expelling a vesicle.	59
16045042650	Pinocytosis	Taking in water from the environment via endocytosis. Cell drinking.	60
16045042651	Phagocytosis	Taking in food from the environment via endocytosis. Cell eating.	61
16045042652	Osmotic solution	The solution outside a cell.	62
16045042653	Hyper-	Above, over, a lot	63
16045042654	Hypo-	Under, low, a few, a little	64
16045042655	Iso-	Even, equal	65
16045042656	What can pass through the cell membrane?	Non-polar & uncharged molecules because of the hydrophobic tails.	66
16045042657	What cannot pass through the cell membrane?	Polar & charged molecules/ions. Water, sugars, amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids and ions	67
16045042658	sodium-potassium pump	A transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.	68
16045042659	How do polar and charged molecules cross the membrane?	Through transport proteins!	69
16045042660	endosymbiotic theory	theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms	70
16045042661	endosymbiotic theory evidence	-Mitochondria and chloroplast have 2 membranes -Mitochondria have their own circular DNA, similar to bacteria -Mitochondria are close to the same size as bacteria	71

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 13 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 13 The Union in Peril, 1848-1861

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13441730232	free-soil movement	This movement did not oppose slavery in the South, but they did not want the Western states to allow slavery. (p. 247)	0
13441730260	Free-Soil party	In 1848, Northerns organized this party to advocate that the new Western states not allow slavery and provide free homesteads. Their slogan was, "free soil, free labor, free men". (p. 248)	1
13441730233	bleeding Kansas	After 1854, the conflicts between antislavery and proslavery forces exploded in the Kansas Territory. (p. 252)	2
13441730234	Pottawatomie Creek	In 1856 Kansas, abolitionist John Brown and his sons attacked this proslavery farm settlement and killed five settlers. (p. 253)	3
13441730235	Lecompton constitution	In 1857, President James Buchanan asked that Congress accept this document and admit Kansas as a slave state. Congress did not accept it. (p. 255)	4
13441730236	popular sovereignty	Around 1850, this term referred to the idea that each new territory could determine by vote whether or not to allow slavery would be allowed in that region. (p. 248)	5
13441730237	Lewis Cass	This Democratic senator from Michigan, proposed popular sovereignty as the solution to the slavery question in the territories. (p. 248)	6
13441730261	Henry Clay	He proposed the Compromise of 1850. (p. 249)	7
13441730238	Zachary Taylor	The twelfth president of the United States from 1849 to 1850. He was a general and hero in the Mexican War. He was elected to the presidency in 1848, representing the Whig party. He died suddenly in 1850 and Millard Fillmore became the president. (p 248, 249)	8
13441730239	Compromise of 1850	Henry Clay proposed and it was signed into law by President Millard Fillmore. It proposed: * Admit California to the Union as a free state * Divide the remainder of the Mexican Cession into New Mexico and Utah (popular sovereignty) * Ban slave trade in D. C., but permit slaveholding * New Fugitive Slave Law to be enforced (p. 249)	9
13441730240	Stephen A. Douglas	In 1854, he devised the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which in effect overturned the Missouri Compromise, and allowed the South the opportunity to expand slavery. In 1858, he debated Abraham Lincoln in a famous series of seven debates in the campaign for the Illinois senate seat. He won the campaign for reelection to the Senate, but he alienated Southern Democrats. In 1860, he won the Democratic presidential nomination, but Southern Democrats nominated their own candidate, John Breckinridge. He was easily defeated by Abraham Lincoln in the presidential election that year. (p. 252, 256, 258)	10
13441730241	Millard Fillmore	The thirteenth president of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to become president upon the death of a sitting President, when he succeeded Zachary Taylor. As vice president he helped pass the Compromise of 1850. (p. 249, 255)	11
13441730242	Kansas-Nebraska Act	This 1854 act, sponsored by Senator Stephen A Douglas, would build a transcontinental railroad through the central United States. In order gain approval in the South, it would divide the Nebraska territory into Nebraska and Kansas and allow voting to decide whether to allow slavery. This increased regional tensions because it effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise, which had already determined that this area would not allow slavery. (p. 252)	12
13441730243	Crittenden compromise	In the winter of 1860-1861, Senator John Crittenden proposed a constitutional amendment to appease the South. He proposed that slavery would be allowed in all areas south of the 36 30 line. The Republicans rejected the proposal because it would allow extension of slavery into the new territories. (p. 260)	13
13441730244	Franklin Pierce	The fourteenth President of the United States from 1853 to 1857. A Democrat from New Hampshire, he was acceptable to Southern Democrats because he supported the Fugitive Slave Law. (p. 252)	14
13441730245	Know-Nothing party	This political party started in the mid-1850s. Also known as the American party, they were mostly native-born Protestant Americans. Their core issue was opposition to Catholics and immigrants who were entering Northern cities in large numbers. (p. 254)	15
13441730246	Republican party	This political party formed in 1854, in response to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It was composed of a coalition of Free-Soilers, antislavery Whigs, and Democrats. Although not abolitionist, it sought to block the spread of slavery in the territories. (p. 254)	16
13441730247	John C. Fremont	In the presidential election of 1856, this California senator was the Republican nominee. The Republican platform called for no expansion of slavery, free homesteads, and a probusiness protective tariff. He lost the election to James Buchanan, but won 11 of the 16 free states, which foreshadowed the emergence of a powerful Republican party. (p. 255)	17
13441730248	James Buchanan	The fifteenth President of the United States from 1857 to 1861. He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina to December 20, 1860. During his term: "Bleeding Kansas" (1856), Caning of Senator Sumner (1856), Lecompton Constitution (1857), Dred Scott case (1857) (p. 255)	18
13441730249	election of 1860	In this presidential election, the Republican candidate, Abraham Lincoln won. Lincoln won all the northern states, while John C. Breckinridge, a South Democrat, won all the southern states. The South felt like it no longer had a voice in national politics and a number of states soon seceded from the Union. (p. 258)	19
13441730262	secession	The election of Abraham Lincoln was the final event that caused the southern states to leave the Union. In December 1860, South Carolina voted unanimously to secede. Within the next six weeks Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas had all seceded. In February 1861, representatives of seven states met in Montgomery, Alabama to create the Confederate States of America. (p. 259)	20
13441730250	Fugitive Slave Law	Congress passed a second version of this law in 1850. The law's chief purpose was to track down runaway slaves who had escaped to a Northern state, capture them, and return them to their Southern owners. Enforcement of the law in the North was sometimes opposed even though there were penalties for hiding a runaway slave or obstructing enforcement of the law. (p. 250)	21
13441730251	Underground Railroad	A network of people who helped thousands of enslaved people escape to the North by providing transportation and hiding places. (p. 250)	22
13441730252	Harriet Tubman	Born a slave, she escaped to the North and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom. (p. 250)	23
13441730253	Dred Scott v. Sandford	An 1857 Supreme Court case, in which Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that African Americans (free or slave), were not citizens of the United States, that Congress could not exclude slavery from any federal territory, and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. The ruling delighted Southern Democrats and infuriated Northern Republicans. (p. 255)	24
13441730263	Roger Taney	He was a Southern Democrat and chief justice of the Supreme Court during the Dred Scott v. Sandford case. (p. 255)	25
13441730264	Abraham Lincoln	He was elected president of the United States in 1860. He was a Republican, who ran on a platform that appealed to those in the North and the West. It called for the exclusion of slavery in the new territories, a protective tariff for industry, free land for homesteaders, and a railroad to the Pacific. (p. 258)	26
13441730254	Lincoln-Douglas debates	In 1858, Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln had seven debates in the campaign for the Illinois senate seat. Lincoln was not an abolitionist, but he attacked Douglas's seeming indifference to slavery as a moral issue. Although Lincoln lost the election to Douglas, he emerged as a national figure and leading contender for the Republican nomination for president. (p. 256)	27
13441730255	house-divided speech	The speech given by Abraham Lincoln when accepting the Republican nomination for the Illinois senate seat. He said, "This government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free". (p. 256)	28
13441730256	Freeport Doctrine	Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said slavery could not exist in a community if the local citizens did not pass laws (slave codes) maintaining it. This angered Southern Democrats. (p. 257)	29
13441730257	Sumner-Brooks incident	This incident took place in 1856, when Congressman Preston Brooks severely beat Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner. The attack occurred in the Senate chamber, after Sumner gave a vitriolic speech, "The Crime Against Kansas". (p. 254)	30
13441730265	John Brown	He led his four sons and some former slaves, in an attack on the federal arsenal, called the Harpers Ferry raid. (p. 257)	31
13441730258	Harpers Ferry raid	In October 1859, John Brown led his four sons and some former slaves, in an attack on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry. His impractical plan was to obtain guns to arm Virginia's slaves, whom he hoped would rise up in a general revolt. He and six of his followers were captured and hanged. Southern whites saw the raid as proof of the north's true intentions - to use slave revolts to destroy the South. (p. 257)	32
13441730259	Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin	In 1852, she wrote this influential book about the conflict between a slave named Tom, and a brutal white slave owner, Simon Legree. It caused a generation of Northerners and many Europeans to regard all slave owners as cruel and inhuman. Southerners believed it to be proof of Northern prejudice against the Southern way of life. (p. 250)	33