Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Language and Composition Vocabulary Flashcards
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| 13787959438 | Narration | Writing that tells a story | 0 | |
| 13787962627 | Classification and Division | A pattern of writing or speaking which is characterized by division, which is the process of breaking a whole into parts, and classification, which is the often subsequent process of sorting individual items into categories | 1 | |
| 13787965871 | Cause and Effect | Noting a relationship between actions or events such that one or more are the result of the other or others. | 2 | |
| 13787968517 | Compare and Contrast | Give an account of similarities and differences between two (or more) items or situations, referring to both (all) of them throughout. | 3 | |
| 13787968518 | Description | The picturing in words of something or someone through detailed observation of color, motion, sound, taste, smell, and touch | 4 | |
| 13787973881 | Definition | A method of informing that explains something by identifying its meaning | 5 | |
| 13787973882 | Process Analysis | A method of paragraph or essay development by which a writer explains step by step how something is done or how to do something. | 6 | |
| 13787977210 | Exemplification | A pattern of writing or speaking which is characterized by using one or more particular cases, or examples, to illustrate or explain a general point or an abstract concept | 7 | |
| 13787980137 | Antimetabole | Repetition of words in reverse order | 8 | |
| 13787985572 | Example of antimetabole | "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country." | 9 | |
| 13787991000 | Syllogism | A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion | 10 | |
| 13787993642 | Deductive reasoning | Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case | 11 | |
| 13787996381 | Example of deductive reasoning | "The sun rises every day. Therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday." | 12 | |
| 13788001888 | Inductive reasoning | Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a specific case and then applying that case to a general principle | 13 | |
| 13788007127 | Example of inductive reasoning | "The sun rose on Tuesday. Therefore, the sun rises every day." | 14 | |
| 13788030667 | Aphorism | A brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life | 15 | |
| 13788033709 | Example of aphorism | "If it ain't broke, don't fix it." | 16 | |
| 13788035702 | Nominalization | Turning a verb or adjective into a noun | 17 | |
| 13788038612 | Example of nominalization | "I knew very well that I spoke English poorly." --> "I had the knowledge that my speech in English was poor." | 18 | |
| 13788051514 | Paradox | A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth | 19 | |
| 13788054676 | Example of paradox | "You can save money by spending it." | 20 | |
| 13788058703 | Polemic | A strong verbal or written attack on someone or something | 21 | |
| 13788061751 | Pedantic | Excessively concerned with book learning and formal rules | 22 | |
| 13788078068 | Invective | An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language | 23 | |
| 13788083426 | Malapropism | The unintentional, often humorous misuse of a word by confusion with one that sounds similar | 24 | |
| 13788094261 | Example of malapropism | "She's as headstrong as an allegory." (alligator) | 25 | |
| 13788098193 | Periodic sentence | A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end | 26 | |
| 13788603894 | Example of periodic sentence | "That morning, after a turbulent flight and some exciting experiences, we reached Edmonton." | 27 | |
| 13788441804 | Example of cumulative sentence | "But neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take comfort from our present course - both sides overburdened by the cost of modern weapons, both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom, yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war." | 28 | |
| 13788098194 | Cumulative sentence | A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the beginning | 29 | |
| 13788438872 | Example of ad hominem | "You should vote against the mayor's proposal because he uses bad grammar and chews tobacco." | 30 | |
| 13788106764 | Ad Hominem | A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute | 31 | |
| 13788435286 | Example of ad populum | "You should vote to elect Rachel Johnson; she has a strong lead in the polls!" | 32 | |
| 13788106765 | Ad Populum | Bandwagon appeal | 33 | |
| 13788422328 | Example of appeal to false authority | "John Cena approves of this new medical procedure; it must be safe." | 34 | |
| 13788112542 | Appeal to False Authority | Presenting an unqualified person or institution as a source of credible information | 35 | |
| 13788418980 | Example of circular reasoning | "You can't give me a C; I'm an A student!" | 36 | |
| 13788115116 | Circular Reasoning | A fallacy in which the argument repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence | 37 | |
| 13788390104 | Example of either/or (false dilemma) | "We can either save our economy by voting Republican or watch our country burn." | 38 | |
| 13788120125 | Either/Or (False Dilemma) | A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices | 39 | |
| 13788385508 | Example of faulty analogy | "Forcing students to attend cultural events is like herding cattle to slaughter. The students stampede in to the event where they are systematically 'put to sleep' by the program." | 40 | |
| 13788120126 | Faulty Analogy | A fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable | 41 | |
| 13788123110 | Hasty Generalization | A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence | 42 | |
| 13788376928 | Example of hasty generalization | "Smoking isn't bad for you; my great aunt smoked a pack a day and lived to be 90." | 43 | |
| 13788379572 | Example of post hoc ergo propter hoc | "We elected Johnson as president and look where it got us: hurricanes, floods, stock market crashes." | 44 | |
| 13788126423 | Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc | This fallacy is Latin for "after which therefore because of which," meaning that it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier (correlation does not equal causation) | 45 | |
| 13788131070 | Quantitative evidence | Numerical or measurable data | 46 | |
| 13788135097 | Rebuttal | Refutation; response with contrary evidence | 47 | |
| 13788137382 | Refutation | A denial of the validity of an opposing argument | 48 | |
| 13788141333 | Straw Man | A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea | 49 | |
| 13788143858 | Begging the Question | A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt | 50 | |
| 13788147672 | Alliteration | Repetition of initial consonant sounds | 51 | |
| 13788366462 | Example of alliteration | "She sells sea shells by the sea shore." | 52 | |
| 13788147673 | Allusion | A reference to another work of literature, person, or event | 53 | |
| 13788151713 | Analogy | A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way | 54 | |
| 13788361453 | Example of anaphora | "My life is my purpose. My life is my goal. My life is my inspiration." | 55 | |
| 13788151714 | Anaphora | The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses | 56 | |
| 13788155054 | Anecdote | A brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event | 57 | |
| 13788157716 | Antithesis | Direct opposite | 58 | |
| 13788356676 | Example of archaic diction | "Beliefs for which our forebears fought." | 59 | |
| 13788161676 | Archaic diction | Old-fashioned or outdated choice of words | 60 | |
| 13788352971 | Example of asyndeton | "I came, I saw, I conquered." | 61 | |
| 13788163357 | Asyndeton | Omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words | 62 | |
| 13788337876 | Example of complex sentence | "The penguin celebrated after catching a fish." | 63 | |
| 13788167760 | Complex sentence | A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause | 64 | |
| 13788167761 | Compound sentence | a sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions | 65 | |
| 13788335551 | Example of compound sentence | "The penguin sang, yet the seal continued to sleep." | 66 | |
| 13788172281 | Concession | a literary device used in argumentative writing where one acknowledges a point made by one's opponent | 67 | |
| 13788178308 | Connotation | The implied or associative meaning of a word | 68 | |
| 13788180965 | Denotation | The literal meaning of a word | 69 | |
| 13788185189 | Ethos | Credibility | 70 | |
| 13788185190 | Pathos | Appeal to emotion | 71 | |
| 13788187800 | Logos | Appeal to logic | 72 | |
| 13788190005 | Euphemism | An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant | 73 | |
| 13788328387 | Example of euphemism | "Passed away." | 74 | |
| 13788322687 | Example of hortative sentence | "Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us." | 75 | |
| 13788193128 | Hortative sentence | A sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action | 76 | |
| 13788318015 | Example of hyperbole | "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse." | 77 | |
| 13788195915 | Hyperbole | Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally | 78 | |
| 13788313666 | Example of imperative sentence | "Run." | 79 | |
| 13788199358 | Imperative sentence | A sentence that requests or commands | 80 | |
| 13788310684 | Example of inversion | "United there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided there is little we can do." | 81 | |
| 13788201823 | Inversion | Inverted order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject-verb-object order) | 82 | |
| 13788204718 | Irony | the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning | 83 | |
| 13788207123 | Juxtaposition | Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts | 84 | |
| 13788207124 | Logical Fallacies | Methods of pseudo-reasoning that may occur accidentally or may be intentionally contrived to lend plausibility to an unsound argument | 85 | |
| 13788305903 | Example of metonymy | "The pen is mightier than the sword." | 86 | |
| 13788214072 | Metonymy | A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it | 87 | |
| 13788216718 | Modifier | A word, phrase, or clause that qualifies or describes another word, phrase, or clause | 88 | |
| 13788216720 | Oxymoron | A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase | 89 | |
| 13788300163 | Example of oxymoron | "Advanced beginner." | 90 | |
| 13788219042 | Parody | A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule | 91 | |
| 13788298040 | Example of parallelism | "Like father, like son." | 92 | |
| 13788221397 | Parallelism | Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses | 93 | |
| 13788221398 | Persona | The face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience | 94 | |
| 13788293018 | Example of personification | "Lightning danced across the sky." | 95 | |
| 13788227360 | Personification | A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes | 96 | |
| 13788277328 | Example of polysyndeton | "He dove and swam and remembered what he loved most about the ocean." | 97 | |
| 13788227361 | Polysyndeton | Deliberate use of many conjunctions | 98 | |
| 13788254204 | Example of a qualified argument | "The government should sometimes regulate business practices, but this is not always effective." | 99 | |
| 13788229342 | Qualified argument | an argument that is not absolute; acknowledges the merits of an opposing view, but develops a stronger case for its own position | 100 | |
| 13788231714 | Rhetoric | The art of using language effectively and persuasively | 101 | |
| 13788234592 | Rhetorical appeals | The use of emotional, ethical, and logical arguments to persuade in writing or speaking | 102 | |
| 13788251355 | Example of a rhetorical question | "Will you join in that historic effort?" | 103 | |
| 13788237688 | Rhetorical question | A question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer | 104 | |
| 13788240565 | Rhetorical triangle | A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text | 105 | |
| 13788240566 | Satire | The use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues | 106 | |
| 13788243724 | Synecdoche | Uses a part to explain a whole or a whole to explain a part | 107 | |
| 13788610566 | Example of synecdoche | "In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course." | 108 | |
| 13788616820 | Syntax | Sentence structure | 109 | |
| 13788622577 | Tone | Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character | 110 | |
| 13788622578 | Understatement | The presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is | 111 | |
| 13788628905 | Example of understatement | "The 1906 San Francisco earthquake interrupted business somewhat in the downtown area." | 112 | |
| 13788631804 | Zeugma | A construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs—often in different, sometimes incongruent ways—two or more words in a sentence | 113 | |
| 13788634458 | Example of zeugma | "Basil lost his coat and his temper." | 114 | |
| 13788643865 | Colloquialism | A word or phrase that is not formal or literary, typically one used in ordinary or familiar conversation | 115 | |
| 13788656869 | Example of colloquialism | "Go bananas." | 116 | |
| 13788646624 | Jargon | Special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand | 117 | |
| 13788661866 | Example of jargon | "His BP (blood pressure) is normal." | 118 | |
| 13788653421 | Apostrophe | A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love | 119 | |
| 13788680037 | Example of anachronism | A cell phone in a Shakespeare play | 120 | |
| 13788648905 | Anachronism | Something out of place in time | 121 | |
| 13788684311 | Example of apostrophe | "Twinkle, twinkle, little star, How I wonder what you are. Up above the world so high, Like a diamond in the sky." | 122 |
AP Language Vocab Section 4 Flashcards
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| 7918593017 | canard | Definition: an unfounded rumor or story, "fake news" POS: N Synonyms: hoax, exaggeration, rumor, spoof, falsehood, fib, misrepresentation Antonyms: truth, verity, fact | 0 | |
| 7918593018 | éclat | Definition: brilliant display or effect; ostentatious display; showy display; being known for negative things POS: N Synonyms: style, confidence, dash, flair, vigor, gusto, verve, zest, sparkle, publicity, celebrity, praise, applause, publicity, Antonyms: obscurity, contempt, derision, dishonor, oblivion | 1 | |
| 7918593019 | élan | Definition: energy and enthusiasm POS: N Synonyms: animation, ardor, dash, impetuosity, vigor, vigorous spirit, enthusiasm, impetus, animation Antonyms: passivity, nonchalant, indifferent ` | 2 | |
| 7918593020 | gallivant | Definition: go around from one place to another in the pursuit of pleasure or entertainment POS: V Synonyms: jaunt, flit, run, rove, roam, wander, gad, meander, ramble, roam, stray Antonyms: stay, behave, be direct, go direct, settle, remain, perch | 3 | |
| 7918593021 | histrionics | Definition: (1) exaggerated dramatic behavior designed to attract attention; displays of emotion for affect POS: (1) N Synonyms: dramatics, theatrics, affectation, overacting, pretense Antonyms: undramatic | 4 | |
| 7918593022 | jingoism | Definition: extreme patriotism, especially in the form of aggressive or warlike foreign policy; extreme devotion to a belief or nation; extreme love of country (chauvinism) POS: N Synonyms: chauvinism, xenophobia, flag-waving, militarism, belligerence, zealotry, nationalism Antonyms: unbias, openmindedness, tolerance, compassion | 5 | |
| 7918593023 | lassitude | Definition: a state of physical or mental weariness; lack of energy POS: N Synonyms: lethargy, weariness, languor, fatigue, torpor, apathy, tired, exhaustion Antonyms: vigor, refreshment, rejuvenation, elan, energy, might, power, strength | 6 | |
| 7918593024 | littoral | Definition: of, relating to, or situated on the shore of the sea or a lake or ocean POS: adj Synonyms: coast, shore, waterfront, bank, beach, seaboard Antonyms: landlocked | 7 | |
| 7918593025 | mores | Definition: the essential or characteristic customs and conventions of a community (group); moral values and attitudes of a group (practices of a group) POS: N Synonyms: customs, manners, principles, rituals, habits, ethic, morality, morals, etiquette, Antonyms: rudeness, purtenous | 8 | |
| 7918593026 | obfuscate | Definition: render obscure, unclear, or unintelligible; making something unclear; perplex or puzzle someone POS: V Synonyms: obscure, confuse, blur, muddle, complicate, muddy, befog, cloud, befuddle, bewilder, overcast, darken Antonyms: clarify, enlighten, explicate, illuminate, reveal, explain, elucidate | 9 | |
| 7918593027 | redolent | Definition: strongly reminiscent or suggestive of (something); giving off a specified fragrant POS: adj Synonyms: evocative, suggestive, reminiscent, aromatic, scented Antonyms: malodorous, putrid, fetid, foul | 10 | |
| 7918593028 | sapient | Definition: wise, or attempting to appear wise; possessing or expressing great sagacity POS: adj Synonyms: discerning, insightful, perceptive, prudent, sagacious, sage, wise, erudite Antonyms: unperceptive, unwise, dense, dull, obtuse, purblind, brainless, feebleminded, ignorant, uneducated | 11 | |
| 7918593029 | specious | Definition: superficially plausible, but actually wrong; appears to be true, but actually false POS: adj Synonyms: misleading, deceptive, false, fallacious, unsound, spurious, deceptive, showy, counterfactual, pretentious, apparent, inaccurate, ostensible Antonyms: accurate, correct, genuine, honest, real, right, true, truthful, valid, credible, profound | 12 | |
| 7918593030 | turgid | Definition: swollen and distended or congested; in a state of distension; excessively embellished in style or language POS: adj Synonyms: swollen, distended, tumescent, bloated, tumid, pompous, arrogant, bombastic, grandiloquent Antonyms: humble, modest, plain, quiet, reserved, simple | 13 | |
| 7918593031 | vixen | Definition: an angry and unpleasant woman; nasty, ill-tempered woman POS: N Synonyms: fury, harpy, harridan, virago, shrew, coquette, fishwife, nitpicker, amazon, scolding shrew Antonyms: ??? | 14 |
Flashcards
AP Flashcards
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| 14642456123 | Varnas | the name given by Aryans in ancient India to a group of people in what was believed to be an ideal social structure of four groups | 0 | |
| 14642469765 | Caste System | a set of rigid categories in ancient India that determined a person's occupation and economic potential, as well as his or her position in society, based partly on skin color | 1 | |
| 14642483199 | Reincarnation | the rebirth of an individual's soul in a different form after death | 2 | |
| 14642489080 | Yoga | a method of training developed by the Hindus that is supposed to lead to oneness with Brahman | 3 | |
| 14642531354 | Karma | in Hinduism, the force generated by a person's actions that determines how the person will be reborn in the next life | 4 | |
| 14642539527 | Dharma | in Hinduism, the divine law that rules karma; it requires all people to do their duty based on their status in society | 5 | |
| 14642541382 | Nirvana | In Buddhism, ultimate reality, the end of the self and a reunion with the Great World Soul | 6 | |
| 14642548202 | Welfare | something that aids or promotes well-being | 7 | |
| 14642553456 | Vedas | Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism | 8 |
Flashcards
AP Legislative Flashcards
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| 12395656577 | advice and consent | The power of the Senate to consult and approve the presidents treaties and appointments. | 0 | |
| 12395660291 | bicameral legislature | A law making body made of two houses (bi means 2). Example: Congress (our legislature) is made of two house - The House of Representatives and The Senate. | 1 | |
| 12395664370 | caucus (congressional) | A group of members of Congress sharing some interest or characteristic. Many are composed of members from both parties and from both houses. | 2 | |
| 12395667699 | cloture rule | a rule used by the Senate to end or limit debate | 3 | |
| 12395675821 | Committee of the Whole | A device used in the House of Representatives to expedite the passage of legislation. The quorum is reduced from 218 members to 100, and the Speaker appoints a member of the majority party as chair. Time allotted for debating the bill in question is split equally between its proponents and opponents. The committee cannot itself pass legislation but may debate and propose amendments. | 4 | |
| 12395682073 | Committee on Committees | Republican group that recommends committee assignments | 5 | |
| 12395685362 | Conference Chair | works with the whip, the majority leader, and the pro tem. They put people on different committees. This is a powerful job | 6 | |
| 12395688238 | conference committee | Committee appointed by the presiding officers of each chamber to adjust differences on a particular bill passed by each in different form. | 7 | |
| 12396916491 | Congressional Oversight | The United States Congress has the authority to conduct hearings, investigations, and budget reviews of the actions by the executive branch. | 8 | |
| 12396919453 | deficit | An excess of federal expenditures over federal revenues. | 9 | |
| 12396922314 | Delegate Model | The view that an elected represent should represent the opinions of his or her constituents. | 10 | |
| 12396932467 | discharge petition | Petition that, if signed by majority of the House of Representatives' members, will pry a bill from committee and bring it to the floor for consideration. | 11 | |
| 12396935306 | discretionary spending | Federal spending on programs that are controlled through the regular budget process | 12 | |
| 12396937547 | earmark | Funds that an appropriations bill designates for a particular purpose within a state or congressional district | 13 | |
| 12396941062 | enumerated powers | Powers specifically given to Congress in the Constitution; including the power to collect taxes, coin money, regulate foreign and interstate commerce, and declare war. | 14 | |
| 12396945035 | estate tax | A tax on the estate, or total value of the money and property, of a person who has died | 15 | |
| 12396948772 | Filibuster | A procedural practice in the Senate whereby a senator refuses to relinquish the floor and thereby delays proceedings and prevents a vote on a controversial issue. | 16 | |
| 12396953416 | Floor Leaders | Members of the House and Senate picked by their parties to carry out party decisions and steer legislative action to meet party goals | 17 | |
| 12396973846 | Gerrymandering | Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power. | 18 | |
| 12396976785 | Gridlock | the inability of the government to act because rival parties control different parts of the government | 19 | |
| 12396982660 | House Judiciary Committee | Considers legislation dealing with civil liberties, constitutional amendments, federal courts and judges, immigration, civil and criminal laws | 20 | |
| 12396982661 | Impeach | To formally charge a public official with misconduct in office | 21 | |
| 12396989442 | implied powers | Powers inferred from the express powers that allow Congress to carry out its functions. | 22 | |
| 12396995136 | joint committee | A committee composed of members of both the House of Representatives and the Senate; such committees oversee the Library of Congress and conduct investigations. | 23 | |
| 12396998702 | Logrolling | An agreement by two or more lawmakers to support each other's bills | 24 | |
| 12396998703 | mandatory spending | Federal spending required by law that continues without the need for annual approvals by Congress. | 25 | |
| 12397012551 | marginal seat | A seat in the House of Representatives that is not considered to be safe for the incumbent in the next election (swing seat). | 26 | |
| 12397015642 | markup session | A meeting held by a congressional committee or subcommittee to approve, amend, or redraft a bill. | 27 | |
| 12397027845 | multiple referral | The process through which a bill is referred to several committees that simultaneously consider it in whole or in part | 28 | |
| 12397066286 | non-germane amendments | formal changes to a bill that do not have any direct relation to the subject of the bill itself. The Senate permits such amendments. | 29 | |
| 12397070317 | Omnibus Bill | A single document that is accepted in a single vote by a legislature but contains amendments to a number of other laws or even many entirely new laws. | 30 | |
| 12397074162 | Politico Model | Role played by elected representatives who act as trustees or as delegates, depending on the issue. | 31 | |
| 12397095974 | pork barrel spending | The appropriation of government spending for projects that are intended primarily to benefit particular constituents, such as those in marginal seats or campaign contributors. | 32 | |
| 12397099956 | President of the Senate | Vice President | 33 | |
| 12397108094 | President Pro Tempore | Officer of the Senate selected by the majority party to act as chair in the absence of the vice president | 34 | |
| 12397108095 | Reapportionment | the process of reassigning representation based on population, after every census | 35 | |
| 12397111863 | Redistricting | The redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population. | 36 | |
| 12397114895 | Rider | A provision attached to a bill - to which it may or may not be related - in order to secure its passage or defeat. | 37 | |
| 12397118152 | Rules Committee | the "traffic cop" of the House that sets the legislative calendar and issues rules for debate on a bill | 38 | |
| 12397124243 | safe seat | An elected office that is predictably won by one party or the other, so the success of that party's candidate is almost taken for granted. | 39 | |
| 12397127167 | select committees aka special committees | Congressional committees appointed for a specific purpose, such as the Watergate investigation. | 40 | |
| 12397131770 | Senate Majority Leader | The chief spokesperson of the majority party in the Senate, who directs the legislative program and party strategy. | 41 | |
| 12397135855 | sequential referral | bill is sent to another committee once one has completed its work. Parts of the bill may also be referred to separate committees. | 42 | |
| 12397138994 | Seventeenth Amendment | 1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US senators | 43 | |
| 12397141960 | Speaker of the House | An office mandated by the Constitution. The Speaker is chosen in practice by the majority party, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed to the presidency should that office become vacant. | 44 | |
| 12397145263 | sponsor | The person who introduces a bill and usually takes ownership | 45 | |
| 12397153273 | standing committee | A permanent committee established in a legislature, usually focusing on a policy area | 46 | |
| 12397174294 | Steering and Policy Committee | committee used by Democrats to assign committee members | 47 | |
| 12397194823 | swing district | a district where no single candidate or party has overwhelming support | 48 | |
| 12397197176 | trustee model | a model of representation in which a member of the House or Senate follows his or her own conscience when deciding issue positions | 49 | |
| 12397199958 | unanimous consent | an agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation | 50 | |
| 12397205363 | War Powers Act of 1973 | President can send troops immediately, but must report to Congress and power is limited to 60 days | 51 | |
| 12397213277 | Ways and Means Committee | a permanent committee of the United States House of Representatives that makes recommendations to the House on all bills that would raise revenue | 52 | |
| 12397213278 | Whips | Party leaders who work with the majority leader or minority leader to count votes beforehand and lean on waverers whose votes are crucial to a bill favored by the party. | 53 |
AP World History Chapter 22 Flashcards
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| 12540136660 | What are the two things that the Industrial Revolution means? | Increased mechanization of production and the social changes that accompanied the shift. | 0 | |
| 12540136661 | Where did the Industrial Revolution begin and where did it spread first? | It began in Britain and spread to other countries in northwest Europe and North America | 1 | |
| 12540136662 | Explain the British Cottage Industry system and how it came about? | The system was where merchants provided raw cotton to women into finished cloth in their homes and it was made to compete with Indian cotton | 2 | |
| 12540137974 | How did the Cottage Industries spur Industrial technologies? | Inventors demanded faster production to turn out cloth more efficiently | 3 | |
| 12540137975 | What ended the household cottage industry? | The water frame | 4 | |
| 12540137976 | Besides the Cotton Gin what other more important invention system did Eli Whitney create? Why was it important to the Industrial Revolution? | A system of interchangeable parts for manufacturing firearms in the US military, which led to a division of labour among workers | 5 | |
| 12540140210 | Division of Labor led to what system established by Henry Ford? | The moving assembly line | 6 | |
| 12540140211 | What effect did James Watt's steam engine have on Industrialization in England?` | It provided an inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam | 7 | |
| 12540141591 | What effect did steam power have on Ocean travel? | Ships were able to travel quickly upstream on rivers instead of having to sail up or be towed by people and animals | 8 | |
| 12540141592 | What effect did the seed drill, crop rotation, and the potato have on Industrialism? | Crop rotation and seed drill -increased food production Potato farm -Contributed more calories | 9 | |
| 12540141593 | What effect did the enclosure movement have on the growth of urbanization in England? | Enclosure movement caused farmed to become landless and destitute | 10 | |
| 12540142914 | What were three advantages that England had in Industrialization? | Britain's geographical advantages ⦁ Coal deposits ⦁ Good for raw material imports ⦁ Good for exporting finished goods | 11 | |
| 12540142915 | What effect did the Atlantic Slave trade have on British capitalism? | Atlantic slave trade gave British extra money | 12 | |
| 12540144435 | What role did private property play in the development of Industrialism? | Private Property assured that gov't and/or other businesses wouldn't take away their business | 13 | |
| 12540144436 | What were the factors that delayed Industrialism in France? | Delayed industrialism in France ⦁ French revolution ⦁ Wars ⦁ Sparsely populated urban centers | 14 | |
| 12540145921 | What were the factors that delayed Industrialism in Germany? | Germany delayed industrialization because they were fragmented into small states | 15 | |
| 12540145922 | What role did immigrants play in the creation of American Industrialism? | US immigrants provided labour force to work in factories | 16 | |
| 12540147378 | What was the difference between the first Industrialism and what was called the second Industrial Revolution? | 1st Revolution ⦁ Textiles, steam power, iron 2nd revolution ⦁ Steel, chemical, precision machinery, electronics | 17 | |
| 12540147379 | What realization did Japan come to in light of the treatment of China by United States and England? | China was humiliated by the west and Japan noticed, realized they needed to industrialize to protect themselves | 18 | |
| 12540147380 | How did industrialism affect gender roles in Japan and England? | Japan replicated abuse of female workers, similar to the British | 19 | |
| 12540148526 | Explain the successes of Russian industrialism? | Industrialism in Russia ⦁ Became 4th largest producer of steel | 20 | |
| 12540148527 | How did industrialism affect women and children roles? | Had to leave homes and neighbourhoods for a long time to survive | 21 | |
| 12540150393 | Explain working conditions for children in the factories? | -Oppressive heat -Heavy loads -Climbing into small spots -Worked at as young as 5 | 22 | |
| 12540150394 | What were three problems of urbanization? | 3 problems of urbanization ⦁ Disease ⦁ Damaging ecological footprint ⦁ Inhumane living conditions | 23 | |
| 12540152140 | Why were the working class easily replaced in the factory system? | Working class easily replaced because ⦁ Low skilled ⦁ Not as efficient as machines | 24 | |
| 12540152141 | Give a description of the new middle class white collar workers? | white collar workers ⦁ literate ⦁ considered middle class | 25 | |
| 12540152142 | Why did factories prefer to hire women? | They were able to pay them less | 26 | |
| 12540154051 | What did it mean if you were a stay at home wife? | -Was a status symbol -Meant husband could be the sole provider | 27 | |
| 12540154052 | What effect did the cult of domesticity have on the working class women? | Women had to manage household, children, and work full time | 28 | |
| 12540156042 | How did consumerism and leisure sports represent the bleak factory working conditions? | Made leisure and material goods an important escape from conditions | 29 | |
| 12540156043 | What effect did Industrialism have on environmental conditions? | Water pollution and toxic air pollution | 30 | |
| 12540156044 | What can a stock-holder lose and not lose when a company goes bankrupt? | Can only lose what they paid for the stock, not liable for bankruptcy/debt | 31 | |
| 12540157288 | What were companies trying to do when they formed monopolies? | -Eliminate competition -Control all aspects of a market | 32 | |
| 12540157289 | What were four things unions accomplished in Great Britain? | Union accomplishments in Great Britain ⦁ Minimum wage laws ⦁ Limits on hrs worked ⦁ Overtime pay ⦁ Estimated of 5 day work week | 33 | |
| 12540158625 | How did unions affect voter rights in Europe? | Union vote rights ⦁ Reduced property ownership qualifications ⦁ Gave more representation to British Cities | 34 | |
| 12540158626 | What were the two major social changes that occurred from 1843 and 1881 in regards to children? | 1843 ⦁ Children under 10 banned from working in coal mines 1881 ⦁ Education mandatory for 5-10 y/o British Children | 35 | |
| 12540160197 | What three social changes did Otto von Bismarck institute in Germany? | Otto von Bismarck - Germany ⦁ Worker's accident compensation ⦁ Unemployment ⦁ Old age pension ⦁ Insurances | 36 | |
| 12540160198 | How did industrialism affect interdependence between nations? | Interdependence between nations after industrialization ⦁ Encouraged and increased ⦁ Greater connections ⦁ Formation of international unions | 37 | |
| 12540162326 | How did Adam Smith's ideas and John Stuart Mill's ideas affect industrialism and economics? (Be General) | Adam smith ⦁ Business shouldn't be regulated gov't ⦁ Laissez-faire John Stuart ⦁ Social reforms ie. Child labour ⦁ Growing problems should be focused on | 38 | |
| 12540162327 | What did Utopian Socialists advocate for? | Utopian socialists ⦁ Socialism ⦁ Resources shared/owned by everyone | 39 | |
| 12540163757 | What was the means of production described by Marx? | Machines, factories, mines, and land | 40 | |
| 12540163758 | What were some of the contradictions of Marx? | At times he advocated for democracy, but other times he favoured a "dictatorship of the proletariat" | 41 | |
| 12540163759 | What did Anarchism advocate for in response to economics and government? | Argued for nearly all national gov't to be abolished and for local communities to run themselves | 42 | |
| 12540165376 | What were two positive aspects of industrialism? | Pros of industrial revolution ⦁ Goods cheaper ⦁ More accessible ⦁ Goods made faster | 43 | |
| 12540165377 | What were two negative aspects of industrialism? | Cons of industrial revolution ⦁ Polluted air and water ⦁ Family life changed, works goes from homes to factories | 44 | |
| 12540167344 | What long term effect did industrialism have on colonization? | Colonization ⦁ Global inequalities increased ⦁ Second war began ⦁ Early industrialization destroyed in Egypt, China, India | 45 |
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