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AP Literature and Composition Terms Flashcards

13704493599	Allegory	A form of extended metaphor, in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative, are equated with the meanings that lie outside the narrative itself. The underlying meaning has moral, social, religious, or political significance, and characters are often personifications of abstract ideas as charity, greed, or envy. Thus an allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. Ex. Animal Farm by George Orwell is a political allegory pertaining to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the rise of communism. It outlines the different classes in society through the depiction of animals. For a deeper dive into Animal Farm, check out	0
13704493600	Alliteration	The repetition of initial sounds in neighboring words. Ex. She sells seashells by the sea-shore.	1
13704493601	Allusion	A reference to another work of literature, person, or event	2
13704493602	Amplification	Use of bare expressions, likely to be ignored or misunderstood by a hearer or reader because of the bluntness. Ex.I think I'm getting sick—I've been experiencing terrible headaches and drainage, and I've just begun to develop a sore throat as well.	3
13704493603	Anagram	A word or phrase made by transposing the letters Ex.J.K. Rowling uses the anagram "I am Lord Voldemort" as an anagram for the Dark Lord's prior name, Tom Marvolo Riddle.	4
13704493604	Analogy	Is the comparison of two pairs which have the same relationship. The key is to ascertain the relationship between the first so you can choose the correct second pair. Part to whole, opposites, results of are types of relationships you should find. Ex. Her hair is as dark as the night	5
13704493605	Anaphora	The deliberate repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of several successive verses, clauses, or paragraphs. One of the devices of repetition, in which the same phrase is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines. Ex. It rained on his lousy tombstone, and it rained on the grass on his stomach. It rained all over the place.- Catcher in the Rye	6
13704493606	Anastrophe	Inversion of the normal syntactic order of words. Ex.Patience I lack.	7
13704493607	Animism	The religious belief that objects, places and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence.	8
13704493608	Anthropomorphism	The act of attributing human forms or qualities to an entities which are not human. Ex. Mickey and Minnie Mouse	9
13704493609	Aphorism	A brief saying embodying a moral, a concise statement of a principle or precept given in pointed words. Ex.A bad penny always turns up	10
13704493610	Apostrophe/Authorial Intrusion	When an absent person, an abstract concept, or an important object is directly addressed. Ex. "Is this a dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee! I have thee not, and yet I see thee still."	11
13704493611	Archetype	The usage of any object or situation as it was originally made - think of it as the biggest cliché ever, but one that never dies Ex. Death and Rebirth - Shows the circle of life	12
13704493612	Assonance	The repetition of vowel sounds Ex. Try to light the fire	13
13704493613	Asyndeton	A stylistic scheme in which conjunctions are deliberately omitted from a series of related clauses Ex.We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be," - Winston Churchill	14
13704493614	Bibliomancy	Prediction based on a Bible verse or literary passage chosen at random.	15
13704493615	Bildungsroman	A story in which the protagonist undergoes growth throughout the entire narrative, generally starting off by being removed or chased from their home. Their growth is often impeded by opposition of their desires by other characters. Ex. The Catcher in the Rye.	16
13704493616	Cacophony	Harsh, discordant sounds. Ex. He grunted and in a gruff voice said, "Give me that trash and I'll throw it out!"	17
13704493617	Caesura	Natural pause or break. Ex. England - how I long for thee!	18
13704493618	Characterization	The method used by a writer to develop a character. The method includes (1) showing the character's appearance, (2) displaying the character's actions, (3) revealing the character's thoughts, (4) letting the character speak, and (5) getting the reactions of others. Ex. Frodo in Lord of The Rings	19
13704493619	Chiasmus	A type of rhetoric in which the second part is syntactically balanced against the first. Ex. Flowers are lovely, love is flowerlike.	20
13704493620	Circumlocution	The use of a longer phrasing in place of a possible shorter form of expression; a roundabout or indirect manner of writing or speaking. Ex.Passed on from this earth	21
13704493621	Conflict	The struggle found in fiction Ex. A Song of Ice and Fire	22
13704493622	Connotation	An implied meaning of a word. Ex.Good night, sweet prince, and flights of angels sing thee to thy rest.	23
13704493623	Consonance	The repetition of consonant sounds, but not vowels. Ex. Lady lounges lazily , dark deep dread crept in.	24
13704493624	Denotation	The literal meaning of a word, the dictionary meaning. Ex. An apple is a fruit we eat	25
13704493625	Deus ex Machina	An improbable contrivance in a story. The phrase describes an artificial, or improbable, character, device, or event introduced suddenly in a work of fiction or drama to resolve a situation or untangle a plot (such as an angel suddenly appearing to solve problems). The term is a negative one, and it often implies a lack of skill on the part of the writer.	26
13704493626	Diction	The choice of language used by the speaker or writer. Ex. Yo, Hello, Howdy, Hi, Hey	27
13704493627	Doppelganger	A ghostly double of another character, especially if it haunts its counterpart.	28
13704493628	Ekphrastic	It is a vivid, often dramatic, verbal description of a visual work of art, either real or imagined. Ex. Poems written about a painting, but they can also be based on a sculpture, an object, or even architecture	29
13704493633	Epilogue	Short speech at conclusion of dramatic work Ex. The end of Animal Farm "YEARS passed. The seasons came and went, the short animal lives fled by. A time came when there was no one who remembered the old days before the Rebellion, except Clover, Benjamin, Moses the raven, and a number of the pigs."	30
13704493634	Epithet	The application of a word or phrase to someone that describes that person's attributes or qualities. Ex. Constantine II of Greece, the King Without a Country	31
13704493635	Euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant Ex. Passed away instead of died.	32
13704493636	Euphony	Pleasant, harmonious sound Ex. " ...Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day To the last syllable of recorded time, And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing."- Macbeth	33
13704493637	Fable	A brief story that leads to a moral, often using animals as characters Ex. The Tortoise and the Hare, The Town Mouse and the Country Mouse, and The Ant and the Grasshopper.	34
13704493638	Faulty Parallelism	Occurs when the elements put into pairs and series "go in different directions" because they do not have the same form Ex. Annie likes to rap, nap, and eat snacks	35
13704493639	Flashback	A method of narration in which present action is temporarily interrupted so that the reader can witness past events	36
13704493640	Foil	A character that contrasts second character that highlights certain qualities of that first character. Ex. In Romeo and Juliet, Paris is a foil to Romeo	37
13704493641	Foreshadowing	A narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader.	38
13704493642	Hyperbaton	An inversion of normal word order Ex. Ever so lost and confused, I felt just then!	39
13704493643	Hyperbole	Exaggeration Ex. It was so cold, I saw polar bears wearing hats and jackets.	40
13704493644	Imagery	Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste) Ex. It was dark and dim in the forest.	41
13704493645	Internal Rhyme	Rhyming within a line.	42
13704493646	Inversion	Words out of order Ex. Tomorrow will come the decision.	43
13704493647	Irony	An implied discrepancy between what is said and what is meant. Ex. A fire station burns down.	44
13704493648	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts Ex. Beauty and ugliness	45
13704493649	Kennings	Metaphorical phrases or compound words used to name a person, place, things or event indirectly Ex. battle-sweat (blood)	46
13704493650	Malapropism	A word humorously misused Ex. Illiterate him quite from your memory	47
13704493651	Metaphor	A comparison without using like or as Ex. The curtain of night fell upon us	48
13704493652	Metonymy	A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it Ex. If we don't get these reports in today, the suits will be after us.	49
13704493653	Motif	A recurring theme, subject or idea	50
13704493654	Mood	Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader	51
13704493655	Negative Capability	John Keats, in a letter of October 27, 1818, suggested that a poet, possessing the power to eliminate his own personality, can take on the qualities of something else and write most effectively about it. Ex. Poems such as Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a Nightingale.	52
13704493656	Nemesis	Someone or something a person cannot conquer or achieve; a hated enemy Ex. Jafar in Aladin	53
13704493657	Onomatopoeia	A word that imitates the sound it represents also imitative harmony	54
13704493658	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase. Ex. To make haste slowly	55
13704493659	Parable (Biblical)	A short allegorical story designed to illustrate or teach some truth, religious principle, or moral lesson	56
13704493660	Paradox	A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth. Ex. Everything I say is a lie	57
13704493661	Pathetic Fallacy	The attribution of human traits to nature or inanimate objects. Ex. "I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills,"	58
13704493662	Periphrasis	Substitution of a descriptive word or phrase for a proper name or of a proper name for a quality associated with the name Ex. In my humble opinion, I think...	59
13704493663	Periodic Structure	A sentence in which the main clause or predicate is withheld until the end. Ex. Despite the heavy winds and nearly impenetrable ground fog, the landed safely.	60
13704493664	Personification	A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes Ex. The ocean heaved a sigh	61
13704493665	Point of View	The perspective from which a story is told Ex. First Person Narrative	62
13704493666	Plot	The sequence of events in a story, novel, or play	63
13704493667	Polysyndeton	Deliberate use of many conjunctions Ex. "In years gone by, there were in every community men and women who spoke the language of duty and morality and loyalty and obligation." -William F. Buckley	64
13704493668	Portmanteau	A new word formed by joining two others and combining their meanings Ex. Smog	65
13704493669	Prologue	A speech, passage, or event coming before the main speech or event Ex. I was hanging out with Sandy and Jim the other night.	66
13704493670	Puns	A play on words Ex. The two pianists had a good marriage. They always were in a chord.	67
13704493671	Rhyme Scheme	A regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem	68
13704493672	Rhythm & Rhyme	A pattern of rhymes that is created by using words that produce the same, or similar sounds	69
13704493673	Satire	A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies. Ex. Political cartoons	70
13704493674	Setting	The time and place of a story Ex. Westeros in Game of Thrones	71
13704493675	Simile	A comparison using "like" or "as" Ex. She is as innocent as an angel	72
13704493676	Spoonerism	An often comical switching of the first sounds of two or more words Ex. You hissed my mystery lecture	73
13704493677	Stanza	A group of lines in a poem	74
13704493678	Stream of Consciousness	A style of writing that portrays the inner (often chaotic) workings of a character's mind.	75
13704493679	Syllepsis	Use of a word with two others, with each of which it is understood differently Ex. She exercises to keep healthy and I to lose weight	76
13704493680	Symbol	A thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract. Ex. A kings crown	77
13704493681	Synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa	78
13704493682	Synesthesia	describing one kind of sensation in terms of another Ex. "A loud color", "A sweet sound"	79
13704493683	Syntax	The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.	80
13704493684	Theme	Central idea of a work of literature.	81
13704493685	Tone	Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character	82
13704493686	Tragedy	A serious form of drama dealing with the downfall of a heroic or noble character. Ex. Othello	83
13704493629	Understatement	Used to understate the obvious Ex. It doesn't look too bad.	84
13704493630	Verisimilitude	1. The appearance of truth; the quality of seeming to be true. 2.Something that has the appearance of being true or real.	85
13704493631	Verse	A line of poetry.	86

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AP World History -- Era 1 Flashcards

Important terms, people, places, and events.

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8357603112	agrarian	rural life, dominated by farming	0
8357603113	Alexander the Great	Philip of Macedon's son; taught by Aristotle; widely expanded Macedonian dominance; conquered Persian Empire and shores of Indus River; developed three empires: Antigonid (Greece and Macedon), Ptolemaic (Egypt), and Seleucid (Bactria and Anatolia)	1
8357603114	Analects of Confucius	compilation of Confucius' thoughts and sayings; had profound influence on Chinese thinking, both politically and culturally	2
8357603115	Bronze Age	latter part of the Neolithic Era; when people learned how to combine copper with tin to create an even harder metal	3
8357603116	bureaucracy	way of organizing government taks by department/bureau so that different parts of the government could specialize and stabilize	4
8357603117	civilization	large areas of land with large populations and distinct, organized cultures	5
8357603118	city-states	each one had its own urban center and agricultural land; sometimes combined into one because they shared common cultural characteristics but still independent and competed with each other	6
8357603119	Code of Hammurabi	extensive code developed by King Hammurabi of Babylon that dealt with every part of daily life; credited as a significat step toward our modern legal codes	7
8357603120	cuneiform	a form of writing developed by the Sumerians	8
8357603121	democracy	citizens of an empire/region voted on everything; in Greek polis, every male citizen was expected to participate on a regular bases	9
8357603122	domestication	people controlling/taming animals to do their own bidding; they got different food products from animals, and they no longer needed to move to get enough food to survive	10
8357603123	egalitarian	equality for all	11
8357603124	Eight Fold Path	made up of right views, right apsirations, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right endeavor, right mindfulness, and right meditation; following this path enables people to move toward nirvana	12
8357603125	emperor	the supreme ruler of an empire, such as in China and in Rome	13
8357603126	empire	a region that one sigle ruler controls	14
8357603127	feudalism	peasants are tied to the land; they work for their landlord in exchange for food, shelter, and protection	15
8357603128	foraging	traveling from point to point as the climate and availability of plants and animals dictated	16
8357603129	Four Noble Truths	what Buddhists follow instead of a supreme being	17
8357603130	Great Wall	separate fortification walls that were connected by the Qin Dynasty	18
8357603131	Han Dynasty	ruled from 200 B.C.E. to 200 C.E. by the Huns from northern Asia; civil service system and examination was developed	19
8357603132	Hellenism	the culture, ideals, and pattern of life of Classical Greece	20
8357603133	hierarchy	a system with different groups in a certain order, like the caste system in India	21
8357603134	the Huns	northern nomadic tribes who took over China and invaded Europe	22
8357603135	hunter-gatherer	people who depended on nature for sustenance and at the mercy of nature	23
8357603136	irrigation	usually simple dikes and canals to capture floods water and precious fertile silt; helped pupolations get steady water supplies and a fairly reliable plumbing and sewage system	24
8357603137	Legalism	dominant belief system of Qin rulers, believed everyone is evil and strict/harsh laws were necessary	25
8357603138	monotheism	believing in only one god	26
8357603139	Neolithic "New Stone" Revolution	people moved from nomadic lifestyles to agricultural lifestyles and town and city life	27
8357603140	nomadic	moving from place to place depending on the migration patterns of animals and the seasons; people were at the mercy of nature	28
8357603141	pastoral	domestication of animals, small-scale agriculture to supplement the main food supply of animal products	29
8357603142	Pax Romana	period of peace and prosperity in Rome during Augustus Caesar's rule	30
8357603143	polytheism	worshipping more than one god	31
8357603144	Roman Republic	had social/political structure of patricians (land-owning noblemen), plebeians (all other free men), and slaves; organized as representative republic with the Senate and the Assembly	32
8357603145	Shang Civilization	rose in Hwang Ho River Valley; used its stable agricultural surplus to build a trade-centered civilization; controlled parge parts of northern China and was militarily quite powerful; limited contact with world (except Mesopotamia); ethnocentric attitude; patriarchal structure	33
8357603146	Shi Huang Di	the first emperor of China who recentralized various feudal kingdoms; Qin Dynasty; oversaw the construction of the Great Wall of China	34
8357603147	Siddhartha Gautama	young Hindu prince who founded Buddhism; rejected his wealth to serach for the meaning of human suffereing; became Buddha/Enlightened One	35
8357603148	Silk Road trade	extended from China to the Roman Empire; pastoral communities along the way procided protection, shelter, and supplies for merchants in exchange for payment; culture/religion and disease spread along this trade route	36
8357603149	surplus	having more than is needed; this allowed people in different civilizations to specialize in different types of work (artisans, merchants, etc...)	37
8357603150	theocracy	goverened by god/priests	38
8357603151	the Torah	the Jewish Bible; made up of the first five books of the Old Testament	39
8357603152	vassals	dependent landlord in feudal society who gave loyalty and homage to a feudal lord and received the right to occupy the lord's land and be protected by him	40
8357603153	Xiongnu	large nomadic group from northern Asia believed to be Huns; invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe	41
8357603154	ziggurats	temples built by the Sumerians, kind of like pyrmaids, to appease their gods	42