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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

13760998289	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13760998290	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13760998291	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13760998292	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13760998293	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13760998294	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13760998295	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13760998296	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13760998297	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13760998298	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13760998299	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13760998300	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13760998301	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13760998302	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13760998303	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13760998304	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13760998305	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13760998306	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13760998307	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13760998308	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13760998309	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13760998310	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13760998311	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13760998312	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13760998313	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13760998314	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13760998315	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13760998316	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13760998317	theory	general idea being tested	28
13760998318	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13760998319	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13760998320	mode	appears the most	31
13760998321	mean	average	32
13760998322	median	middle	33
13760998323	range	highest - lowest	34
13760998324	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13760998325	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13760998326	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13760998327	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13760998328	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13760998329	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13760998330	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13760998331	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13760998523	neuron		43
13760998332	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13760998333	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13760998334	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13760998335	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13760998336	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13760998337	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13760998338	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13760998339	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13760998340	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13760998341	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13760998342	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13760998343	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13760998344	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13760998345	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13760998346	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13760998347	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13760998348	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13760998349	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13760998350	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13760998351	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13760998352	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13760998353	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13760998354	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13760998355	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13760998356	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13760998357	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13760998358	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13760998359	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13760998360	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13760998361	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13760998362	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13760998363	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13760998364	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13760998365	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13760998366	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13760998367	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13760998368	occipital lobe	vision	80
13760998369	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13760998370	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13760998371	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13760998372	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13760998373	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13760998374	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13760998375	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13760998376	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13760998377	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13760998378	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13760998379	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13760998380	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13760998381	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13760998382	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13760998383	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13760998384	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13760998385	rods	night time	97
13760998386	cones	color	98
13760998387	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13760998388	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13760998389	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13760998390	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13760998391	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13760998392	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13760998393	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13760998394	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13760998395	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13760998396	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13760998397	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13760998398	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13760998399	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13760998400	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13760998401	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13760998402	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13760998403	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13760998404	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13760998405	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13760998406	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13760998407	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13760998408	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13760998409	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13760998410	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13760998411	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13760998412	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13760998413	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13760998414	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13760998415	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13760998416	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13760998417	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13760998418	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13760998419	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13760998420	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13760998421	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13760998422	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13760998423	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13760998424	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13760998425	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13760998426	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13760998427	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13760998428	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13760998429	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13760998430	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13760998431	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13760998432	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13760998433	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13760998434	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13760998435	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13760998436	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13760998437	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13760998438	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13760998439	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13760998440	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13760998441	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13760998442	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13760998443	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13760998444	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13760998445	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13760998446	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13760998447	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13760998448	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13760998449	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13760998450	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13760998451	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13760998452	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13760998453	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13760998454	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13760998455	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13760998456	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13760998457	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13760998458	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13760998459	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13760998460	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13760998461	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13760998462	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13760998463	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13760998464	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13760998465	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13760998466	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13760998467	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13760998468	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13760998469	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13760998470	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13760998471	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13760998472	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13760998473	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13760998474	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13760998475	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13760998476	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13760998477	encoding	information going in	189
13760998478	storage	keeping information in	190
13760998479	retrieval	taking information out	191
13760998480	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13760998481	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13760998482	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13760998483	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13760998484	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13760998485	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13760998486	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13760998487	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13760998488	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13760998489	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13760998490	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13760998491	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13760998492	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13760998493	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13760998494	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13760998495	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13760998496	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13760998497	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13760998498	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13760998499	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13760998500	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13760998501	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13760998502	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13760998503	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13760998504	context	environment helps with memory	216
13760998505	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13760998506	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13760998507	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13760998508	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13760998509	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13760998510	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13760998511	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13760998512	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13760998513	prototypes	generalize	225
13760998514	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13760998515	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13760998516	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13760998517	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13760998518	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13760998519	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13760998520	grammar is _________	universal	232
13760998521	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13760998522	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Bio Unit 2: Quiz 1 Flashcards

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7740247124	Cell Membrane	phospholipid bi layer, holds the cell together, found in all cells	0
7740257593	Cell Wall	made of cellulose and protein, functions as structure for cells and protects cell from mechanical damage. Found only in plant cells (eukaryotes) and bacterial cells (prokaryotes)	1
7740270269	Nucleus	Surrounded by nuclear envelope, contains DNA (chromatin) and the nucleolus. Found in plant and animal cells	2
7740270270	Nucleolus	located inside the nucleus; makes ribosomes in plant and animal cells	3
7740289821	Ribosomes	found as free ribosomes floating in the cytoplasm as well as bound ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Makes proteins in plant and animal cells	4
7740304160	Rough ER	membranes with bound ribosomes, attached to the nuclear envelope. makes and folds proteins in plant and animal cells	5
7740323586	Smooth ER	membranes without ribosomes, makes lipids for cell membrane, metabolism of carbohydrates and is important for detoxification in plant and animal cells	6
7740346100	Golgi apparatus	modifies, sorts, packages, and ships out proteins in plant and animal cells. active in synthesis	7
7740357691	Mitochondria	double membrane with lots of internal folds, which is important for converting glucose to ATP energy (cellular respiration) in plant and animal cells	8
7740375087	Chloroplast	double membrane with stacks of disks called thylakoids, converts solar energy to chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose (photosynthesis) in plant cells	9
7740405291	Lysosomes	vacuoles with hydrolytic enzymes that break down food and/or parts of the cell to be recycled. Transports proteins in animal cells -pH of 4.5-5.0	10
7740440308	central vacuole	stores water within plant cells	11
7740482147	transport vesicle	carries secretions for export from the cell, from the Golgi apparatus, carries proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus	12
7740515155	smooth er	makes cell membrane	13
7740519773	nucleus	cell's control center	14
7740539344	plasma membrane	a substance must pass through here to enter or leave a cell	15
7740546486	bacteria and archaea	consists of prokaryotic cells	16
7740625748	all cells have...	cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes	17
7740686360	prokaryotic cells	no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, evolved first, bacteria, DNA in cytoplasm (nucleoid)	18
7740704148	eukaryotic cells	type of cell that contains a nucleus bound by a double membrane, evolved later, is found in plants, animals, protists, and fungi, contains membrane bound organelles	19
7740728379	Endomembrane System	contains ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles, and vesicles. Synthesizes, packages, exports/imports materials to and from the cell	20
14803355925	peroxisome	organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product, then converts it to water. found in plant and animal cells	21
14803368847	cytoskeleton	internal infrastructure of cells made of small proteins, reinforces shape and functions in cell movement	22
14803391237	translation	Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced in ribosomes	23
14803393707	free ribosomes	ribosomes suspended in the cytoplasm, make proteins that are needed by THAT CELL	24
14803408505	bound ribosomes	found on the endoplasmic reticulum, makes proteins destined for secretion for OTHER cells to use	25
14803430483	glycolipids and glycoproteins	help cells communicate and recognize each other	26
14803526980	Phagocytosis	process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell	27
14803531216	Autophagy	A process in which lysosomes decompose damaged organelles to reuse their organic monomers, which are released into the cytosol	28
14803545176	contractile vacuole	pumps excess water out of the cell	29
14803552048	Endiosymbiont	cell living within another cell	30
14803556395	endiosymbiont theory	theory stating that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiotic relationship with several different prokaryotes (mitochondria and chloroplasts) by engulfing an oxygen using prokaryotic cell	31
14803587527	Why is the inner membrane of mitochondria highly folded? What is the role of the individual thylakoid membranes?	to expand the cell's surface area	32

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13893129993	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13893129994	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13893129995	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13893129996	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13893129997	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13893129998	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13893129999	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13893130000	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13893130001	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13893130002	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13893130003	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13893130004	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13893130005	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13893130006	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13893130007	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13893130008	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13893130009	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13893130010	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13893130011	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13893130012	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13893130013	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13893130014	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13893130015	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13893130016	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13893130017	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13893130018	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13893130019	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13893130020	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13893130021	theory	general idea being tested	28
13893130022	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13893130023	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13893130024	mode	appears the most	31
13893130025	mean	average	32
13893130026	median	middle	33
13893130027	range	highest - lowest	34
13893130028	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13893130029	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13893130030	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13893130031	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13893130032	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13893130033	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13893130034	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13893130035	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13893130228	neuron		43
13893130036	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13893130037	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13893130038	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13893130039	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13893130040	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13893130041	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13893130042	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13893130043	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13893130044	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13893130045	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13893130046	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13893130047	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13893130048	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13893130049	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13893130050	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13893130051	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13893130052	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13893130053	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13893130054	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13893130055	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13893130056	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13893130057	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13893130058	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13893130059	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13893130060	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13893130061	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13893130062	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13893130063	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13893130064	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13893130065	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13893130066	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13893130067	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13893130068	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13893130069	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13893130070	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13893130071	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13893130072	occipital lobe	vision	80
13893130073	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13893130074	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13893130075	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13893130076	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13893130077	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13893130078	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13893130079	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13893130080	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13893130081	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13893130082	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13893130083	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13893130084	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13893130085	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13893130086	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13893130087	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13893130088	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13893130089	rods	night time	97
13893130090	cones	color	98
13893130091	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13893130092	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13893130093	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13893130094	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13893130095	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13893130096	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13893130097	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13893130098	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13893130099	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13893130100	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13893130101	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13893130102	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13893130103	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13893130104	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13893130105	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13893130106	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13893130107	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13893130108	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13893130109	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13893130110	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13893130111	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13893130112	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13893130113	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13893130114	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13893130115	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13893130116	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13893130117	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13893130118	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13893130119	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13893130120	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13893130121	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13893130122	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13893130123	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13893130124	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13893130125	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13893130126	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13893130127	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13893130128	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13893130129	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13893130130	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13893130131	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13893130132	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13893130133	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13893130134	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13893130135	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13893130136	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13893130137	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13893130138	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13893130139	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13893130140	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13893130141	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13893130142	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13893130143	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13893130144	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13893130145	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13893130146	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13893130147	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13893130148	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13893130149	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13893130150	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13893130151	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13893130152	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13893130153	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13893130154	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13893130155	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13893130156	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13893130157	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13893130158	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13893130159	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13893130160	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13893130161	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13893130162	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13893130163	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13893130164	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13893130165	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13893130166	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13893130167	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13893130168	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13893130169	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13893130170	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13893130171	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13893130172	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13893130173	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13893130174	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13893130175	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13893130176	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13893130177	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13893130178	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13893130179	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13893130180	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13893130181	encoding	information going in	189
13893130182	storage	keeping information in	190
13893130183	retrieval	taking information out	191
13893130184	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13893130185	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13893130186	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13893130187	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13893130188	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13893130189	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13893130190	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13893130191	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13893130192	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13893130193	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13893130194	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13893130195	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13893130196	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13893130197	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13893130198	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13893130199	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13893130200	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13893130201	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13893130202	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13893130203	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13893130204	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13893130205	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13893130206	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13893130207	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13893130208	context	environment helps with memory	216
13893130209	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13893130210	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13893130211	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13893130212	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13893130213	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13893130214	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13893130215	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13893130216	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13893130217	prototypes	generalize	225
13893130218	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13893130219	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13893130220	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13893130221	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13893130222	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13893130223	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13893130224	grammar is _________	universal	232
13893130225	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13893130226	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

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13971598321	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
13971598322	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	1
13971598323	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	2
13971598324	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	3
13971598325	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	4
13971598326	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	5
13971598327	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	6
13971598328	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	7
13971598329	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	8
13971598330	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	9
13971598331	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	10
13971598332	Jihad	Islamic holy war	11
13971598333	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	12
13971598334	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	13
13971598335	Mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam	14
13971598336	Dhimmis	"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus	15
13971598337	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	16
13971598338	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	17
13971598339	Wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids	18
13971598340	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	19
13971598341	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	20
13971598342	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	21
13971598343	Ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking	22
13971598344	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	23
13971598345	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	24
13971598346	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	25
13971598347	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves	26
13971598348	Arabic numerals	Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West	27
13971598349	Shrivijaya	trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam	28
13971598350	Malacca	flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya	29
13971598351	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	30
13971598352	Mansa	title of the ruler of Mali	31
13971598353	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	32
13971598354	Sundiata	created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260	33
13971598355	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	34
13971598356	East African trading ports	urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar	35
13971598357	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa	36
13971598358	Greek Fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople	37
13971598359	Icons	images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians	38
13971598360	Iconoclasm	the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	39
13971598361	Manzikert	Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory	40
13971598362	Cyril and Methodius	Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic	41
13971598363	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c	42
13971598364	Rurik	legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855	43
13971598365	Vladmir I	ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity	44
13971598366	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	45
13971598367	Tatars	Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact	46
13971598368	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	47
13971598369	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	48
13971598370	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	49
13971598371	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	50
13971598372	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	51
13971598373	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	52
13971598374	Clovis	King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496	53
13971598375	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	54
13971598376	Charles Martel	first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732	55
13971598377	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	56
13971598378	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	57
13971598379	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	58
13971598380	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	59
13971598381	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	60
13971598382	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	61
13971598383	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects	62
13971598384	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.	63
13971598385	Pope Urban II	organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	64
13971598386	Investiture	the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV	65
13971598387	Gregory VII	11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops	66
13971598388	Thomas Aquinas	creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	67
13971598389	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	68
13971598390	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	69
13971598391	Guilds	associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities	70
13971598392	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	71
13971598393	Period of the Six Dynasties	era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han	72
13971598394	Jinshi	title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office	73
13971598395	Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia	74
13971598396	Wuzong	Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism	75
13971598397	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.	76
13971598398	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	77
13971598399	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	78
13971598400	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	79
13971598401	Footbinding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.	80
13971598402	Taika reforms	attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army	81
13971598403	Fujiwara	mid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power	82
13971598404	Bushi	regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies	83
13971598405	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	84
13971598406	Seppuku	ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor	85
13971598407	Gempei wars	Waged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age	86
13971598408	Bakufu	military government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai	87
13971598409	Shoguns	military leaders of the bakufu	88
13971598410	Daimyos	warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states	89
13971598411	Sinification	extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions	90
13971598412	Yi	dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence	91
13971598413	Trung Sisters	leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society	92
13971598414	Khmers and Chams	Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi	93
13971598415	Nguyen	southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi	94
13971598416	Chinggis Khan	born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227	95
13971598417	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits	96
13971598418	Batu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236	97
13971598419	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	98
13971598420	Ilkhan khanate	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire	99
13971598421	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad	100
13971598422	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260	101
13971598423	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	102
13971598424	White Lotus Society	secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty	103
13971598425	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	104
13971598426	Ming Dynasty	replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China	105
13971598427	Ethnocentrism	judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history	106
13971598428	Muhammad's primary historical achievement	spread of Islam	107
13971598442	Silk Road Trade system		108
13971598443	Kingdom of Mali		109
13971598429	Inca and Rome both had	extensive road systems	110
13971598430	Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450	land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place	111
13971598431	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	112
13971598432	Diasporic communities	merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas	113
13971598433	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	114
13971598434	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	115
13971598435	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	116
13971598436	Black Death	plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.	117
13971598444	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		118
13971598437	Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade	Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu	119
13971598438	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	120
13971598439	New forms of monetization	Checks, Bills of Exchange	121
13971598445	Bantu Migrations		122
13971598440	footbinding	began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming	123
13971598441	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	124

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AP Macro Unit 1 Flashcards

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10453836500	economics	science of scarcity (study of choices)	0
10453837222	scarcity	unlimited wants, but limited resources	1
10453837941	microeconomics	Study of small economic units such as individuals, firms, and industries (ex: supply and demand in specific markets, production costs, labor markets, etc.)	2
10453839974	macroeconomics	Study of the large economy as a whole or economic aggregates (ex: economic growth, government spending, inflation, unemployment, international trade etc.)	3
10453843293	theoretical economics	generalizations & abstractions to make theories	4
10453844647	policy statement	theories applied to fix problems or meet economic goals	5
10457670928	positive economics	fact based, avoid value judgement (what is)	6
10453845706	normative statement	include value judgement (what should be)	7
10453846225	5 key economic assumptions	1) scarcity, 2) trade-off, 3) self-interest, 4) marginal costs & marginal benefits, 5) real life explained through simplified models	8
10453852028	marginal analysis	making decisions based on increments (examples: going to the mall)	9
10453853698	trade-offs	all alternatives given up when making a choice	10
10453854827	opportunity cost	most desirable alternative given up in a choice	11
10453855930	utility	satisfaction	12
10453857116	marginal	additional (or change)	13
10453857117	allocate	distribute	14
10453858632	price	amount buyer pays	15
10453858633	cost	amount seller pays to produce a good	16
10453859287	investment	money spent by businesses to improve production	17
10453861739	consumer goods	created for direct consumption (pizza)	18
10453862670	capital goods	created for indirect consumption (oven)	19
10453864023	4 factors of production	1) land: natural resources to produce goods/services, 2) labor: effort to do task for paid person, 3) capital: physical capital (human-made resource to create other goods/services) & human capital (skills/knowledge), 4)leaders who combine other factors of production to create goods/services, innovation & risk	20
10457673255	3 economic goods	what/how/for who goods/services should be produced	21
10457676091	economic systems	include command economy, mixed economy, and free market economy	22
10457677371	command economy	centrally-planned, communism, example: former Soviet Union	23
10457678766	free market economy	laissez faire, capitalist economy	24
10457683114	production possibilities curve	(ppc) (or frontier) model showing alternate ways economy can use scarce resources; graphically demonstrates scarcity, trade-offs, opportunity costs, & efficiency	25
10457685519	4 key assumptions on ppc	only 2 goods can be produced, full employment of resources, fixed resources (ceteris paribus), and fixed technology	26
10457686839	production possibilities graph	area outside is impossible/unattainable, on the line is efficient, in the area is inefficient/unemployment	27
10457688150	constant opportunity cost	resources easily adaptable for producing either good; result in straight line ppc (not common)	28
10457694416	law of increasing opportunity cost	resources not easily adaptable to produce both goods, so as produce more any good, opportunity cost (forgone production of another good) increase; result concave bowed out ppc	29
10467623525	2 types of efficiency	productive & allocative efficiency	30
10467624190	productive efficiency	being produced least costly way; any point on production possibilities curve	31
10467625394	allocative efficiency	products produced are most desired by society; optimal point on ppc depends on the society desires	32
10467630877	3 shifters of ppc	change in resource quantity of quality, change in technology, change in trade (allow more consumption but not production)	33
10472554345	per unit opportunity cost	opportunity cost/units gained	34
10472555265	absolute advantage	can produce most output or requires least amount of inputs (resources)	35
10472556029	comparative advantage	producer w/ lowest opportunity cost	36
10472557060	input	other number under (IOU)	37
10472557887	output	other number over (OOO)	38
10477834036	product market	place where goods & services produced by businesses sell to households	39
10477842687	resource (factor) market	where resources are sold to businesses (include labor, land, entrepreneurship)	40
10477846181	private sector	economy run by individuals & businesses	41
10477847281	public sector	economy controlled by gov	42
10477848053	factor payments	payments for the factors of production, namely rent, wages, interest, and profit	43
10477850058	transfer payments	when government redistributes income (welfare, social security)	44
10477851238	subsidies	gov payments to businesses	45
10477853403	circular-flow diagram	a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among individuals, businesses, and the gov	46
10488770857	demand	different goods quantities consumers willing & able pay to buy at different prices	47
10488771910	law of demand	inverse relationship b/t price & quantity demanded	48
10488772998	substitution effect	changes in $ motivate consumers buy relatively cheaper substitute goods	49
10488774466	income effect	changes in $ effect purchasing power of consumers' income	50
10488775644	law of diminishing marginal utility	as you continue consume a product, you'll get less additional utility (satisfaction) from each unit consumed	51
10488778361	5 shifters in demand	tastes/preferences, # of consumers, price of related goods (substitutes & compliments), income (normal goods & inferior goods), & expectations	52
10488783534	substitutes	something that can replace the product/service (milk & almond milk)	53
10488784321	compliments	something that goes with the product/service (cereal and milk)	54
10488786145	normal goods	income & demand for product directly related (includes luxury cars, sea food, houses)	55
10488788079	inferior goods	income & demand for product inversely related (such as used cars, used clothes)	56
10488789594	demand graph	a graphic representation of a demand schedule; vertical axis shows price and horizontal axis shows quantity	57
10488791046	ceteris paribus	all other things held constant (when this assumption is dropped, movement no longer occur along demand curve, entire demand curve shifts)	58
10488792691	shift	means that at same prices, more ppl willing & able purchase it (price doesn't shift curve)	59
10488797405	law of supply	direct relationship b/t price & quantity supplied	60
10488798191	supply	willing & able to sell/produce at different prices	61
10488798673	5 shifters of supply	price of resources, # of producers, technology, taxes & subsidies, expectations	62
10488800277	supply graph	a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied	63
10507253962	double shift rule	if 2 curves shift at same time, either price or quantity will be indeterminate/ambiguous	64
10507257652	S & D analysis	use this to show what happens to price & quantities	65
10515473756	consumer surplus	difference b/t what you're willing to & what you actually pay; CS=buyer's max-price	66
10515480483	producer's surplus	difference b/t price seller received & how much willing sell; PS=price-seller's minimum	67
10515484084	price ceiling	max legal price seller can change for product; goal: make affordable by keeping price from reaching equilibrium; results is black market	68
10515488557	price floor	minimum legal price seller can sell product; goal keep price high by keeping price from falling to equilibrium; must be above equilibrium	69
10515494137	elasticity	show how sensitive quantity is to price change	70
10515495907	inelastic demand	quantity insensitive to price (usually necessity)	71

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13923558245	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13923558246	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13923558247	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13923558248	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13923558249	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13923558250	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13923558251	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13923558252	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13923558253	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13923558254	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13923558255	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13923558256	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13923558257	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13923558258	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13923558259	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13923558260	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13923558261	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13923558262	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13923558263	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13923558264	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13923558265	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13923558266	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13923558267	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13923558268	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13923558269	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13923558270	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13923558271	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13923558272	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13923558273	theory	general idea being tested	28
13923558274	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13923558275	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13923558276	mode	appears the most	31
13923558277	mean	average	32
13923558278	median	middle	33
13923558279	range	highest - lowest	34
13923558280	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13923558281	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13923558282	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13923558283	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13923558284	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13923558285	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13923558286	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13923558287	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13923558481	neuron		43
13923558288	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13923558289	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13923558290	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13923558291	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13923558292	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13923558293	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13923558294	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13923558295	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13923558296	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13923558297	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13923558298	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13923558299	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13923558300	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13923558301	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13923558302	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13923558303	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13923558304	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13923558305	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13923558306	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13923558307	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13923558308	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13923558309	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13923558310	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13923558311	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13923558312	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13923558313	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13923558314	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13923558315	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13923558316	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13923558317	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13923558318	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13923558319	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13923558320	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13923558321	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13923558322	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13923558323	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13923558324	occipital lobe	vision	80
13923558325	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13923558326	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13923558327	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13923558328	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13923558329	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13923558330	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13923558331	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13923558332	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13923558333	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13923558334	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13923558335	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13923558336	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13923558337	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13923558338	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13923558339	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13923558340	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13923558341	rods	night time	97
13923558342	cones	color	98
13923558343	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13923558344	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13923558345	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13923558346	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13923558347	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13923558348	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13923558349	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13923558350	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13923558351	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13923558352	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13923558353	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13923558354	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13923558355	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13923558356	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13923558357	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13923558358	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13923558359	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13923558360	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13923558361	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13923558362	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13923558363	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13923558364	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13923558365	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13923558366	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13923558367	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13923558368	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13923558369	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13923558370	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13923558371	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13923558372	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13923558373	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13923558374	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13923558375	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13923558376	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13923558377	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13923558378	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13923558379	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13923558380	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13923558381	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13923558382	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13923558383	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13923558384	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13923558385	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13923558386	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13923558387	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13923558388	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13923558389	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13923558390	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13923558391	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13923558392	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13923558393	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13923558394	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13923558395	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13923558396	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13923558397	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13923558398	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13923558399	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13923558400	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13923558401	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13923558402	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13923558403	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13923558404	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13923558405	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13923558406	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13923558407	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13923558408	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13923558409	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13923558410	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13923558411	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13923558412	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13923558413	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13923558414	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13923558415	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13923558416	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13923558417	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13923558418	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13923558419	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13923558420	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13923558421	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13923558422	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13923558423	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13923558424	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13923558425	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13923558426	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13923558427	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13923558428	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13923558429	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13923558430	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13923558431	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13923558432	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13923558433	encoding	information going in	189
13923558434	storage	keeping information in	190
13923558435	retrieval	taking information out	191
13923558436	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13923558437	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13923558438	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13923558439	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13923558440	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13923558441	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13923558442	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13923558443	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13923558444	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13923558445	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13923558446	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13923558447	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13923558448	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13923558449	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13923558450	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13923558451	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13923558452	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13923558453	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13923558454	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13923558455	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13923558456	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13923558457	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13923558458	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13923558459	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13923558460	context	environment helps with memory	216
13923558461	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13923558462	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13923558463	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13923558464	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13923558465	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13923558466	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13923558467	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13923558468	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13923558469	prototypes	generalize	225
13923558470	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13923558471	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13923558472	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13923558473	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13923558474	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13923558475	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13923558476	grammar is _________	universal	232
13923558477	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13923558478	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Spanish Flashcards

Quiero que hagas las actividad de "learn" para ganar 5/5

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13873997440	aceptar	to accept	0
13873997441	permitir	to allow, starts with 'p'	1
13873997442	preguntar	to ask	2
13873997561	dejar	to allow, starts with 'd'	3
13873997443	creer	to believe	4
13873997444	prestar	to borrow	5
13873997445	romper	to break	6
13873997446	traer	to bring	7
13873997447	comprar	to buy	8
13873997448	poder	can/to be able	9
13873997449	cancelar	to cancel	10
13873997450	cambiar	to change	11
13873997451	limpiar	to clean	12
13873997452	quejarse	to complain	13
13873997453	contar	to count	14
13873997454	cortar	to cut	15
13873997455	dibujar	to draw	16
13873997456	conducir	to drive	17
13873997457	explicar	to explain	18
13873997458	caerse	to fall	19
13873997459	llenar	to fill	20
13873997460	encontrar	to find	21
13873997461	terminar	to finish	22
13873997462	caber	to fit	23
13873997463	reparar	to fix	24
13873997464	volar	to fly	25
13873997465	con respecto a	with respect to (regarding)	26
13873997466	actualmente	presently	27
13873997467	hasta el momento	until now	28
13873997468	mientras tanto	meanwhile	29
13873997469	a pesar de (que)	in spite of (use "que" if followed by a conjugated verb)	30
13873997471	sin embargo	however	31
13873997473	así que	so, therefore	32
13873997474	con relación a	in relation to	33
13873997475	en cuanto a	regarding	34
13873997476	por lo común	as a rule (usually)	35
13873997477	también viene al caso	it is also to the point	36
13873997478	para mí	in my opinion, for me	37
13873997479	de hecho	in fact (as a matter of fact)	38
13873997480	en otras palabras, o sea (que), es decir (que)	in other words	39
13873997482	hay que tomar en cuenta que...	one must realize (take into account) that...	40
13873997483	sin duda, no cabe duda (de que)	without a doubt	41
13873997484	sobre todo	above all	42
13873997485	para ilustrar	to illustrate	43
13873997486	a fin de cuentas	in the end	44
13873997487	al parecer, por lo visto	apparently (seemingly)	45
13873997488	como consecuencia/resultado	as a result (consequently)	46
13873997489	en resumen, en suma	in summary	47
13873997490	en resumidas cuentas	in short	48
13873997491	por consiguiente, por eso, por lo tanto	therefore	49
13873997492	por lo mismo	for the same reason	50
13873997494	me da igual/lo mismo	it's all the same to me	51
13873997495	de acuerdo	okay, I agree	52
13873997496	No lo puedo creer	I can't believe it	53
13873997497	Sería mejor, más vale, mejor (+ verb)	It would be better	54
13873997498	no hay más remedio	there's no other choice (solution)	55
13873997499	en serio	seriously (really)	56
13873997500	eso no vale	that's not fair	57
13873997501	que yo sepa	as far as I know	58
13873997502	debe de ser...	it probably is (it must be)...	59
13873997503	mediante	by means of (through)	60
13873997504	así que, en cuanto	as soon as	61
13873997505	aun	even, still	62
13873997506	aun cuando	even when	63
13873997507	cada vez que	each time that	64
13873997508	como	as, since	65
13873997509	con tal (de) que	provided that	66
13873997510	en caso de que	in case that	67
13873997511	hasta que	until	68
13873997512	mientras	while	69
13873997513	mientras tanto	meanwhile	70
13873997514	una vez que	once	71
13873997515	ya que	since (seeing that)	72
13873997516	a partir de	beginning with	73
13873997517	en primer lugar	in the first place	74
13873997518	para empezar	to begin	75
13873997519	a la (misma) vez	at the same time	76
13873997520	además	besides (furthermore)	77
13873997521	ahora mismo	right now	78
13873997522	al mismo tiempo	at the same time	79
13873997523	antes de + infinitive	before (action)	80
13873997524	después de + infinitive	after (action)	81
13873997525	durante	during	82
13873997526	entonces	then	83
13873997527	hoy en día	nowadays	84
13873997528	luego	then (later)	85
13873997530	también	also	86
13873997531	tan pronto como	as soon as	87
13873997533	en cambio	on the other hand	88
13873997535	así que	so, therefore	89
13873997539	por lo general	generally	90
13873997540	por un lado...por otro lado	on one hand... on the other hand...	91
13873997541	a mi parecer	in my opinion	92
13873997542	además	furthermore	93
13873997543	de hecho	in fact	94
13873997544	en otras palabras	in other words	95
13873997545	en realidad	actually	96
13873997546	es decir	that is to say	97
13873997547	lo importante es que	what is important is that	98
13873997548	o sea	in other words	99
13873997549	sin duda	without a doubt	100
13873997550	sobre todo	above all	101
13873997551	para ilustrar	to illustrate	102
13873997552	por ejemplo	for example	103
13873997553	a causa de	because of	104
13873997554	como resultado	as a result	105
13873997555	en conclusión	in conclusion	106
13873997556	finalmente	finally	107
13873997557	para resumir	to summarize	108
13873997558	para terminar	to end	109

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AP Psychology Cognition Flashcards

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8156263550	memory	any system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information	0
8156263551	information-processing model	cognitive understanding of memory emphasizing how information is changed	1
8156263552	encoding	one of the three basic tasks of memory; involves modification of information	2
8156263553	storage	one of the three basic tasks of memory; involves retention of encoded material over time	3
8156263554	retrieval	one of the three basic tasks of memory; involves location and recovery of information	4
8156263555	eidetic imagery	especially clear form of memory; "photographic memory"	5
8156263556	sensory memory	preserves brief sensory impressions of stimuli	6
8156263557	short-term memory (STM)	preserves recently perceived events for less than a minute	7
8156263558	long-term memory (LTM)	largest memory capacity and duration; stores material organized by meaning	8
8156263559	chunking	organizing pieces of information into smaller, more meaningful units	9
8156263560	maintenance rehearsal	information is repeated or reviewed to keep from fading in working memory	10
8156263561	elaborative rehearsal	information is actively reviewed and related to information already in LTM	11
8156263562	acoustic encoding	conversion of information to sound patterns	12
8156263563	levels-of-processing theory	information that is more thoroughly connected to meaningful items in long-term memory will be remembered better	13
8156263564	procedural memory	stores memories for how things are done	14
8156263565	declarative memory	stores facts	15
8156263566	episodic memory	stores memory for personal events	16
8156263567	semantic memory	stores general knowledge, including meanings of words	17
8156263568	anterograde amnesia	inability to for memories for new information	18
8156263569	consolidation	process by which short-term memories are changed to long-term memories	19
8156263570	retrograde amnesia	inability to remember information previously stored in memory	20
8156263571	flashbulb memory	clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful event	21
8156263572	implicit memory	memory that was not deliberately learned	22
8156263573	explicit memory	memory that has been processed with attention and can be consciously recalled	23
8156263574	retrieval cues	stimuli that are used to bring a memory to consciousness	24
8156263575	priming	technique for curing implicit memories tha provides cues to stimulate a memory without awareness of the connection	25
8156263576	recall	retrieval method in which one must reproduce previously presented information	26
8156263577	recognition	retrieval method in one must identify present stimuli as being previously presented	27
8156263578	mood-congruent memory	memory process that selectively retrieves memories that match one's mood	28
8156263579	forgetting curve	graph plotting amount of retention and forgetting over time for a certain batch of material	29
8156263580	proactive interference	cause of forgetting in which previously stored information prevents learning and remembering new information	30
8156263581	retroactive interference	cause of forgetting by which newly learned information prevents retrieval of previously stored material	31
8156263582	suggestibility	memory distortion as the result of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion	32
8156263583	misinformation effect	distortion of memory by suggestion or misinformaiton	33
8156263584	expectancy bias	a tendency to distort recalled events to make them fit one's expectations	34
8156263585	self-consistency bias	commonly held idea that we are more consistent in our beliefs and ideas than we actually are	35
8156263586	persistence	memory problem in which unwanted memories cannot be put out of mind	36
8156263587	mnemonics	techniques for improving memory by making connections between new material and information already in LTM	37
8156263589	language acquisition device (LAD)	biologically organized mental structure that facilitates learning of language because (according to Chomsky) it is innately programmed with grammatical rules	38
8156263590	grammar	rules of a language, specifying how to use stuff to make other stuff make sense	39
8156263591	morphemes	meaningful units of language that make up words	40
8156263592	overregularization	applying a grammatical rule too widely and creating incorrect forms	41
8156263593	concepts	mental representations of categories of items or ideas based on experience	42
8156263594	prototype	ideal or most representative example of a conceptual category	43
8156263595	concept hierarchies	levels of concepts in which a more general level includes more specific concepts	44
8156263596	schema	knowledge luster or general conceptual framework that provides expectations about topics, events, objects, people, etc.	45
8156263597	algorithms	problem-solving procedures or formulas	46
8156263598	heuristics	cognitive strategies or "rules of thumb" used as shortcuts to solve complex mental tasks	47
8156263599	mental set	tendency to respond to a new problem in the strategy used for a previous problem	48
8156263600	functional fixedness	inability to perceive a new use for an object associated with a different purpose	49
8156263601	hindsight bias	tendency, after learning about an event, to "second guess" that one could have predicted the events	50
8156263602	anchoring bias	faulty heuristic caused by basing an estimate on an unrelated quantity	51
8156263603	representativeness bias	faulty heuristic based on the presumption that once people or events are categorized, they share all the features of other members in that category	52
8156263604	availability bias	faulty heuristic that estimates probabilities on information that can be recalled	53
8156263605	distributed learning	technique where learner spaces learning sessions over time	54
8156263606	overlearning	startegy when the learner continues to study and rehearse the material after it has been brought to mastery	55
8156263607	working memory	combines STM and LTM	56
8156263608	Insight	a sudden realization of a solution	57
8156263609	confirmation bias	only paying attention to things that confirm your belief	58
8156263610	phonemes	the smallest individual sounds in a language	59
8156263611	automatic processing	encoding of information with little to no effort	60
8156263612	effortful processing	encoding of information in which a lot of work is needed	61
8156263613	deep processing	encoding of information with a large amount of understanding	62
8156263614	shallow processing	encoding of information that does not included a much understanding	63
8156263615	iconic memory	momentary visual processing	64
8156263616	echoic memory	momentary auditory processing	65
8156263617	state-dependent memory	retrieval of information when a person is in the same state of consciousness	66
8156263618	rehearsal	the repetition of information	67
8156263619	serial position effect	retrieving information most effectively from the beginning and the end	68
8156263620	constructed memory	memories that are distorted	69
8156263621	source amnesia	the inability to retrieve where information was learned from	70

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