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AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

9867796669	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
9867796670	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	1
9867796671	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	2
9867796672	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	3
9867796673	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	4
9867796674	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	5
9867796675	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	6
9867796676	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	7
9867796677	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	8
9867796678	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	9
9867796679	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	10
9867796680	Jihad	Islamic holy war	11
9867796681	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	12
9867796682	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	13
9867796683	Mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam	14
9867796684	Dhimmis	"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus	15
9867796685	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	16
9867796686	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	17
9867796687	Wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids	18
9867796688	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	19
9867796689	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	20
9867796690	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	21
9867796691	Ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking	22
9867796692	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	23
9867796693	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	24
9867796694	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	25
9867796695	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves	26
9867796696	Arabic numerals	Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West	27
9867796697	Shrivijaya	trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam	28
9867796698	Malacca	flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya	29
9867796699	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	30
9867796700	Mansa	title of the ruler of Mali	31
9867796701	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	32
9867796702	Sundiata	created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260	33
9867796703	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	34
9867796704	East African trading ports	urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar	35
9867796705	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa	36
9867796706	Icons	images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians	37
9867796707	Iconoclasm	the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	38
9867796708	Manzikert	Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory	39
9867796709	Cyril and Methodius	Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic	40
9867796710	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c	41
9867796711	Vladmir I	ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity	42
9867796712	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	43
9867796713	Tatars	Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact	44
9867796714	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	45
9867796715	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	46
9867796716	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	47
9867796717	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	48
9867796718	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	49
9867796719	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	50
9867796720	Clovis	King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496	51
9867796721	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	52
9867796722	Charles Martel	first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732	53
9867796723	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	54
9867796724	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	55
9867796725	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	56
9867796726	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	57
9867796727	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	58
9867796728	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	59
9867796729	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects	60
9867796730	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a slice of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.	61
9867796731	Pope Urban II	organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	62
9867796732	Investiture	the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV	63
9867796733	Gregory VII	11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops	64
9867796734	Thomas Aquinas	creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	65
9867796735	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	66
9867796736	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	67
9867796737	Guilds	associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities	68
9867796738	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	69
9867796739	Period of the Six Dynasties	era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han	70
9867796740	Jinshi	title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office	71
9867796741	Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia	72
9867796742	Wuzong	Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism	73
9867796743	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.	74
9867796744	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	75
9867796745	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	76
9867796746	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	77
9867796747	Footbinding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.	78
9867796748	Taika reforms	attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army	79
9867796749	Bushi	regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies	80
9867796750	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	81
9867796751	Seppuku	ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor	82
9867796752	Bakufu	military government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai	83
9867796753	Shoguns	military leaders of the bakufu	84
9867796754	Daimyos	warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states	85
9867796755	Sinification	extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions	86
9867796756	Yi	dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence	87
9867796757	Khmers and Chams	Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi	88
9867796758	Nguyen	southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi	89
9867796759	Chinggis Khan	born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227	90
9867796760	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits	91
9867796761	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	92
9867796762	Ilkhan khanate	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire	93
9867796763	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad	94
9867796764	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260	95
9867796765	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	96
9867796766	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	97
9867796767	Ming Dynasty	replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China	98
9867796768	Ethnocentrism	judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history	99
9867796769	Muhammad's primary historical achievement	spread of Islam	100
9867796783	Silk Road Trade system		101
9867796784	Kingdom of Mali		102
9867796770	Inca and Rome both had	extensive road systems	103
9867796771	Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450	land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place	104
9867796772	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	105
9867796773	Diasporic communities	merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas	106
9867796774	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	107
9867796775	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	108
9867796776	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	109
9867796777	Black Death	plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.	110
9867796785	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		111
9867796778	Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade	Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu	112
9867796779	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	113
9867796780	New forms of monetization	Checks, Bills of Exchange	114
9867796786	Bantu Migrations		115
9867796781	footbinding	began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming	116
9867796782	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	117

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AP Literature Terminology Flashcards

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10504770109	Abstract/ abstraction:	language that describes qualities that cannot be perceived with the five senses	0
10504779853	Allegory	From the Greek allegoria, the term loosely describes any writing in verse or prose that has a double meaning; acts as an extended metaphor	1
10504787249	Alliteration	repeating a consonant sound in close proximity to others, or beginning several words with the same vowel sound; consonance and assonance are two specific types	2
10504787250	Allusion	a figure of speech which references a historical or literary figure, event or object; often, a reference in one literary work to a character or theme found in another literary work	3
10504793078	Ambiguity	any wording, action, or symbol that can be read in divergent ways, often intentional by the author; may develop in a character, or an entire story	4
10504793079	Anachronism	something out of place in time	5
10504794596	Analogy	the relationship of similarity between two or more entities or a partial similarity on which comparison is based	6
10504797169	Anaphora	The intentional repetition of beginning clauses for the purpose of emphasis	7
10504799347	Anecdote	a short narrative account of an amusing, unusual, revealing, or interesting event, often used to support or demonstrate a specific point	8
10504801300	Antanaclasis	rhetorical device in which a phrase or word is repeatedly used, though the meaning of the word changes in each case	9
10504806329	Anthimeria	originated from the Greek word anti-heroes, meaning "one part for another"; it is a rhetorical device that uses a word in a new grammatical shape, often as a noun or verb	10
10504814127	Antihero	non-hero or antithesis of a traditional hero	11
10504816342	Aphorism	a brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life	12
10504816343	Apostrophe	addressing someone or something, usually not present, as though present	13
10504819041	Aposopesis	rhetorical device that can be defined as a figure of speech in which the speaker or writer breaks off abruptly, and leaves the statement incomplete	14
10504819042	Archetype	pattern from which other later copies are made, especially a character, an action, or situation that seems to represent common patterns of human life	15
10504821168	Aside	a dramatic device in which a character speaks directly to the audience	16
10504821169	Asyndeton	a stylistic device that takes away all conjunctions for emphasis	17
10504825160	Ballad Meter	four line stanza with alternating iambic tetrameter and trimeter lines with a abcb or abab rhyme scheme	18
10504825161	Bard	An ancient Celtic poet, singer and harpist who recited heroic poems by memory	19
10504826836	Bildungsroman	a coming of age story	20
10504826837	Blank Verse	lines of iambic pentameter without an end rhyme	21
10504828489	Canon	works you would find in anthologies	22
10504828490	Canto	a sub-division of an epic similar to a chapter	23
10504829476	Caesura	a natural pause in a line of poetry cause by the rhythms of speech	24
10504832134	Caricature	exaggerating or simplifying some characteristics of some	25
10504832135	Catalectic Meter	metrically incomplete line of verse, lacking a syllable somewhere in the line or ending with an incomplete foot of meter	26
10504833296	Chiasmus	A->B;B->A	27
10504833297	Cliche	a phrase that has become lifeless through overuse	28
10504834876	Colloquial	informal language found in certain regions	29
10504834877	Comedy	upbeat drama where most characters end up married	30
10504835873	Comedy of Errors	a dramatic work that is light and humorous or satirical; actions usually funny mistakes, etc.	31
10504835874	Conceit	a fairly elaborate figure of speech, especially an extended comparison	32
10504838038	Concrete	language that describes qualities perceived by the five senses	33
10504841387	Conflict	opposition between two characters and drives the story	34
10504841388	Connotation	extra tinge or taint on meaning of a word beyond the dictionary definition	35
10504841389	Couplet	two lines of the same metric length and ending in a rhyme	36
10504842695	Crisis	turning point of uncertainty and tension resulting from earlier conflict	37
10504842696	Denotation	dictionary definition	38
10504844866	Deus Ex Machina	unrealistic, divine intervention	39
10504845954	Dialect	subset of a language spoken in specific way by group of people	40
10504845955	Diction	choice of words	41
10504847567	Didactic Literature	preachy writing that seeks to overly convince a reader	42
10504847568	Doppelgänger	look-alike	43
10504850137	Double Entendre	deliberate use of ambiguity in a phrase or image	44
10504850138	Drama	composition in prose or verse presenting a narrative involving conflict	45
10504851487	Dramatic Monologue	a poetic form in which the speaker addresses the listener directly	46
10504852845	Dramatic Structure	exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, denouement	47
10504852846	Exposition	background information	48
10504854042	Rising Action	basic internal conflict is complicated by the introduction of related secondary conflicts	49
10504854043	Climax	turning point	50
10504855541	Falling Action	conflict between the protagonist and the antagonist unravels	51
10504855542	Denouement	outcome of a complex situation	52
10504857996	Dynamic Character	character who changes over the course of the story	53
10504859256	Static Character	unchanging characters	54
10504859257	Elegy	any poem written in elegiac meter; poem dealing with the subject-matter common to the early Greco-Roman elegies	55
10504862644	Elision	removal of an unstressed syllable, consonants, or letters from a word or phrase	56
10504863951	Ellipsis	three successive periods (...)	57
10504863952	Enjambment	line having no pause or end punctuation continues uninterrupted grammatical meaning into the next line	58
10504867456	Epic Poetry	a long narrative traditionally beginning with the invocation of a muse and told in an elevated style and in medias res while recounting the superhuman exploits of an epic hero, whose actions will determine the future of their nation	59
10504869595	Invocation of Muse	in Greco-Roman culture, the poet is simply a vessel for the gods to transmit a story, which this invocation shows; the storyteller asks for their talents from the gods	60
10504871012	In Media Res	starting in the middle of the action, instead of a build up	61
10504871013	Epic Simile	a simile that may be developed at great length throughout a canto or the entire epic	62
10504871014	Epigraph	a brief quotation appearing at the start of a literary work	63
10504872591	Epilogue	a conclusion added to a literary work such as a novel, play, or long poem	64
10504872592	Epistolary	writing taking the form of a letter or letters to tell part or the entire story	65
10504874435	Epistrophe	repetition of words at the end of successive phrases	66
10504874436	Epitaph	final statement before a character's death	67
10504874437	Epithet	a "nickname" attached to the name of the character	68
10504875664	Eponym	name of a legend or real person associated with some other person	69
10504876579	Etymology	the study of word origins	70
10504876580	Euphemism	use of a mild phrase to describe something that usually is harsh, blunt such as death	71
10504877773	Fable	tale designed to illustrate a moral lesson	72
10504880935	Farce	form of low comedy to provoke laughter through exaggerated caricatures in improbable situations	73
10504891171	Figurative Language	language employing figures of speech.	74
10504891172	Simile	A comparison using "like" or "as"	75
10504892165	Metaphor	a direct comparison of two objects	76
10504892166	Flashback	method of narration where action is interrupted so that the reader can witness past events	77
10504892901	Foil	a character whose purpose serves to contrast another character	78
10504892902	Foot	basic unit of meter	79
10504894900	Foreshadowing	a literary device which hints at later events	80
10504894901	The Fourth Wall	separating the audience from the stage, it is a "barrier" through which an audience views the play	81
10504896164	Frame Narrative	a story within a story	82
10504896165	Free Verse	no meter or (necessarily) rhyme scheme	83
10504899994	Hyperbole	exaggeration	84
10504899995	Gallows Humor	grim humorin the face of desperate situations such as death	85
10504901031	Genre	type, species, or class of composition	86
10504901032	Gothic	a work in which the supernatural and horrific governs and pervades the action	87
10504902868	Hamartia	tragic flaw (think Odysseus' pride); makes a character tragic	88
10504905225	Heroic Couplet	stanza of two rhymed, iambic pentameter couplets	89
10504905226	Humours	four bodily fluids believed to control behavior and health	90
10504908035	Hyperbaton	in version in the syntax	91
10504912202	Idiom	commonly used phrase that works only on figurative level	92
10504912203	Innuendo	remark about somebody or something, usually suggesting something bad, mean or rude	93
10504912204	Invective	speech/writing that attacks, insults, or denounces	94
10504913167	Irony	mode of expression, through words, events, or dramatic tension conveying a reality different from and usually opposite to appearance or expectation	95
10504913168	Verbal Irony	sarcasm	96
10504916756	Situational Irony	incongruity between what the audience expects versus what actually happens (ex. firehouse burning down)	97
10504916757	Dramatic Irony	significance of a character's words or actions are clear to the audience although unknown to the character	98
10504918050	Juxtaposition	arrangement of ideas next to one another for the purpose of comparison, contrast, rhetorical effect, suspense, or character development	99
10504918051	Kenning	two word phrase describing something through a metaphor	100
10504919311	Laureate	Poet Laureate is a poet officially appointed by a government or conferring institution	101
10504919312	Litotes	understatement for rhetorical effect	102
10504920311	Malapropism	a word humorously misused	103
10504920312	Melodrama	work that exaggerates plot or characters to appeal to the emotions	104
10504921776	Memoir	an individual writing about their life (biography)	105
10504921777	Meter	rhythm in a poem through stresses and unstressed syllables	106
10504924426	Iambic	unstressed, stressed	107
10504924427	Trochaic	stressed, unstressed	108
10504926200	Anapestic	unstressed, unstressed, stressed	109
10504953593	Dactylic	stressed, unstressed, unstressed	110
10504953594	Spondaic	stressed, stressed	111
10504963670	Rising Meter	iambs and anapests that employ strong stress at the end	112
10504963671	Falling Meter	spondees and dactyls that employ no/little stress at the end	113
10504964736	Monometer	one foot	114
10504964737	Dimeter	two feet	115
10504964738	Trimeter	three feet	116
10504965805	Tetrameter	four meet	117
10504965806	Pentameter	five feet	118
10504966757	Hexameter	six feet	119
10504966758	Heptameter	seven feet	120
10504967871	Octameter	eight feet	121
10507996951	Metonymy	part standing in for the whole (specifically words implying a another word or larger idea)	122
10508000668	Motif	A recurring theme, subject or idea	123
10508000669	Muses	the nine daughters of Atlas, and goddesses of the arts and sciences	124
10508002670	Novel	extended fictional prose narrative focusing on a few primary characters but often involving scores of secondary characters	125
10508002671	Ode	ancient form of poetic song, usually celebratory	126
10508004812	Onomatopoeia	words that sound similar to their meaning	127
10508005938	Oxymoron/Paradoxes	the use of contradiction that make sense (ex. loving hate)	128
10508009846	Parallelism	use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same; adds balance and rhythm to sentences, giving ideas a smoother flow because of the repetition it employs	129
10508012967	Parody	a satirical work imitating another	130
10508013883	Personification/Anthropomorphism	giving human qualities to animals or objects	131
10508015593	Point of View	the perspective from which a story is told	132
10508018022	Omniscient	all-knowing	133
10508018023	Polysyndeton	deliberate use of multiple conjunctions when making a list	134
10508019646	Portmanteau	a new word formed by joining two others and combining their meanings	135
10508021707	Prose	works not written in regular meter	136
10508021708	Prosody	the mechanics of poetry	137
10508021709	Protagonist	the hero or central character of a literary work	138
10508023816	Pun	play on words	139
10508026710	Quatrain	stanza or poem of four lines	140
10508026711	Red Herring	false clue that leads readers or characters towards a false conclusion	141
10508028377	Refrain	repetition of one or more phrases or lines at intervals in a poem	142
10508028378	Rhetorical Question	A question asked for effect, not in expectation of a reply	143
10508029471	Rhyme	matching similarity of sounds in two or more words	144
10508029472	End Rhyme	the rhyming of the final syllables of a line	145
10508029473	Internal Rhyme	inside a line	146
11192176330	Masculine Rhyme	final syllable of one line mimics the sound of another	147
10508032004	Feminine Rhyme	final two syllables of one line mimic the sound of another	148
10508033126	Slant Rhyme/Off Rhyme	words rhymed with similar but not identical sounds	149
10508036755	Eye Rhyme	Word comprised of similar spellings, though not pronunciation	150
10508036756	Rhyme Scheme	pattern of rhyme in a poem	151
10508038263	Roman a Clef	a novel about real life, overlaid with a facade of fiction	152
10508038264	Satire	ridicule of any stupidity or vice in the form of scathing humor	153
10508038265	Scansion	divide the poetry into feet by pointing out different syllables based on their lengths	154
10508041012	Setting	environment in which a story unfolds	155
10508041013	Short Story	short, fictional, prose tale	156
10508047002	Soliloquy	monologue spoken by an actor at a point in the play when the character believes that they are alone	157
10508048238	Sonnet	a lyric poem consisting of 14 lines and usually in iambic pentameter	158
10508049816	Petrarchan/Italian Sonnet	octave and a sestet turn; abba- octet, efg-sestet	159
10508051069	Shakespearean/English Sonnet	three quatrains and a couplet turn; abab rhyme scheme	160
10508056410	Spoonerism	accidentally transposes the initial sounds or letters of two or more words, often to humorous effect	161
10508056411	Stanza	essentially a poetic "paragraph"	162
10508057184	Stream of Consciousness	character's perceptions, thoughts, and memories are presented in an apparently random form, without regard for logical sequence, chronology, or syntax	163
10508057185	Style	way an author writes a literary work	164
10508057186	Symbol	object or idea that represents something else	165
10508058584	Universal Symbol	meaning could be understood and agreed upon by almost anyone, regardless of cultural background	166
10508058585	Conventional Symbol	symbol whose meaning has been established by and for a specific culture	167
10508060471	Literary Symbol	can only be understood within a certain literary context	168
10508061855	Synesthesia	neurological phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory pathway	169
10508063038	Synecdoche	a part of an object that stands in for the whole of it	170
10508063039	Syntax	standard word order and sentence structure	171
10508069999	Terza Rima	A three-line stanza rhymed aba, bcb, cdc.	172
10508070000	Theme	central idea or statement that unifies and controls an entire literary work	173
10508070001	Tone	prevailing mood or atmosphere in a literary work	174
10508070002	Tragedy	serious play in which the chief character, by some peculiarity of psychology, passes through a series of misfortunes leading to a final, devastating catastrophe	175
10508075205	Tricolon	three parallel clauses, phrases, or words, which happen to come in quick succession without any interruption	176
10508075206	Uncanny	concept often used to discuss elements of horror found in the gothic	177
10508078618	Understatement/Meiosis	lessens or minimizes the importance of what is meant	178
10508078619	Unities	unity of place, time, and action	179
10508081004	Universality	appealing to readers and audiences of any age or any culture	180
10508081005	Unreliable Narrator	imaginary storyteller or character who describes what he witnesses accurately, but misinterprets those events because of faulty perception, personal bias, or limited understanding	181
10508081888	Verisimilitude	having the appearance of truth	182
10508086521	Villanelle	genre of poetry consisting of nineteen lines - five tercets and a concluding quatrain	183
10508088318	Willing Suspension of Disbelief	setting aside our beliefs about reality in order to enjoy the make-believe of a play, a poem, film, or a story	184
10508088319	Zeugma	grammatical construction in which a single word is used in relation to two other parts of a sentence although the word grammatically or logically applies to only one	185
10508097501	Zoomorphism	animal attributes are imposed upon non-animal objects, humans, and events	186

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AP Literature (semester 1) Flashcards

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8482598502	paraphrase	to restate in other words	0
8482598503	summary	A retelling of the most important parts of what was read.	1
8482598504	Negative Capability	Keats: the ability to accept ambiguity and paradox without having to resolve them	2
8482598505	context	the circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text	3
8482598506	Connotation	an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.	4
8482598507	Denotation	The dictionary definition of a word	5
8482598508	Syntax	The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.	6
8482598509	content	the message the work communicates	7
8482598510	Genre	a major category or type of literature	8
8482598511	stream of consciousness	A literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur. (thoughts without order)	9
8482598512	Paradox	a contradiction or dilemma	10
8482598513	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.	11
8482598514	Diction	A writer's or speaker's choice of words	12
8482598515	Allusion	A reference to another work of literature, person, or event	13
8482598516	Imagery	Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)	14
8482598517	dramatic irony	when a reader is aware of something that a character isn't	15
8482598518	Narrator	Person telling the story	16
8482598519	point of view	the perspective from which a story is told	17
8482598520	omniscient point of view	the narrator is capable of knowing, telling, and seeing all (The Bear)	18
8482598521	limited omniscient	When the narrator can see into the mind and heart of only one of the characters in the story	19
8482598522	parallel structure	the repetition of words or phrases that have similar grammatical structures	20
8482598523	Persona	An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.	21
8482598524	Apostrophe	A figure of speech wherein the speaker speaks directly to something nonhuman	22
8482598525	Setting	The context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs.	23
8482598526	Metaphor	A comparison without using like or as	24
8482598527	Simile	A comparison using "like" or "as"	25
8482598528	Hyperbole	A figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor	26
8482598529	Personification	A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes	27
8482598530	Tone	Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character	28
8482598531	structure	the arrangement or framework of a sentence, paragraph, or entire work	29
8482598532	Inference	A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning	30
8482598533	Foreshadowing	A narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader.	31

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AP US HISTORY CHAPTER 18 Choice Flashcards

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9406927815	1. In order to maintain the two great political parties as vital bonds of national unity, early 19th century politicians a) decided to ban slavery from all United States territories b) decided to allow slavery into all U.S. territories c) avoided public discussion of slavery d) banished abolitionists from membership in either national party e) worked to make third parties almost impossible	C	0
9406927816	2. The U.S.' victory in the Mexican American War resulted in a) renewed controversy over the issue of extending slavery into the territories b) a possible split in the Whig and Democrat parties over slavery c) the cession by Mexico of an enormous amount of land to the U.S. d) a rush of settlers to new American territory in California e) all of the above	E	1
9406927817	3.The Wilmot Proviso, if adopted, would have a) prevented the taking of any territory from Mexico b) required California to enter the Union as a slave state c) overturned the Fugitive Slave Law d) prohibited slavery in any territory acquired in the Mexican War e) all of the above	D	2
9406927818	4. The debate over slavery in the Mexican Cession a) threatened to split national politics along North-South lines b) nearly resulted in the return of the territory to Mexico c) resulted in the formation of the Republican party d) resulted in strong hostility to further expansion e) all of the above	A	3
9406927819	5. In 1848, the Free Soil party platform advocated all of the following except a) support of the Wilmot Proviso b) internal improvements c) free government homesteads for settlers d) opposition to slavery in the territories e) an end to slavery in the District of Columbia	B	4
9406927820	6. According to the principle of 'popular sovereignty.' The question of slavery in the territories would be determined by a) the most popular national leaders b) a national referendum c) congressional legislation d) a Supreme Court decision e) the vote of the people in any given territory	E	5
9406927821	7. The public liked popular sovereignty because it a) stopped the spread of slavery b) fit in with the democratic tradition of self-determination c) provided a national solution to the problem of slavery d) supported the Wilmot Proviso e) upheld the principles of white supremacy	B	6
9406927822	8. In the 1848 presidential election, the Democratic and Whig parties a) lost to the Free Soil party b) addressed the issue of slavery c) remained silent on the issue of slavery d) abandoned the tactic of nominating military leaders e) were divided on the issue of admitting California	C	7
9406927823	9. The key issue for the major parties in the 1848 presidential election was a) personalities b) slavery c) expansion d) Indian removal e) The economy	A	8
9406927824	10. The event that brought turmoil to the administration of Zachary Taylor was the a) passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act b) influx of immigrants to the west coast c) attempt to acquire Cuba d) growth of lawlessness in California e) discovery of gold in California	E	9
9406927825	11. The Free Soilers argued that slavery a) was unsuited to the West b) would cause more costly wage labor to wither away c) would, through its profits, enable small farmers to buy more land d) should be gradually abolished e) all of the above	B	10
9406927826	12. Of those people going to California during the gold rush, a) the majority had come from foreign nations b) slaves constituted a sizable minority c) the majority gained considerable financial rewards d) most were interested in free-soil farming e) a distressingly high proportion were lawless men	E	11
9406927827	13. The Free Soliers condemned slavery because a) of the harm it did to blacks b) of moral principles c) it destroyed the chances of free white workers to rise to self-employment d) it was the only way they had of combating the appeal of the Democratic party e) it damaged the national economy	C	12
9406927828	14. By 1850, the South a) was experiencing economic difficulties b) feared that slavery might be abolished in states where it already existed c) remained concerned about its weak voice in national government d) was relatively well off, p[politically and economically e) recognized that slavery expansion was over	D	13
9406927829	15. Harriet Tubman gained fame a) by helping slaves escape to Canada b) in the gold fields of California c) as an African-American antislavery novelist d) as an advocate of the Fugitive Slave Law e) by urging white women to oppose slavery	A	14
9406927830	16. During the 1850s, slaves gained their freedom most frequently by a) running away b) persuading masters to free them c) rebellion d) use of federal laws e) self-purchase	E	15
9406927831	17. John C. Calhoun's plan to protect the South and slavery involved a) a constitutional amendment permanently guaranteeing equal numbers of slave and free states b) southern secession from the Union c) support of Henry Clay's proposed concessions by both the North and the South d) repealing the president's veto power e) the election of two presidents, one from the North and one from the South	E	16
9406927832	18. Daniel Webster's famed Seventh of March speech in 1850 resulted in a) Senate rejection of a fugitive-slave law b) A shift toward compromise in the North c) Condemnation by northern commercial interests d) Charges of accepting bribes e) A movement to draft him for the presidency	B	17
9406927833	19. In his Seventh of March speech, Daniel Webster a) attacked Henry Clay's compromise proposals b) called for a new, more stringent fugitive-slave law c) advocated a congressional ban on slavery in the territories d) proposed a scheme for electing two presidents, one from the North and one from the South, each having veto power e) became a hated figure in the South	B	18
9406927834	20. For his position in his Seventh of March speech, Daniel Webster was viciously condemned by a) northern Unionists b) northern banking and commercial interests c) abolitionists d) Henry Clay e) John C. Calhoun	C	19
9406927835	21. The Young Guard from the North a) regarded preserving the Union as their top priority b) agreed fully with the Old Guard on the issue of slavery c) saw expansionism as a solution to the slavery question d) gave support to John C. Calhoun's plan for rescuing the Union e) were most interested in purging and purifying the Union	E	20
9406927836	22. In the debates of 1850, Senator William H. Seward, as a representative of the northern Young Guard, argued that a) the Constitution must be obeyed b) John C. Calhoun's compromise plan must be adopted to preserve the Union c) Christian legislators must obey God's moral law d) Compromise must be achieved to preserve the Union e) African Americans should be granted their own territory	C	21
9406927837	23. During the debate of 1850, ___________________ argued that there was a "higher law" than the Constitution that compelled him to demand the exclusion of slavery form the territories. a) William H. Seward b) Henry Clay c) Daniel Webster d) Stephen A. Douglas e) Zachary Taylor	A	22
9406927838	24.President Zachary Taylor unknowingly helped the cause of compromise in 1850 when he a) lead an invasion of Texas to halt its attempts to take part of New Mexico b) supported fellow southerner John C. Calhoun's plan for union c) died suddenly and Millard Fillmore became president d) ushered in a second Era of Good Feelings e) decided not to run for re-election	E	23
9406927839	25. Southern delegates met at a convention in Nashville in the summer of 1850 to a) plan southern secession b) plan ways to acquire more slave territory c) propose a series of constitutional amendments d) denounce Daniel Webster as a traitor to the South e) condemn the compromises being worked out in Congress	C	24
9406927840	26. In the Compromise of 1850, Congress determined that slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories was a) to be banned b) protected by federal law c) to be decided by popular sovereignty d) to be ignored until either territory applied for admission to statehood e) to be decided by the Mormon Church	C	25
9406927841	27. The most alarming aspect of the Compromise of 1850 to northerners was the decision concerning a) slavery in the District of Columbia b) slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories c) the new Fugitive Slave Law d) settlement of the Texas-New Mexico boundary dispute e) continuation of the interstate slave trade	A	26
9406927842	28. The Fugitive Slave Law included all of the flowing provisions except a) the requirement that fugitive slaves be returned from Canada b) denial of a jury trial to runaway slaves c) denial of fleeing slaves' right to testify on their own behalf d) the penalty of imprisonment for northerners who helped slaves to escape e) a higher payment if officials determined blacks to be runaways	E	27
9406927843	29. Many northern states passed 'personal liberty' laws in response to the Compromise of 1850's provision regarding a) slavery in the District of Columbia b) slavery in the territories c) restriction son free blacks d) the interstate slave trade e) runaway slaves	B	28
9406927844	30. In light of future evidence, it seems apparent that in the Compromise of 1850 the South made a tactical blunder by a) allowing a ban on the slave trade in Washington DC b) demanding a strong fugitive-slave law c) not insisting on federal protection of slavery in the territories d) allowing the admission of California as a free state e) allowing popular sovereignty in Nebraska territory	B	29
9406927845	31. The fatal split in the Whig party in 1852 occurred over a) the nomination of General Winfield Scott or Daniel Webster b) slavery c) the Gadsden Purchase d) homestead laws e) the transcontinental railroad route	B	30
9406927846	32. The election of 1852 was significant because it a) saw the victory of a pro-South northerner b) marked the return of issues-oriented campaigning c) saw the rise of purely national parties d) marked the end of the Whig party e) saw the emergence of an antislavery third party	A	31
9406927847	33. For a short time in the 1850s, an American seized control of a) Nicaragua b) Cuba c) Japan d) El Salvador e) Puerto Rico	A	32
9406927848	34. The man who opened Japan to the U.S. was a) William Walker b) Franklin Pierce c) Lafcadio Hearn d) Clayton Bulwer e) Matthew Parry	E	33
9406927849	35. The prime objective of Manifest Destiny in the 1850s was a) Panama b) Nicaragua c) Cuba d) Hawaii e) The Dominican Republic	B	34
9406927850	36. The U.S.' scheme to gain control of Cuba was stopped when a) Spain thereatened war b) northern free-soilers fiercely protested the effort c) U.S. leaders signed the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty d) Cuba refused to go along with the plan e) U.S. adventurers bungled their invasion	E	35
9406927851	37. The most brazen scheme for territorial expansion in the 1850s was expressed in the a) Clayton-Bulwer Treaty b) Wilmot Proviso c) Kansas-Nebraska Act d) Gadsden Purchase e) Ostend Manifesto	D	36
9406927852	38. Most American leaders believed that the only way to keep the new Pacific Coast territories from breaking away form U.S. control was a) to allow slavery in these areas b) to build a canal across Central America c) to grant the territories quick statehood d) to construct a transcontinental railroad e) to establish large naval bases in San Diego	C	37
9406927853	39. A southern route for the transcontinental railroad seemed the best because a) northern areas were organized territories b) slave labor could be used to construct it c) the railroad would be easier to build in this area d) Mexican leader Santa Anna agreed to contribute money for the project e) It would firmly tie southern California to the Union	A	38
9406927854	40. Stephen A. Douglas proposed that the question of slavery in the Kansas-Nebraska Territory be decided by a) popular sovereignty b) making Kansas a free territory and Nebraska a lave territory c) the Supreme Court d) admitting California, Kansas, and Nebraska to the Union as free states e) the winner of the next presidential election	E	39
9406927855	41. Stephen A. Douglas's plans for deciding the slaveyr question in the Kansas-Nebraska scheme required repeal of the a) Compromise of 1850 b) Fugitive Slave Act c) Wilmot Proviso d) Northwest Ordinance e) Missouri Compromise	D	40

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APES final Flashcards

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8475047269	negative feedback loop	CO2 in atmosphere--> global warming--> more plants---> photsynthesis--x-> CO2 levels in atmosphere	0
8475066260	positive feedback loop	CO2 levels in atmosphere--> global warming--> gasses are less soluble in liquids---> ocean releases more CO2---> CO2 levels in atmosphere	1
8475081083	free trade	complex policy with clear benefits and losses; impacts the environment	2
8475093374	benefits of free trade	access to natural resources, mutual economic benefit, builds a middle class, move towards democracy	3
8475104041	losses of free trade	exported jobs, exports wealth from developing world, increases class separation, less regulation, labor issues, environmental issues	4
8475114241	environmental justice	developed world is exporting pollution to the developing world for our profit	5
8475120979	GDP	gross domestic product 1) consumer spending 2) investments 3) government spending 4)net exports(exports-imports) weaknesses- no measure of distribution of wealth - environmental degration	6
8475145320	GPI	genuine progress indicator 1)consumer spending 2)education 3) income distribution 4) pollution 5) resource depletion 6) health	7
8475155382	market failure	market values are inaccurate	8
8475672445	externalities	market effects that are unintended	9
8475676957	market forces	not motivating constructive actions	10
8475683077	positive externalities	public transit improves quality of life boosts economy envitronmental	11
8475691203	negative externalities	pollution resource degredation	12
8475701505	kuznets curve		13
8475709712	leap frogging	countries that skip generations of technology	14
8475714879	precautionary principle	assume dangerous until proven	15
8475717270	post cautionary principle	react only after something is proven harmful	16
8475730831	tombstone mentality	don't acknowledge problem until death	17
8475745897	ecosystem	location distinguished by its particular interactions of biotic and abiotic factors	18
8475757693	biotic	species present -animal, plant, microorganisms genetic diversity predator-prey relations symbiosis competition invasive species	19
8475778379	abiotic	temperature precipitation sunlight availability of water soil nutrients pollution salinity dissolved oxygen	20
8475796015	ecosystem boundaires	difficult to define; caves, lake, pond, stream	21
8475939482	strategies to define a boundary	1)species of interest 2) geography 3) political or administrative	22
8475952587	producers/autotrophs	obtain energy from the sun	23
8475956055	phototrophs	use photosynthesis to convert light energy to chemical energy	24
8475961146	chemotrophs	use chemo-synthesis to convert inorganic material in mineral or methane into organic chemical energy	25
8475979763	consumers	must rely on other living things	26
8475988336	primary consumers	herbivores & consume producers	27
8476012069	secondary consumers	carnivores	28
8476014545	tertiary consumers	apex predators & consume other predators	29
8476021354	decomposers	chemically break down things	30
8476026883	scavenger	carnivores, animals that eat dead animals	31
8476032035	photosynthesis	6CO2+6H2O-----> 6C6H12O6+6O2	32
8476037868	cellular respiration	6O2+C6H12O2----> 6H2O+6CO2	33
8476047795	all life	what life respires?	34
8476047797	GPP- gross primary productivity	total amount of photosynthesis	35
8476054927	NPP- net primary producticity	how much respiration	36
8476062050	1st law of thermodynamics	energy is conserved	37
8476066898	2nd law of thermodynamics	entropy (disorder) is always increasing	38
8476072960	10%	% of energy that remains usable in the next trophic level is ecological efficiency	39
8476099235	60%	% of respiration by plants	40
8476100993	99%	% of energy passing with out being absorbed	41
8476106209	1%	% of solar energy that strikes producers and captured by photosynthesis	42
8476113994	standing crop	the total amount of biomass present in an ecosystem at a particular time	43
8476120498	energy flow pyramid		44
8476127247	reservoir	major form of an element or compound as it is found or stored on earth	45
8476130288	nirtogen	major reservoir- air/atmosphere	46
8476134587	N2	free nitrogen- highly inert	47
8476151931	rhizobium	lives in root of nodules of legumes--> beans, peas, peanuts	48
8476182918	haber process	N2+3H2----> 2Nh3	49
8476136763	nitrogen fixation	STEP ONE OF NITROGEN CYCLE 1)lighting strikes -origin of life 2)nitrogen fixing bacteria azotobacter-free living 3)industiral process -human impact is 30-40% N2--> NO3	50
8476190397	nitrification	SECOND STEP OF NITROGEN CYCLE nitrifying bacteria ammonium/ammonia NH4+ or NH3----> NO2--->No3	51
8476203086	denitfirication	THIRD STEP OF NITROGEN CYCLE denitrifying bacteria NO3----> N2	52
8476222851	assimilation	FOURTH STEP OF NITROGEN CYCLE branches off of step 2 plants NO3---> biological N	53
8476232960	ammonification	FIFTH STEP OF NITROGEN CYCLE decomposing bacteria N---> NH3	54
8476246697	ecosystem resistance	measure of how much a disturbance can affect flows of energy and matter in an ecosystem	55
8476259714	ecosystem reslienece	measure of how quickly the ecosystem recovers from a disturbance	56
8476270430	species diversity OR species richness	number of species present	57
8476277828	genetic diversity	the variety of traits and genes present in a population or ecosystem	58
8476283327	ecosystem diversity	variety of ecosystems in an area; how interconnected ecosystems are; how complex ecosystems are	59
8476292024	2 million	number of known species on earth	60
8476296027	5-100 million	number of estimated total species	61
8476298873	species richness	number of species	62
8476304785	species eveness	how evenly distributed the population sixes are	63
8476311958	evolution	where does biodiversity come from?	64
8476316643	population	unit of evolution	65
8476319003	microevolution	evolution within a single species change in gene frequency new trait becoming fixed --> 100% of population	66
8476325996	macroevolution	relationships between different species -phylogeny -speciation	67
8476339182	mutation	only way brand new traits form random usually silent often deleterious sometimes (rare) good	68
8476358192	recombination	creates new combinations of traits in complex life- sex in bacteria- trade genes -- conjugation --transformation --transduction	69
8476366866	natural selection	1)variation (diversity) 2) heritable (genetic) 3) fitness (competition, selective pressure, survival of the fittest) excess offspring-not all survive	70
8476385935	artificial selection	humans choose -agriculture -dog breeds -GMO -faster than naturally	71
8476394267	genetic drift	-random -much slower	72
8476398589	bottleneck effect	major disaster mass random death	73
8476403152	founder effect	new organisms in an area	74
8476408158	reproductive isolation	species becoming divided into two populations that do not mate with one another	75
8476413445	geographic isolation	allopatric & sympatric	76
8476419254	allopatric isolation	speciation with geographic isolation	77
8476421724	sympatric isolation	speciation without geographic isolation	78
8476421725	behavioral isolation	isolation between populations due to differences in courtship or mating behavior	79
8476692167	temporal isolation	form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times	80
8476695050	polyploidy	plants have a possible mutation where offspring have a different number of copies of the entire genome	81
8476707165	fast evolution	-small population -short generation length -high biodiversity -high mutation rate -high selective pressure	82
8476714635	slow evolution	large population long generation time low biodiversity low mutation rate low selective pressure	83
8476719679	niche	includes habitat, strategies, behaviors, and roles of an organism	84
8476724035	fundamental niche	everywhere a species could survive and sustain a population	85
8476727991	realized niche	everywhere a species currently survives and sustains population	86
8476736996	extinction	all dead, everywhere	87
8476739601	extirpation	local extinction	88
8476748691	endangered	danger of extinction	89
8476750491	threatened	likely to become endangered	90
8476750494	exotic	organism outside its natural location	91
8476753036	invasive	no natural enemies	92
8476764205	predation	one organism kills and consumes others for food	93
8476792206	symbiosis	when two species or more have closely intertwined life cycles	94
8476796245	parasitism	one benefits and one suffers	95
8476807028	commensalism	one benefits and one is unaffected	96
8476809272	mutualism	both benefit	97
8476811547	interspecies competition	between many species- competition for territory, food, sunlight or other limited resources	98
8476821395	intraspecies competition	within one species- limited resources	99
8476833864	competitive exclusionary principle	no two organisms can occupy the same niche without competing intensely until one goes extinct	100
8476841033	resource partitioning	Differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist.	101
8476852025	density dependent factors	food space water sunlight nutrients disease	102
8476860866	density independent factors	natural disasters abiotic factors temperature pH dissolved O2	103
8476872431	intrinsic growth rate	the maximum potential for growth of a population under ideal conditions with unlimited resources	104
8476928401	carrying capacity	Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support	105
8476945645	r-selected	no parental care fast reproduction more offspring @ once reaches sexual maturity faster shorter gestation shorter generation smaller offspring	106
8476956222	k-selected	slow reproduction one or few offspring reaches sexual maturity slowly longer generation longer gestation larger offspring	107
8476975256	ITCZ	intertropical convergence zone	108
8476978498	adiabatic	process that changes temperature without changing heat	109
8476985927	hadley cell		110
8476989679	troposphere	closest to earth included the air we breathe weather occurs about 10 miles contains about 80% of the atmosphere	111
8477009221	stratosphere	contains the ozone layer absorbs UV rays from the sun	112
8477160499	mesosphere	middle layer	113
8477162194	thermosphere	very wide/thick/deep absorbs harmful x-rays and UV rays contains charged gases that produce light when struck by solar radiation aurora borealis	114
8477175389	exosphere	extremely disperse/thin outerspace(mildly)	115
8477186439	reasons for unequal heating of the earth	1) light from a lower angle is spread over a large area 2)distance through the atmosphere 3)albedo	116
8477197159	El nino	-tradewinds across south america weaken -warm water from pacific moves to south america -upwelling is supressed -reduced fish population -fighing in south americais poor -temperature/precipitation alteration	117
8477220782	coriolis effects	occurs because the earth is a sphere and not a flat plane, and the rotation of the surface of the Earth is faster at the equator than at the poles northern- deflect right southern- deflect left	118
8477240430	desert	-always hot, slightly seasonal, always dry	119
8477246207	tropical seasonal rainforest/savannah	"rainy" -extreme wet season, dry season, always warm	120
8477250188	tropical rainforest	always hot, always rainy	121
8477256588	june 21st; 22.5*N	tropic of cancer	122
8477259263	december 21st; 22.5*S	tropic of capricorn	123
8477261726	taiga	some-what wet, long and cold winter, temperature is seasonal	124
8477273118	tundra	very dry and cold, temperature is seasonal	125
8477281349	temperate seasonal forest	moderate, seasonal temperature, year round	126
8477287448	temperate grassland	drier than temperate seasonal forest	127
8477299368	temperate rainforest	oceans moderate temperature, oceans increase rainfall, not as rainy as tropical rainforest	128
8477305313	woodland/shrubland	Mediterranean, chaparral, hot warm dry summers	129
8477320651	mineral recycling	very profitable when feasible	130
8477324011	crust	distinct chemical compound; solid, hard, brittle	131
8477327694	mantle	top- brittle solid mantle, hard middle- ductile solid, softer, asthenosphere bottom- liquid magma	132
8477345414	outer core	liquid magma	133
8477348396	inner core	solid mass inside earth	134
8477374274	o horizon	organic horizon, may be absent, include detritus, in various state of composition	135
8477383293	a horizon	top soil, mixture of organic materials and minerals- agriculture	136
8477390773	e horizon	zone of eluviation(leaching), appear to be washed out, might not be present, might be between o and a	137
8477403260	b horizon	subsoil, zone of accumulation, leached materials accumulate(illuviation), mostly minerals and a dew organic elements	138
8477418143	c horizon	least weathered, rocky, youngest soil	139
8477420323	r horizon	bedrock, parent material	140
8477424311	humus	component of soil comprised of decaying organic matter	141
8477430726	leaching	eluviation; washing out of removal of minerals from soil by water	142
8477437653	illuviation	deposition of minerals into soil by water	143
8477443384	soil composition	mineral particles=45% water=25% air=25% organic material=5%-10% living matter -10% roots -80% humus	144
8477458674	porosity	amount of pore space; measure with standing water	145
8477461156	permeability	flow of water; passing water through	146
8477465309	texture	size of granule	147
8477467745	cation exchange capacity	how quickly or easily soil exchanges minerals with H2O	148
8477473366	base saturation	measure of acidity= % of basic compounds/% of acidic compounds	149
8477480217	ideal agricultural soil	medium porosity medium permeability high CEC high base saturation LOAM	150
8477489823	open pit mining	copper mines; limestone quarries	151
8477496450	mountain top removal mining	the top of a mountain is blown off using TNT to expose ore; tailings are placed in lower elevations	152
8477501677	strip mining	soil/rock is stripped away, exposing ore	153

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