Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards
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| 13848669240 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 13848669241 | psychology's biggest question | Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture? | 1 | |
| 13848669242 | psychology's three levels of analysis | biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together) | 2 | |
| 13848669243 | biological approach | genetics, close-relatives, body functions | 3 | |
| 13848669244 | evolutionary approach | species - helped with survival (ancestors) | 4 | |
| 13848669245 | psychodynamic approach | (Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes | 5 | |
| 13848669246 | behavioral approach | learning (classical and operant) observed | 6 | |
| 13848669247 | cognitive approach | thinking affects behavior | 7 | |
| 13848669248 | humanistic approach | becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) | 8 | |
| 13848669249 | social-cultural approach | cultural, family, environment | 9 | |
| 13848669250 | two reasons of why experiments are important | hindsight bias + overconfidence | 10 | |
| 13848669251 | types of research methods | descriptive, correlational, and experimental | 11 | |
| 13848669252 | descriptive methods | case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT) | 12 | |
| 13848669253 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 13 | |
| 13848669254 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 14 | |
| 13848669255 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 15 | |
| 13848669256 | correlational method | shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research | 16 | |
| 13848669257 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 17 | |
| 13848669258 | experimental method | does show cause and effect | 18 | |
| 13848669259 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 19 | |
| 13848669260 | sample | actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias) | 20 | |
| 13848669261 | random assignment | chance selection between experimental and control groups | 21 | |
| 13848669262 | control group | not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo | 22 | |
| 13848669263 | experimental group | receiving treatment/drug | 23 | |
| 13848669264 | independent variable | drug/procedure/treatment | 24 | |
| 13848669265 | dependent variable | outcome of using the drug/treatment | 25 | |
| 13848669266 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 26 | |
| 13848669267 | scientific method | theory hypothesis operational definition revision | 27 | |
| 13848669268 | theory | general idea being tested | 28 | |
| 13848669269 | hypothesis | measurable/specific | 29 | |
| 13848669270 | operational definition | procedures that explain components | 30 | |
| 13848669271 | mode | appears the most | 31 | |
| 13848669272 | mean | average | 32 | |
| 13848669273 | median | middle | 33 | |
| 13848669274 | range | highest - lowest | 34 | |
| 13848669275 | standard deviation | how scores vary around the mean | 35 | |
| 13848669276 | central tendency | single score that represents the whole | 36 | |
| 13848669277 | bell curve | (natural curve) |  | 37 |
| 13848669278 | ethics of testing on animals | need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans | 38 | |
| 13848669279 | ethics of testing on humans | consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality | 39 | |
| 13848669280 | sensory neurons | travel from sensory receptors to brain | 40 | |
| 13848669281 | motor neurons | travel from brain to "motor" workings | 41 | |
| 13848669282 | interneurons | (in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons | 42 | |
| 13848669474 | neuron |  | 43 | |
| 13848669283 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 44 | |
| 13848669284 | myelin sheath | protects the axon | 45 | |
| 13848669285 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 46 | |
| 13848669286 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers | 47 | |
| 13848669287 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 48 | |
| 13848669288 | excitatory charge | "Let's do it!" | 49 | |
| 13848669289 | inhibitory charge | "Let's not do it!" | 50 | |
| 13848669290 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 51 | |
| 13848669291 | peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system | 52 | |
| 13848669292 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 53 | |
| 13848669293 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) | 54 | |
| 13848669294 | sympathetic nervous system | arousing | 55 | |
| 13848669295 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming | 56 | |
| 13848669296 | neural networks | more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used | 57 | |
| 13848669297 | spinal cord | expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved | 58 | |
| 13848669298 | endocrine system | slow uses hormones in the blood system | 59 | |
| 13848669299 | master gland | pituitary gland | 60 | |
| 13848669300 | brainstem | extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival | 61 | |
| 13848669301 | reticular formation (if stimulated) | sleeping subject wakes up | 62 | |
| 13848669302 | reticular formation (if damaged) | coma | 63 | |
| 13848669303 | brainstem (if severed) | still move (without purpose) | 64 | |
| 13848669304 | thalamus | sensory switchboard (does not process smell) | 65 | |
| 13848669305 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 66 | |
| 13848669306 | cerebellum | nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 67 | |
| 13848669307 | cerebellum (if damaged) | difficulty walking and coordinating | 68 | |
| 13848669308 | amygdala | aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions | 69 | |
| 13848669309 | amygdala (if lesioned) | subject is mellow | 70 | |
| 13848669310 | amygdala (if stimulated) | aggressive | 71 | |
| 13848669311 | hippocampus | process new memory | 72 | |
| 13848669312 | cerebrum | two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing | 73 | |
| 13848669313 | cerebral cortex | only in higher life forms | 74 | |
| 13848669314 | association areas | integrate and interpret information | 75 | |
| 13848669315 | glial cells | provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons | 76 | |
| 13848669316 | frontal lobe | judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident) | 77 | |
| 13848669317 | parietal lobe | math and spatial reasoning | 78 | |
| 13848669318 | temporal lobe | audition and recognizing faces | 79 | |
| 13848669319 | occipital lobe | vision | 80 | |
| 13848669320 | corpus callosum | split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures) | 81 | |
| 13848669321 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory and hearing | 82 | |
| 13848669322 | Broca's area | speaking words | 83 | |
| 13848669323 | plasticity | ability to adapt if damaged | 84 | |
| 13848669324 | sensation | what our senses tell us | 85 | |
| 13848669325 | bottom-up processing | senses to brain | 86 | |
| 13848669326 | perception | what our brain tells us to do with that information | 87 | |
| 13848669327 | top-down processing | brain to senses | 88 | |
| 13848669328 | inattentional blindness | fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere | 89 | |
| 13848669329 | cocktail party effect | even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. | 90 | |
| 13848669330 | change blindness | giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice | 91 | |
| 13848669331 | choice blindness | when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed | 92 | |
| 13848669332 | absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time | 93 | |
| 13848669333 | signal detection theory | we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying) | 94 | |
| 13848669334 | JND (just noticeable difference) | (Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion | 95 | |
| 13848669335 | sensory adaptation | tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?" | 96 | |
| 13848669336 | rods | night time | 97 | |
| 13848669337 | cones | color | 98 | |
| 13848669338 | parallel processing | notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. | 99 | |
| 13848669339 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | 3 corresponding color receptors (RGB) | 100 | |
| 13848669340 | Hering's opponent-process theory | after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB) | 101 | |
| 13848669341 | trichromatic + opponent-process | Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex | 102 | |
| 13848669342 | frequency we hear most | human voice | 103 | |
| 13848669343 | Helmoltz (hearing) | we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches) | 104 | |
| 13848669344 | frequency theory | impulse frequency (low pitches) | 105 | |
| 13848669345 | Helmholtz + frequency theory | middle pitches | 106 | |
| 13848669346 | Skin feels what? | warmth, cold, pressure, pain | 107 | |
| 13848669347 | gate-control theory | small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses | 108 | |
| 13848669348 | memory of pain | peaks and ends | 109 | |
| 13848669349 | smell | close to memory section (not in thalamus) | 110 | |
| 13848669350 | grouping | Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole | 111 | |
| 13848669351 | grouping groups | proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure | 112 | |
| 13848669352 | make assumptions of placement | higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front | 113 | |
| 13848669353 | perception = | mood + motivation | 114 | |
| 13848669354 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and the environment | 115 | |
| 13848669355 | circadian rhythm | daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake) | 116 | |
| 13848669356 | circadian rhythm pattern | - activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin | 117 | |
| 13848669357 | What messes with circadian rhythm? | artificial light | 118 | |
| 13848669358 | The whole sleep cycle lasts how long? | 90 minutes | 119 | |
| 13848669359 | sleep stages | relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep) | 120 | |
| 13848669360 | purpose of sleep | 1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more) | 121 | |
| 13848669361 | insomnia | can't sleep | 122 | |
| 13848669362 | narcolepsy | fall asleep anywhere at anytime | 123 | |
| 13848669363 | sleep apnea | stop breathing in sleep | 124 | |
| 13848669364 | night terrors | prevalent in children | 125 | |
| 13848669365 | sleepwalking/sleeptalking | hereditary - prevalent in children | 126 | |
| 13848669366 | dreaming (3) | 1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries | 127 | |
| 13848669367 | purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES) | 1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence | 128 | |
| 13848669368 | 1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible? | 1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE)) | 129 | |
| 13848669369 | depressants | slows neural pathways | 130 | |
| 13848669370 | alcohol | ((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect | 131 | |
| 13848669371 | barbituates (tranquilizers) | ((depressant)) reduce anxiety | 132 | |
| 13848669372 | opiates | ((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain | 133 | |
| 13848669373 | stimulants | hypes neural processing | 134 | |
| 13848669374 | methamphetamine | ((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine | 135 | |
| 13848669375 | caffeine | ((stimulant)) | 136 | |
| 13848669376 | nicotine | ((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine | 137 | |
| 13848669377 | cocaine | ((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine | 138 | |
| 13848669378 | hallucinogen | excites neural activity | 139 | |
| 13848669379 | ecstasy | ((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin | 140 | |
| 13848669380 | LSD | ((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin | 141 | |
| 13848669381 | marijuana | ((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation | 142 | |
| 13848669382 | learning | organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events) | 143 | |
| 13848669383 | types of learning | classical operant observational | 144 | |
| 13848669384 | famous classical psychologists | Pavlov and Watson | 145 | |
| 13848669385 | famous operant psychologist | Skinner | 146 | |
| 13848669386 | famous observational psychologists | Bandura | 147 | |
| 13848669387 | classical conditioning | outside stimulus | 148 | |
| 13848669388 | Pavlov's experiment | Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation) | 149 | |
| 13848669389 | Watson's experiment | white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry) | 150 | |
| 13848669390 | generalization | any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now | 151 | |
| 13848669391 | discriminate | any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry | 152 | |
| 13848669392 | extinction | stop "treating" with conditioned response | 153 | |
| 13848669393 | spontaneous recovery | bring stimulus back after a while | 154 | |
| 13848669394 | operant conditioning | control by organism | 155 | |
| 13848669395 | Skinner's experiment | operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping) | 156 | |
| 13848669396 | shaping | get animal closer to doing what you want them to do | 157 | |
| 13848669397 | reinforcers | want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging) | 158 | |
| 13848669398 | punishments | want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone) | 159 | |
| 13848669399 | fixed ratio | happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card) | 160 | |
| 13848669400 | variable ratio | happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery) | 161 | |
| 13848669401 | organism must do these (2 times) | fixed ratio and variable ratio | 162 | |
| 13848669402 | fixed interval | happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM) | 163 | |
| 13848669403 | variable interval | happens at any time (receive texts from friends) | 164 | |
| 13848669404 | these things happen regardless (2 times) | fixed interval and variable interval | 165 | |
| 13848669405 | Which (fixed/variable) conditions better? | variable | 166 | |
| 13848669406 | criticisms of Skinner | doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation | 167 | |
| 13848669407 | intrinsic motivation | doing something for yourself, not the reward | 168 | |
| 13848669408 | extrinsic motivation | doing something for reward | 169 | |
| 13848669409 | Skinner's legacy | use it personally, at school, and at work | 170 | |
| 13848669410 | famous observational experiment | Bandura's Bobo doll | 171 | |
| 13848669411 | famous observational psychologist | Bandura | 172 | |
| 13848669412 | mirror neurons | "feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals | 173 | |
| 13848669413 | Bobo doll experiment legacy | violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil | 174 | |
| 13848669414 | observational learning | biological behaviors work best | 175 | |
| 13848669415 | habituation | get used to it -> stop reacting | 176 | |
| 13848669416 | examples for observational learning | lectures and reading | 177 | |
| 13848669417 | serotonin involved with memory | speeds the connection between neurons | 178 | |
| 13848669418 | LTP | ((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed) | 179 | |
| 13848669419 | CREB | protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories | 180 | |
| 13848669420 | glutamate involved with memory | neurotransmitter that enhances LTP | 181 | |
| 13848669421 | glucose involved with memory | released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered)) | 182 | |
| 13848669422 | flashbulb memory | type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment | 183 | |
| 13848669423 | amygdala (memory) | boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight | 184 | |
| 13848669424 | cerebellum (memory) | forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning)) | 185 | |
| 13848669425 | hippocampus (memory) | active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours)) | 186 | |
| 13848669426 | memory | learning over time contains information that can be retrieved | 187 | |
| 13848669427 | processing stages | encoding -> storage -> retrieval | 188 | |
| 13848669428 | encoding | information going in | 189 | |
| 13848669429 | storage | keeping information in | 190 | |
| 13848669430 | retrieval | taking information out | 191 | |
| 13848669431 | How long is sensory memory stored? | seconds | 192 | |
| 13848669432 | How long is short-term memory stored? | less than a minute | 193 | |
| 13848669433 | How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory? | 7 | 194 | |
| 13848669434 | How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory? | 4 | 195 | |
| 13848669435 | How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory? | 2 | 196 | |
| 13848669436 | short term memory goes to ______________ | working memory | 197 | |
| 13848669437 | working memory | make a connection and process information to mean something | 198 | |
| 13848669438 | working memory goes to _________________ | long-term memory | 199 | |
| 13848669439 | How much is stored in long-term memory? | LIMITLESS | 200 | |
| 13848669440 | implicit memory | naturally do | 201 | |
| 13848669441 | explicit memory | need to explain | 202 | |
| 13848669442 | automatic processing | space, time, frequency, well-learned information | 203 | |
| 13848669443 | effortful processing | processing that requires effort | 204 | |
| 13848669444 | spacing effect | spread out learning over time | 205 | |
| 13848669445 | serial position effect | primary/recency effect | 206 | |
| 13848669446 | primary effect | remember the first things in a list | 207 | |
| 13848669447 | recency effect | remember the last things in a list | 208 | |
| 13848669448 | effortful processing (4 things) | 1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect | 209 | |
| 13848669449 | semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to | make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you | 210 | |
| 13848669450 | if we can't remember a memory... | 1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story | 211 | |
| 13848669451 | misinformation effect | not correct information | 212 | |
| 13848669452 | imagination inflation | imagine or visualize something that isn't real | 213 | |
| 13848669453 | source amnesia | what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?) | 214 | |
| 13848669454 | priming | association (setting you up) | 215 | |
| 13848669455 | context | environment helps with memory | 216 | |
| 13848669456 | state-dependency | you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high) | 217 | |
| 13848669457 | mood-congruency | emotion will bring back similar emotional memories | 218 | |
| 13848669458 | forgetting curve | forget after 5 days forget after 5 years | 219 | |
| 13848669459 | the forgetting curve was created by | Ebbinghaus | 220 | |
| 13848669460 | proactive interference | old information interferes with the new | 221 | |
| 13848669461 | retroactive interference | new information interferes with the old | 222 | |
| 13848669462 | children can't remember before age __ | 3 | 223 | |
| 13848669463 | Loftus | connected to abuse cases/childhood | 224 | |
| 13848669464 | prototypes | generalize | 225 | |
| 13848669465 | problem-solving (4) | trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!" | 226 | |
| 13848669466 | against problem-solving | fixation | 227 | |
| 13848669467 | mental set | what has worked in the past | 228 | |
| 13848669468 | functional fixedness | only way to do this is with this | 229 | |
| 13848669469 | Chomsky (nature or nurture?) | "born with language" (nature) | 230 | |
| 13848669470 | Skinner (nature or nurture?) | language is learned (nurture) | 231 | |
| 13848669471 | grammar is _________ | universal | 232 | |
| 13848669472 | phonemes | smallest sound unit | 233 | |
| 13848669473 | morphemes | smallest meaning unit | 234 |
AP Language Unit 1 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9791453451 | Diction | word choice, particularly as an element of style | 0 | |
| 9791453452 | Colloquial | ordinary or familiar type of conversation | 1 | |
| 9791453453 | Connotation | associated meaning of a word | 2 | |
| 9791453454 | Denotation | literal, explicit meaning of a word | 3 | |
| 9791453455 | Jargon | diction used by a group that practices a similar profession or activity | 4 | |
| 9791453456 | Vernacular | the language or dialect spoken by ordinary people in a particular country or region | 5 | |
| 9791453457 | Double entendre | a phrase or figure of speech that could have two meanings or that could be understood in two different ways | 6 | |
| 9791453458 | Ellipsis | the deliberate omission of a word or phrase from prose done for effect by the author | 7 | |
| 9791453459 | Rhetoric | the art of effective communication | 8 | |
| 9791453460 | Rhetorical triangle | the relationships between the writer, the audience, and the subject | 9 | |
| 9791453461 | Rhetorical question | a question not asked for information but for effect | 10 | |
| 9791453462 | Invective | a long and emotionally violent attack using strong, abusive language | 11 | |
| 9791453463 | Parallelism | using elements in sentences that are grammatically similar or identical in structure, sound, meaning, or meter | 12 | |
| 9791453464 | Antithesis | two opposite or contrasting words, phrases, clauses, or ideas with parallel structure | 13 | |
| 9791453465 | Style | the (unconscious or conscious) choices in diction, tone, and syntax that a writer makes | 14 | |
| 9791453466 | Tone | a writer's attitude toward his subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization | 15 |
Flashcards
APES Review Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13836001805 | El Nino Southern Oscillation | a systematic shift in atmospheric pressure, sea-surface temperature, and ocean circulation in the tropical Pacific Ocean; climate gets warmer | 0 | |
| 13836012571 | La Nina | A cooling of the ocean surface off the western coast of South America, occurring periodically every 4 to 12 years and affecting Pacific and other weather patterns. | 1 | |
| 13836016034 | CAFE | Corporate Average Fuel Economy - intended to reduce both fuel consumption and emissions | 2 | |
| 13836052710 | Eutrophication | A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria. | 3 | |
| 13836060049 | denitrification | process in which fixed nitrogen compounds are converted back into nitrogen gas and returned to the atmosphere | 4 | |
| 13836062377 | nitrogen fixation | Process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia | 5 | |
| 13836082883 | primary pollution | pollutant put directly into the air by human activity, such as soot from smoke | 6 | |
| 13836082901 | secondary pollution | pollution formed by the reaction of primary pollutants and natural air components | 7 | |
| 13836084793 | Clean Water Act | (CWA, 1972) set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways; aims to make surface waters swimmable and fishable | 8 | |
| 13836094750 | cost-benefit analysis | a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good | 9 | |
| 13836136513 | acute effects | caused by a single exposure and results in an immediate health problem | 10 | |
| 13836139527 | chronic effects | Long-lasting results of exposure to a toxin; can be a permanent change caused by one-time exposure. | 11 | |
| 13836168187 | dose-response relationships | relationship between the size of an administered dose and the intensity of the response produced | 12 | |
| 13836276569 | particulate matter | most likely cause of respiratory disease | 13 | |
| 13836276570 | adults | least susceptible to the effects of air pollution | 14 | |
| 13836295269 | dissolved oxygen | oxygen dissolved in water, dissolved oxygen is important for fish and other aquatic animals | 15 | |
| 13836303402 | indicator species | A species that indicates whether or not disease-causing pathogens are likely to be present | 16 | |
| 13836305322 | pathogen | An organism that causes disease | 17 | |
| 13836457299 | bioremediation | The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems | 18 | |
| 13836573995 | option value | the value people place on having the option to enjoy something in the future | 19 | |
| 13836616762 | marginal benefits | Additional benefits received when one more unit of a product is produced. |  | 20 |
| 13836623905 | marginal costs | the cost of producing one more unit of a good |  | 21 |
| 13836653549 | threshold dose response model | a threshold dosage must be reached before any detectable harmful effects occur | 22 | |
| 13837073568 | external cost | an uncompensated cost that an individual or firm imposes on others | 23 | |
| 13837073569 | internal cost | A cost--such as for raw materials, manufacturing costs, labor, taxes, utilities, insurance, or rent--that is accounted for when a product or service is evaluated for pricing. | 24 | |
| 13837083432 | Price Anderson Nuclear Indemnity Act | indemnifies the nuclear industry against all liability claims arising from nuclear accidents while ensuring compensation coverage for the general public through no-fault insurance | 25 | |
| 13837104531 | LD50 | lethal dose, 50%; the amount of a substance that would cause half of the population to die | 26 | |
| 13837121065 | Rhizofiltration | Form of phytoremediation that involves filtering water through a mass of roots to remove toxic substances or excess nutrients. | 27 | |
| 13837124057 | Phytoremediation | A method employed to clean up a hazardous waste site that uses plants to absorb and accumulate toxic materials | 28 | |
| 13837366686 | Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) | potentially toxic gases emitted by certain organic solids and liquids organic compounds that can evaporate readily from solid or liquid form | 29 | |
| 13837371671 | Peroxyacyl Nitrates (PANs) | - products of a reaction between peroxyacyl radicals and nitrogen dioxide that uses UV light as a catalyst - secondary air pollution for which can injure plant tissue, irritate eyes, and aggravate respiratory illnesses in humans | 30 | |
| 13837526015 | net energy | the amount of high-quality energy that is available to be used from a resource after subtracting the energy needed to make it usable | 31 | |
| 13837604175 | hydroelectric facility | generates electricity from water and wind | 32 | |
| 13837620453 | solar photovoltaic | Capture energy from the sun as light, not heat, and convert directly into electricity | 33 | |
| 13837637115 | steam turbine | Provides mechanical energy to the generator. | 34 | |
| 13837638850 | fuel cell | An electrical-chemical device that converts fuel, such as hydrogen, into an electrical current. | 35 | |
| 13837640718 | fluorescent light | Light bulb that glows when an electric current causes ultraviolet rays to strike a coating inside a tube | 36 | |
| 13837642616 | incandescent light | light produced by heating a piece of metal, usually tungsten, until it glows | 37 | |
| 13837643944 | internal-combustion engine | an engine that burns fuel inside cylinders within the engine | 38 | |
| 13837657156 | nuclear fusion | 2 isotopes of light elements (H) forced together at high temperatures till they fuse to form a heavier nucleus. Expensive, break even point not reached yet | 39 | |
| 13837657157 | nuclear fission | a nuclear reaction in which a heavy nucleus splits spontaneously or on impact with another particle, with the release of energy. | 40 | |
| 13837675169 | first law of thermodynamics | Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. | 41 | |
| 13837677232 | second law of thermodynamics | when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat) | 42 | |
| 13837692965 | law of conservation of energy | the law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another | 43 | |
| 13837695539 | first law of efficiency | The ratio of the actual amount of energy delivered where it is needed to the amount of energy supplied in order to meet that need; expressed as a percentage. | 44 | |
| 13837712203 | law of supply and demand | Economic principle which states that the supply of a good or service will increase when demand is great and decrease when demand is low | 45 | |
| 13837737225 | Low throughput society | Matter and energy efficient society accomplished by - reusing and recycling nonrenewable matter resources - using potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished - using matter and energy resources efficiently - reducing unnecessary consumption - emphasizing pollution prevention and waste reduction, and - controlling population growth | 46 | |
| 13837750148 | high-throughput society | societies that attempt to sustain ever-increasing economic growth by increasing the throughput of matter and energy in their economic society. eventually the capacity of the environment to sustain this cycling is exceeded and becomes unsustainable. also known as high-waste society | 47 | |
| 13837755154 | matter-recycling society | converts an unsustainable high-throughput society, the goal is to allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing excessive pollution and environmental | 48 | |
| 13837759386 | free-market economy | an economic system in which decisions on the three key economic questions are based on voluntary exchange in markets | 49 | |
| 13837761291 | global market economy | A collection of all the different participating markets in the world interacting simultaneously. | 50 | |
| 13837780686 | reforming | A process in which straight-chain hydrocarbons are heated under pressure with a catalyst, when they form branched-chain hydrocarbons. | 51 | |
| 13837780706 | thermolysis | Heat effect; used for permanent hair removal | 52 | |
| 13837787308 | coal gasification | Conversion of solid coal to synthetic natural gas (SNG). | 53 | |
| 13837801804 | negative feedback loop | A feedback loop that causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving | 54 | |
| 13837803519 | positive feedback loop | a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified | 55 | |
| 13837950634 | malnutrition | faulty or inadequate diet; lack of protein in diet | 56 | |
| 13837960769 | Leibig's law of the minimum | law stating that a population increases until the supply of the most limiting resource prevents it from increasing further | 57 | |
| 13837971260 | Gaia Hypothesis | States that the environment on a global level has been changed for the better by life over the history of life on earth. | 58 | |
| 13837979461 | aeolian | anything pertaining to wind; god who was Keeper of Wind | 59 | |
| 13845417476 | density-dependent factor | factor that limits a population more as population density increases | 60 | |
| 13845423397 | density-independent factor | limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size | 61 | |
| 13845435112 | doubling time | The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase . | 62 | |
| 13845744384 | biotic potential | The maximum rate at which a population could increase under ideal conditions | 63 | |
| 13845802901 | ecological footprint | the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources. | 64 | |
| 13862292210 | population momentum | continued population growth that does not slow in response to growth reduction measures | 65 | |
| 13862292211 | positive population growth | CBR is growing faster than CDR or CDR is declining faster than CBR | 66 | |
| 13862292212 | pre-industrial stage | Harsh living conditions, birth and death rates are high, little increase in population | 67 | |
| 13862292213 | Transitional stage | Living conditions improve, death rate drops, birth rate remains high | 68 | |
| 13862292214 | Industrial stage | decline in birth rate, population growth slows | 69 | |
| 13862292215 | post-industrial stage | Zero population growth, birth rate falls below the death rate | 70 | |
| 13862466098 | Cyanide | chemical asphyxiant that blocks the intracellular use of oxygen; signs are similar to carbon monoxide posioning | 71 | |
| 13862466099 | amalgram | a combination of diverse elements; a mixture | 72 | |
| 13862466100 | Haber-Bosch process | an industrial process for producing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, using an iron catalyst at high temperature and pressure. | 73 | |
| 13863946668 | anaerobic respiration | Respiration that does not require oxygen | 74 | |
| 13863946669 | aerobic respiration | Respiration that requires oxygen | 75 | |
| 13863946670 | organic decay | the decay of dead plants and animals can produce acids that will weather rocks | 76 | |
| 13863946671 | Photosynthesis | process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches | 77 | |
| 13863946672 | Biosphere | part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere | 78 | |
| 13863946673 | Troposphere | 0-17 km above Earth's surface, site of weather, organisms, contains most atmospheric water vapor. (temperature decreases with increasing altitude, pressure decreases) | 79 | |
| 13863946674 | Mesosphere | The strong, lower part of the mantle between the asthenosphere and the outer core | 80 | |
| 13863946675 | Lithosphere | A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust. | 81 | |
| 13863946676 | Thermosphere | The uppermost layer of the atmosphere, in which temperature increases as altitude increases | 82 | |
| 13863946677 | Stratosphere | 2nd layer of atmosphere; extends from 10 to 30 miles up; location of ozone layer; absorbs 95% of Ultraviolet radiation; temperature increases with altitude increase. | 83 | |
| 13863946678 | Asthenosphere | The soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats. | 84 | |
| 13863946679 | slash and burn farming | a farming method in which people clear fields by cutting and burning trees and grasses, the ashes of which serve to fertilize the soil | 85 | |
| 13863946680 | cellular respiration | Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen | 86 | |
| 13863946681 | Macronutrients | The six key elements that organisms need in relatively large amounts: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. | 87 | |
| 13863946682 | Micronutirents | nutrients that organisms need in only minor or trace amounts | 88 | |
| 13863946683 | Nitrobacter | converts nitrite to nitrate | 89 | |
| 13863946684 | Infiltration | Flow of water from the land surface into the subsurface. | 90 | |
| 13870542328 | municipality | a city or town that has corporate status and local government. | 91 | |
| 13871005523 | specialized niche | narrow range of food requirements or live in a specific habitat | 92 | |
| 13871005524 | Generalized niche | organisms eat a wide range of food sources; live in wider range of habitats | 93 | |
| 13871005525 | net primary productivity | the rate at which biomass accumulates in an ecosystem | 94 | |
| 13871005526 | boreal forest | Dense forest of evergreens located in the upper regions of the Northern Hemisphere. | 95 |
Flashcards
AP Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10711292551 | Electroencephalogram (EEG) | Electrodes placed on scaple measure electrical activity in neurons | 0 | |
| 10711292552 | Magnetoencephalography (MEG) | A head coil records magnetic fields from the brains natural electrical currents | 1 | |
| 10711292553 | Computer Tomography (CT) | X ray of the head generate images that may locate brain damage | 2 | |
| 10711292554 | Positron Emission Tomography (PET) | Tracks where a temporarily radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain of the person given it performs a given task | 3 | |
| 10711292555 | magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | People sit or lie down in a chamber that uses magnetic field and radio waves to provide a map of brain structure | 4 | |
| 10711292556 | functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) | Measures blood flow to brain regions by comparing continuous MRI scans shows the blood movement | 5 | |
| 10711292557 | Electroencephalogram (EEG) | Symptoms of depression and anxiety correlate with increased activity in the right frontal lobe | 6 | |
| 10711292558 | EEG (electroencephalogram) | A brain area associated with behavioral withdrawal and negative emotion | 7 | |
| 10711292559 | Magnetoencephalography (MEG) | Soldiers with post traumatic stress disorders PTSD compared to those who don't have it | 8 | |
| 10711292560 | MEG | Show stronger stronger magnetic fields in the visual cortex when they view trauma related images | 9 | |
| 10711292561 | computed tomography (CT) | Children brain injuries shown in the scans predict impairmaents in their intelligence and memory process | 10 | |
| 10711292562 | Positron Emission Tomography (PET) | Monkeys with an anxious temperament have brains that use more glucose in regions related to fear memory and expectation of reward and punishment | 11 | |
| 10711292563 | magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | People with history of violence tend to have smaller frontal lives especially in regions that aid moral judgment and self control | 12 | |
| 10711292564 | functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) | Years after surviving a near plan crash passengers who viewed material related to their trauma showed greater activation in the brains fear and memory and visual centers than when they watched footage related to 9/11 terrorist attacks | 13 |
AP Bio Macromolecules Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14742593058 | Macromolecules | A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules | 0 | |
| 14742593059 | Polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together. |  | 1 |
| 14742595808 | Monomer | A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers |  | 2 |
| 14742600778 | Carbohydrates | the starches and sugars present in foods | 3 | |
| 14742602153 | 3 main types of carbohydrates | monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides | 4 | |
| 14742607842 | Starch | A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose. | 5 | |
| 14742608481 | Cellulose | A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many plant organisms | 6 | |
| 14742609962 | Lipids | Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. | 7 | |
| 14742611249 | Main types of lipids | Neutral fats or triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids | 8 | |
| 14742613166 | fatty acids | chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms | 9 | |
| 14742613862 | carboxyl group | A -COOH group, found in organic acids. |  | 10 |
| 14742618292 | Triglycerides | an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid. |  | 11 |
| 14742623419 | saturated fats | fats that are solid at room temperature, all carbons are single bonded |  | 12 |
| 14742625407 | unsaturated fats | liquid at room temperature, double bonds between carbon atoms. |  | 13 |
| 14742636351 | Phosopholipids | found in cell membranes | 14 | |
| 14742637085 | Steriods | Steroids are a class of lipids that have a basic structure of four linked carbon rings and include cholesterol, vitamin D, and a variety of hormones. | 15 | |
| 14742638803 | Proteins | Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues |  | 16 |
| 14742641353 | amino acids | building blocks of proteins | 17 | |
| 14742642529 | Peptide bonds form between | an amino group and a carboxyl group | 18 | |
| 14742645578 | nucleic acids | store and transmit genetic information, DNA and RNA | 19 | |
| 14742647734 | Nucleotides are composed of | 1. 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose) 2. 1 phosphate group 3. 1 nitrogenous (nitrogen containing) base |  | 20 |
| 14742649034 | Nitrogen bases in DNA | Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine |  | 21 |
| 14742651174 | DNA structure | DNA consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine |  | 22 |
| 14742654456 | RNA structure | single stranded A, U, C, G |  | 23 |
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