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Chapter 1 - Ap World Flashcards

Mesopotamia, ancient Egypt

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10477888050Epic of GilgameshEpic poem, portrays ancient Mesopotamia n society and it's values.0
10477888051Elements of Civilization1) Cities/administrative centers 2) political system 3) specialization of labor 4) status determined by wealth 5) monuments 6) Permanent record keeping 7) long distance trade 8) advances science and art1
10478001420CultureBeliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people2
10478001421HistoryPast events, changes in culture3
10478001422Stone AgeHistorical period - production of tools4
10478001423Paleolithic age"Old Stone Age" 10,000 years ago5
10478001424ForagersHunting and food gathering people6
10478001425Neolithic age"New Stone Age" origin of agriculture7
10478001426Division of labor by genderWomen - child rearing & foraging Men - hunting (mostly)8
10478065421Sumerian writingCuneiform9
10478001427Cave artAnimals, religious imagery, people10
10478001428Neolithic revolutionBasic agriculture and tools rising11
10478001429Agricultural revolutionFood production in separate parts of the world (livestock & crops)12
10478001430Emmer wheat and barleyDomesticated grain in Middle East13
10478001431Agriculture of eastern SaharaSorghum and more14
10478001432Swidden agricultureLeaving a field without crops so it can rest Used in early Europe15
10478001433RiceThe grain Asian civilization was based on16
10478001434Domestication of riceFirst domesticated in South China, South East Asia or Northern India17
10478001435Maize (corn)Grain of North America18
10478001436Domestication of MaizeIn North America, along with beans and squash19
10478001437Domestication of animalsFor meat or milk (Dogs possible first)20
10478001438PastoralismLifestyle dependent on small and large stock animals21
10478001439HoloceneThe geological era since the end of the Great Ice Age about 11,000 years ago.22
10478001440Lineages / ClansKinship units thar worked together23
10478001441Matrilineal societiesImportance Women's descendants24
10478001442Patrilineal societiesImportance on men's descendants25
10478001443MatriarchyRule of women26
10478001444PatriarchyRule of men27
10478001445MegalithsHuge stones erected as monuments (Stonehenge)28
10478001446Çatal HüyükEarliest city excavated Central Turkey29
10478001447Mesopotamia "land between rivers"Flat fertile lane between Tigris and Euphrates rivers Many early civilizations30
10478001448Tigris and EuphratesOriginate in Anatolia (Turkey) end in Persian gulf31
10478001449Farming in MesopotamiaIrrigation based 8000 BCE32
10478001450SumeriansInvented writing 5000 BCE in southern Mesopotamia33
10478001451Semitic (family)Language family of West Asian and North Africa34
10478001452Semitic languagesArabic, Hebrew, Aramaic, Phoenician35
10478001453city-stateSmall independent state, own food and govt. Early Mesopotamia lousy with 'em36
10478001454Irrigation systems in MesopotamiaDig canals to bring water to fields37
10478001455Legal (big man)First king in Mesopotamia38
10478001457HammurabiMost famous/important Babylonian king39
10478065422Hammurabi's codeCreated a code of laws for Babylon (Eye for an eye for example) His greatest accomplishment40
104780654233 classes if Babylonian society1) landowners (royalty, govt. officials, priests, merchants, artisans) 2) dependent farmers 3) slaves41
10478065424Scribesprofessional record keepers who could read and write42
10478065425Babylonian ReligionGods embodied nature Gods were cruel Anthropomorphic gods Many monuments to the god43
10478065426ZigguratMud brick building Unknown purpose44
10478065427AmuletSmall charm to keep out evil45
10478065428TechnologySpecialized knowledge/tools for tasks46
10478065429CuneiformWedge shaped writing system Sumerian and Akkadian47
10478065430BronzeCopper and tin Transformed tools and trade48
10478065431Upper and Lower EgyptEgypt was Centered around The Nile (which flows south to north) So "upper" was to the south And "lower" to the north49
10478065432NilometersStone measurement that gushed floods50
10478065433MenesEgyptian ruler who united Egypt51
10478065434Olds, middle and New kingdomsEras used by historians of different important times for Egypt52
10478065435PharaohManifestation of god who ruled Egypt53
10478065436Ma'atDivinely created order54
10478065437PyramidLarge triangular monument to bury Egyptian kings55
10478065438MemphisCapitol of old kingdom egypt56
10478065439ThebesCapitol of Egypt57
10478065440HieroglyphicsComplex writing system based on pictures from ancient Egypt58
10478065441PapyrusReed used as paper in Egypt59
10478065442Egyptian tradeTraded with sub-Saharan Africa after long time as isolationists60
10478065443Rights of women in EgyptCould own property Divorce Queens had power But still always less then men61
10478065444Re (ray)Sun-god of Egypt, primary god62
10478065445Egyptian book of the deadRituals and spells to protect spirits after desth63
10478065446MummyA body preserved Mostly for nobility64
10478065447HarappaGreat city of India-valley civilization65
10478065448Mohenjo- DaroLargest Indus Valley city66
10478065449Metal in the Indus ValleyLarge quantities, for tools and jewelry67
10478065450Trade in the Indus ValleyWidespread trade with others, goods moved by river68
10478001456BabylonLargest and most important Mesopotamian city councilor69
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AP Psychology Quarter 1 Flashcards

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15736066934ApproachesBehavioral, Cognitive, Evolutionary, Humanistic, Biological, Socio-Cultural, Psycho-Analytic0
15736075128Behavioral ApproachAn approach to psychology emphasizing the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants.1
15736089145Cognitive ApproachAn approach to psychology emphasizing the mental processes involved in knowing: how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems.2
15736092472Evolutionary ApproachAn approach to psychology centered on evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors.3
15736092473Humanistic ApproachAn approach to psychology emphasizing a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny.4
15736095369Biological Approachan approach to psychology focusing on the body, especially the brain and nervous system5
15736097761Socio Cultural Approachthe study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking6
15736107951Psycho-Analytic Approachthe unconscious mind controls much of our thought and action; to understand unconscious, dream analysis and other techniques are used7
15736115064Types of PsychologistsClinical, Counseling, School, Educational, Developmental,Personality, Social, and Experimental8
15736116891clinical psychologya branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders9
15736118188counseling psychologya branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being10
15736119813school psychologydevoted to counseling children in elementary and secondary schools who have academic or emotional problems11
15736122153educational psychologythe study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning12
15736124128developmental psychologya branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span13
15736125924personality psychologythe study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting14
15736128007social psychologythe scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another15
15736128008experimental psychologythe study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method16
15736131509introspectionA method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings17
15736133185types of studiescross sectional, experiments, case studies, longitudinal studies, correlation studies18
15736137446cross-sectional studya study in which people of different ages are compared with one another19
15736139056experimentsa technique that tests predicted relationships among variables in a controlled environment20
15736140750case studiesa research method that involves the intensive examination of unusual people or organizations21
15736142560longitudinal studyresearch in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period22
15736144331correlational studya research project designed to discover the degree to which two variables are related to each other23
15736144332indpendent variablethe experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose affect is being studied24
15736146667dependent variableThe outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.25
15736148100Ethical Guidelinessuggested rules for acting responsibly and morally when conducting research or in clinical practice26
15736150353types of correlationspositive, negative, zero27
15736152760operational definitionsa statement of the procedures used to define research variables28
15736159900replicationrepeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances29
15736163180graphically representing correlation30
15736171420statistical significancea statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance31
15736171424meanaverage32
15736172957medianthe middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it33
15736175489modethe most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution34
15736175490rangethe difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution35
15736179343standard deviationa computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score36
15736180877Sample versus population- Parent population - Sample: a subset of the population - A goal of inference is to draw conclusions about a parent population from sample-based data37
15736182814GeneralizationA conclusion drawn from specific information that is used to make a broad statement about a topic or person38
15736184577statisticsCollection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on data.39
15736187730bell curvesShaped like a bell Also called "normal curve" or "normal distribution" Symmetric and has a single peak at its mean.40
15736189990bystander effect (diffusion of responsibility)the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present41
15736192073just-world phenomenonthe tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get42
15736193511blaming the victimThe tendency to blame individuals (make dispositional attributions) for their victimization, typically motivated by a desire to see the world as a fair place43
15736196223social facilitationimproved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others44
15736196224group polarizationthe enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group45
15736199412mere exposure effectthe phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them46
15736201467cognitive dissonanceInner tension that a consumer experiences after recognizing an inconsistency between behavior and values or opinions47
15736203036self-serving biasthe tendency to perceive oneself favorably48
15736208949fundamental attribution errorthe tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition49
15736210965Milgram Experimentan experiment devised in 1961 by Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, to see how far ordinary people would go to obey a scientific authority figure - continued to shock the student even when the student said they were in pain because they didn't want to disobey Milgram (authority)50
15736223515Self-fullfilling propheciespredictions about future interactions that lead us to behave in ways that ensure the interaction unfolds as we predicted51
15736225892ConformityAdjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.52
15736225894Asch Experimentexperimented how people would rather conform than state their own individual answer even though they know the group's answer is wrong - conformity increased when having to answer in a group - conformity decreased when answer is secret from the rest of the group53
15736240673Zimbardo's Prison ExperimentIn 1971, psychologist Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues set out to create an experiment that looked at the impact of becoming a prisoner or prison guard. Zimbardo, a former classmate of Stanley Milgram (who is best-known for his famous obedience experiment, was interested in expanding upon Milgram's research. He wanted to further investigate the the impact of situational variables on human behavior. The researchers set up a mock prison in the basement of Standford University's psychology building, and then selected 24 undergraduate students to play the roles of both prisoners and guards. The participants were selected from a larger group of 70 volunteers because they had no criminal background, lacked psychological issues and had no major medical conditions. The volunteers agreed to participate for a one- to two-week period in exchange for $15 a day. According to Zimbardo and his colleagues, the Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrates the powerful role that the situation can play in human behavior. Because the guards were placed in a position of power, they began to behave in ways they would not normally act in their everyday lives or in other situations. The prisoners, placed in a situation where they had no real control, became passive and depressed.54
15736244529foot-in-the-door phenomenonthe tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request55
15736246291neural communicationThe body's information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.56
15736248103types of neurotransmittersexcitatory and inhibitory57
15736251689excitatory neurotransmitterschemicals released from the terminal buttons of a neuron that excite the next neuron into firing58
15736253613inhibitory neurotransmitterschemicals released from the terminal buttons of a neuron that inhibit the next neuron from firing59
15736256949endocrine systemthe body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream60
15736256950nervous systemthe body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems61
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AP Art History Vocab Flashcards

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14945579399Value ContrastThe relationship between areas of dark and light0
14945582312Radial BalanceEverything radiates outward from a central point1
14945585206Organic ShapesShapes that are found in nature2
14945599319Composite pose (twisted perspective)Combining different viewpoints within a single representation3
14945608789Foreshorteninga visual effect in which an object is shortened and turned deeper into the picture plane to give the effect of receding in space4
14945632239musculatureThe system or arrangement of muscles on a body5
14946179732stylizedart that represents objects in an exaggerated way to emphasize certain aspects of the object6
14946208756pictographA picture or drawing representing words or ideas7
14946214303mortice and tenonA method of fastening one piece of wood to another. A mortice or square hole is cut into one piece of wood while a tenon or projection the same size as the hole is cut on the end of the other piece. The tenon is then tapped into the mortice, locking the two together without nails.8
14946227083monoliticmassive and rigidly uniform9
14946230721Trilithona pair of monoliths topped with a lintel10
14946233191megalithhuge stone11
14963097439BifurcatedDivided into two12
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AP Language Unit 11 Flashcards

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13699819778abstemious(adj.) moderate, sparing (as in eating and drinking); characterized by abstinence and self-discipline0
13699819779censurabledeserving of blame or correction1
13699819780contingent(adj.) likely but not certain to happen, possible; dependent on uncertain events or conditions; happening by chance; (n.) a representative group forming part of a larger body2
13699819781corroborate(v.) to confirm, make more certain, bolster, substantiate, verify3
13699819782denizen(n.) an inhabitant, resident; one who frequents a place4
13699819783discursive(adj.) passing aimlessly from one place or subject to another, rambling, roving, nomadic5
13699819784disseminateto scatter or spread widely6
13699819785dowdy(adj.) poorly dressed, shabby; lacking smartness and good taste7
13699819786florid(adj.) highly colored, reddish; excessively ornate, showy8
13699819787foist(v.) to impose by fraud; to pass off as worthy or genuine; to bring about by stealth, dishonesty, or coercion9
13699819788gauche(adj.) awkward, lacking in social graces, tactless, clumsy10
13699843232Heresy(n.) an opinion different from accepted belief; the denial of an idea that is generally held sacred11
13699843233inculcateto impress on the mind by repetition, teach persistently and earnestly12
13699843234palpable(adj.) capable of being touched or felt; easily seen, heard, or recognized13
13699870175perceptive(adj.) having sympathetic insight or understanding, capable of keen appreciation14
13699870176pernicious(adj.) extremely harmful; deadly, fatal15
13699870177salient(adj.) leaping, jumping, or springing forth; prominent, standing out, conspicuous; (n.) a projection or bulge, a land form that projects upward or outward16
13699870178satiate(v.) to satisfy completely; to fill to excess; (adj.) full, satisfied17
13699870179Sear(v.) to make or become dry and withered; to char or scorch the surface of; to harden or make unfeeling; to parch, singe18
13699870180specious(adj.) deceptive, apparently good or valid but lacking real merit19
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AP Literature #1 Flashcards

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14684797784Allusiona reference in a work of literature to something outside the work0
14684797785AttitudeThe disposition toward or opinion of a subject by a speaker, author, or character1
14684797786Detailsthe individual items or parts that make up a larger picture or story2
14684797787Devices of soundthe techniques of deploying the sound of words, especially in poetry3
14684797788DictionWord choice4
14684797789Figurative LanguageWriting that uses figures of speech5
14684797790ImageryThe images created by a literary work6
14684797791IronyA figure of speech in which the intended meaning and the actual meaning differ7
14684797792Metaphora figurative use of language in which a comparison is expressed without the use of a comparative term like "as," "like," or "than."8
14684797793Narrativethe methods involved in telling a story9
14684797794Omniscient point of viewthe vantage point of a story in which the narrator can know, see, and report whatever he or she chooses10
14684797795Point of viewany of several possible vantage points from which a story is told11
14684797796resources of languagea general phrase for the linguistic devices or techniques that a writer can use12
14684797797Rhetorical techniquesthe devices used in effective or persuasive language13
14684797798Satirewriting that seeks to arouse a reader's disapproval of an object by ridicule14
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