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AP World History Unit 2: Networks of Exchange Flashcards

15499687491	Silk Roads	caravan routes across Central Asia/Iran -> China + ME -traded porcelain, spices, fruit, silk, silver -spread Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam -had stirrups + chariots for battle	0
15499687492	Indian Ocean Trade	connected to Europe, E Africa, SE +E Asia, India, Persian Gulf. -worlds richest maritime trading network -bilinguals -monsoons, lateen (triangle)sails	1
15499687493	Trans-Saharan Trade	route across the Sahara Desert, N+S Africa -traded gold & salt -iron, language, farming spread -most languages from bantu -camels and camel saddles crucial in development -facilitated spread of Islam	2
15499687494	magnetic compass	Chinese invention that aided navigation by showing which direction was north	3
15499687495	rudder	Steering device, usually a vertical blade attached to a post at, or near, the stern of the boat; improved sea trade	4
15499687496	junk ship	A very large flat-bottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel and participation in the tribute system	5
15499687503	monsoon winds	seasonal wind in India, the winter monsoon brings hot, dry weather and the summer monsoon brings rain	6
15499687523	Swahili city-states	City coasts that actively participated in Indian Ocean trade along the East coast of the African continent	7
15499687516	Il-Khanate	Mongol empire that ruled over Iran (Persia) & the Middle East	8
15499687508	Timbuktu	Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning thanks to its location in the trans-Saharan trade networks; universities, mosques, and libraries	9
15499687505	diaspora	A dispersion of people from their homeland; merchant communities of Muslim spread Islam throughout Southeast Asia	10
15499687517	Yuan Dynasty	(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureaucrats; did not emphasize Confucianism and the civil service exams	11
15499687522	Margery Kempe	Wrote the Book of Margery Kempe - considered the 1st autobiography in the English language. Chronicles her pilgrimages to holy sites in Europe and Asia. Claimed to have vision that called her to leave the vanities of the world	12
15499687510	caravan	group of traveling merchants and animals	13
15499687509	Camel Saddle	An invention which gives camel riders more stability on the animal and its invention and basic idea traveled along the Trans-Saharan Caravan Trade Route. Invented somewhere between 500 and 100 BCE by Bedouin tribes.	14
15499687519	Gunpowder	Invented within China during the 9th century, this substance was became the dominate military technology used to expand European and Asian empires by the 15th century; spread from East to West via trade networks like the Silk Roads and help from the Pax Mongolica	15
15499687500	Caravanserai	an inn with a central courtyard for travelers in the desert regions of Asia or North Africa; allowed caravans and their camels to rest in a protected environment, encouraging trade	16
15499687499	paper money	legal currency issued on paper; it developed in China as a convenient alternative to metal coins; facilitated trade	17
15499687513	Khanates	Four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose following the death of Ghengis Khan.	18
15499687502	porcelain	a thin, beautiful pottery invented in China	19
15499687507	Mansa Musa	Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His extravagant pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.	20
15499687521	Marco Polo	(1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period.	21
15499687511	Sundiata	the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes along the trans-Saharan trade networks	22
15499687520	Ibn Battuta	(1304-1369) Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.	23
15499687512	Khan	Name for a Mongol ruler	24
15499687518	Bubonic Plague (Black Death)	Also called the Black Death; the deadly disease that spread through Asia and Europe and killed more than a third of the population in some areas; hit Europe (peak 1347-1351) especially hard due to unsanitary living conditions and overcrowded cities; spread thanks to increased trade along the Silk Roads	25
15499687506	Dhow Ships	Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design; facilitated trade in the Indian Ocean networks	26
15499687514	Pax Mongolia	The period of approximately 150 years of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire.	27
15499687515	Golden Horde	Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam.	28

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Campbell: Biology in Focus (AP)- Chapter 11 Vocabulary Flashcards

Campbell: Biology in Focus (AP).
Starr Taggart: Biology- The Unity and Diversity of Life.
Words are found in these textbooks (mostly Campbell).

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9156767431	character	an observable heritable feature that may vary among individuals	0
9156767432	trait	one of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character	1
9156767433	true-breeding	referring to organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination	2
9156767434	hybrid	Crossing of two (2) different true-breeds	3
9156767435	P generation	the true-breeding parent individuals from which F₁ hybrid offspring are derived in studies of inheritance; P= "parental"	4
9156767436	F₁ generation	the first filial, hybrid (heterozygous) offspring resulting from a parental (P generation) cross	5
9156767437	F₂ generation	the offspring resulting from interbreeding (self-pollination) of the hybrid (heterozygous) F₁ generation	6
9156767438	allele	any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects	7
9156767439	dominant allele	an allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote	8
9156767440	recessive allele	an allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in heterozygote	9
9156767441	law of segregation	states that the two alleles in a pair segregate into different gametes during gamete formation	10
9156767442	Punnett square	a diagram used in the studies of inheritance to show the predicted genotypic results of random fertilization in genetic crosses between individuals of known genotype	11
9156767443	homozygous	having two identical alleles for a given gene (aa or AA)	12
9156767444	heterozygous	having two different alleles for a given gene (Aa)	13
9156767445	phenotype	the observable physical and physiological traits of an organism	14
9156767446	genotype	the genetic makeup, or set of alleles, or an organism (AA, Aa, or aa)	15
9156767447	testcross	breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype	16
9156767448	monohybrid	an organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed	17
9156767449	dihybrid	An organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest	18
9156767450	law of independent assortment	states that each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair during gamete formation	19
9156767451	complete dominance	the situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable	20
9156767452	incomplete dominance	the situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele	21
9156767453	codominance	the situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate	22
9156767454	pleiotrophy	the ability of a single gene to have multiple effects	23
9156767455	epistasis	a type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene	24
9156767456	polygenic inhertance	an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character	25
9156767457	pedigree	a diagram of a family tree with conventional symbols, showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations	26
9156767458	carrier	an individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus for a recessively inherited disorder	27

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Campbell Biology in Focus Chapter 10 (Meiosis) Flashcards

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12074192856	Genetics	the scientific study of heredity and heredity and heredity variations	0
12074192857	Gene	a discrete unit of heredity information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA	1
12074192858	Genome	the genetic material of an organism or virus; the complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its non coding nucleic acid sequence	2
12074192859	Gametes	a hypoid reproduction cell such as an egg or sperm	3
12074192860	heredity	the transmission of traits from one generation to another	4
12074192861	Asexual reproduction	the generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes, in most cases, the offspring are genetically identical	5
12074192862	Sexual Reproduction	A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to the offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents via the gametes	6
12074192863	Life Cycle	the generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism	7
12074192864	Homologous chromosome	A pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and straining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's father, the other from the mother.	8
12074192865	Autosome	A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex, not a sex chromosome.	9
12074192866	Sex Chromosome	a chromosomes responsible for determining the sex of an individual.	10
12074192867	Karyotype	a display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.	11
12074192868	Haploid	a cell containing only one set of chromosomes.	12
12074192869	Diploid	a cell containing two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent.	13
12074192870	Fertilization	the union of a haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote.	14
12074192871	Zygote	the diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization.	15
12074192872	Mitosis	a process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into 5 stages: prophase, prometaphase, anaphase, and telephase. Conserves chromosomes number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei.	16
12074192873	Meiosis	a modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of 2 rounds of cell division but only 1 round of DNA replication. It results in cell with half the number of chromosome set as the original cell.	17
12074192874	Alteration of Generation	a life cycle in which there is both multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form the gametophyte, characteristic of plants and algae.	18
12074192875	Meiosis I	the first division of a two stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the number of chromosomes	19
12074192876	Meiosis II	the second of cell division of a two stage process of cell division in sexually reproduction organisms that result in cell with half the number of chromosome set as the original cell	20
12074192877	crossing over	a genetic rearrangement between non sister chromatids involving the exchange of corresponding segments of DNA molecules, begins during pairing and synaptonemal complex formation and its completed while homologs are in synapsis	21
12074192878	reduction division	Meiosis is also called this because it reduced the number of chromosomes	22
12074192879	Recombinant Chromosome	A chromosome created when crossing over combines DNA from two parents into a single chromosome.	23
12074192880	Somantic Cells	Humans have 23 pairs of this chromosome	24
12074192881	Prophase I	Chromosomes begin to condense. In synapsis, homologous chromosomes loosely pair up, aligned gene by gene.	25
12074192882	Chiasmata	Each homologous pair has one or more X-shaped regions	26
12074192883	Metaphase I	tetrads line up at the metaphase plate with one chromosome facing each pole. Microtubules from one pole attach to the kinetochore of one chromosome of each tetrad	27
12074192884	Anaphase I	Pairs of homologous chromosomes seperate.	28
12074192885	Telephase I	each half of the cell has a haploid set of chromosmes; each chromosome consist of two sister chromatids.	29
12074192886	Cytokinesis	usuallay occurs simultaneously forming 2 haploid daughter cells.	30
12074192887	Prophase II	a spindle apparatus forms.	31
12074192888	Metaphase II	the sister chromatids are arranged at the metaphase plate. Because of the crossing over in Meiosis I, the two sister chromatids are no longer genetically identical.	32
12074192889	Anaphase II	Sister chromatids seperate. The sister chromatids of each chromosome now move as two newly individual chromosomes towards opposite poles.	33
12074192890	Telephase II	Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles. Nuclei form, and the chromosome begins decondensing	34
12074192891	Equational Division	Meiosis II is call this because the haploid cell divide to produce haploid daughter cells	35
12074192892	1. independent assortment of chromosomes 2. cross over 3. random fertilization	three mechanisms that contribute to genetic variation	36

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Campbell: Biology in Focus Chapter 10 Review Flashcards

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12920052120	heredity	The transmission of traits from one generation to the next.	0
12920052121	variation	Differences between members of the same species.	1
12920052122	genetics	The scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation.	2
12920052123	gene	A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).	3
12920052124	gamete	A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.	4
12920052125	somatic cell	Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors.	5
12920052126	locus	A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located.	6
12920052127	asexual reproduction	The generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes (by budding, division of a single cell, or division of the entire organism into two or more parts). In most cases, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent.	7
12920052128	clone	A lineage of genetically identical individual cells.	8
12920052129	sexual reproduction	A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents via the gametes.	9
12920052130	life cycle	The generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism.	10
12920052131	karyotype	A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.	11
12920052132	homologous chromosome	A pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that posses genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One is inherited from each parent.	12
12920052133	sex chromosome	A chromosome responsible for determining the sex of an individual.	13
12920052134	autosome	A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex; not a sec chromosome.	14
12920052135	diploid cell	A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one ser inherited from each parent.	15
12920052136	haploid cell	A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).	16
12920052137	fertilization	The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote.	17
12920052138	zygote	The diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg.	18
12920052139	meiosis	A modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication. It results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell.	19
12920052140	alternation of generation	A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants and some algae.	20
12920052141	sporophyte	The multicellular diploid stage of the plant life cycle.	21
12920052142	spores	Haploid cells produced by meiosis in the sporophyte of plants.	22
12920052143	gametophyte	The multicellular haploid stage of the plant life cycle.	23
12920052144	meiosis I	The first division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell.	24
12920052145	meiosis II	The second division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell.	25
12920052146	allele	Different versions of a gene.	26
12920052148	synapsis	The pairing and physical connection of duplicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.	27
12920052149	crossing over	The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis.	28
12920052150	chiasma	The X-shaped, microscopically visible region where crossing over has occurred earlier in prophase I between homologous nonsister chromatids. Become visible after synapsis ends, with the two homologs remaining associated due to sister chromatid cohesion.	29
12920052152	independent assortment	The arrangement of each pair of homologous chromosomes at the metaphase plate at meiosis I, in which each pair is positioned independently of the other pairs, and thus the first meiotic division results in each pair sorting its maternal and paternal homologs into daughter cells independently of every other pair.	30
12920052153	recombinant chromosome	A chromosome created when crossing over combines DNA from two parents into a single chromosome.	31

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The Cell Cycle Campbell-AP Biology Chapter 9 Flashcards

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13111416614	cell division	The reproduction of cells	0
13111416615	cell cycle	An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two	1
13111416616	genome	The genetic material of an organism or virus	2
13111416617	chromosome	A cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules. A eukaryotic cell typically has multiple, linear forms, which are located in the nucleus. A prokaryotic cell often has a single, circular form, which is found in the nucleoid, a region that is not enclosed by a membrane.	3
13111416618	chromatin	The complex of DNA and proteins making up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, it exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.	4
13111416619	somatic cell	Body cell; any cell in a multicellular organism other than a sperm or egg cell or their precursors.	5
13111416620	gamete	A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. They unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.	6
13111416621	sister chromatids	Two copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteins at the centromere and, sometimes, along the arms. While joined, they make up one chromosome. They are eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II.	7
13111416622	cohesin	Protein complex that attaches sister chromatids along their length.	8
13111416623	centromere	In a duplicated chromosome, the region on each sister chromatid where they are most closely attached to each other by proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences; this close attachment causes a constriction in the condensed chromosome. (An uncondensed, unduplicated chromosome has only one, which is identified by its DNA sequences.)	9
13111416625	mitosis	A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages.	10
13111416626	cytokinesis	The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II.	11
13111416627	mitotic phase	The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis.	12
13111416628	interphase	The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During this phase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. This phase often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle.	13
13111416629	G1 phase	The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis occurs.	14
13111416630	Go phase	A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly. Neurons and muscle cells enter this stage.	15
13111416631	S phase	The "synthesis" phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.	16
13111416632	G2 phase	The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.	17
13111416633	prophase	The first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes visible with a light microscope, the mitotic spindle begins to form, and the nucleolus disappears but the nucleus remains intact.	18
13111416634	prometaphase	The second stage of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.	19
13111416635	microtubule	A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella.	20
13111416636	metaphase	The third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the midline of the cell.	21
13111416637	anaphase	The fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell.	22
13111416638	telophase	The fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun.	23
13111416639	mitotic spindle	An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis.	24
13111416640	centrosome	A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. Has two centrioles.	25
13111416641	centriole	A structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9+0 pattern.	26
13111416642	aster	A radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome toward the plasma membrane in an animal cell undergoing mitosis.	27
13111416643	kinetochore	A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.	28
13111416644	metaphase plate	An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located.	29
13111416646	cleavage	The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane.	30
13111416647	cleavage furrow	The first sign of cytokinesis in an animal cell; a shallow groove around the cell in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.	31
13111416648	cell plate	A membrane-bound, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.	32
13111416649	binary fission	A method of asexual reproduction by "division in half". In prokaryotes, it does not involve mitosis, but in single-celled eukaryotes that have this process, mitosis is part of the process.	33
13111416650	origin of replication	Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides.	34
13111416651	cell cycle control system	A cyclically operating set of molecules in the eukaryotic cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.	35
13111416652	checkpoint	A control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle.	36
13111416653	growth factor	A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells.	37
13111416656	apoptosis	programmed cell death involving a cascade of specific cellular events leading to death and destruction of the cell	38
13111416658	benign tumor	A mass of abnormal cells with specific genetic and cellular changes such that the cells are not capable of surviving at a new site and generally remain at the site of the tumor's origin.	39
13111416659	malignant tumor	A cancerous tumor containing cells that have significant genetic and cellular changes and are capable of invading and surviving in new sites. Can impair the functions of one or more organs.	40
13111416660	metastasis	The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site.	41

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Photosynthesis: Chapter 8 Biology in Focus AP Ed. Campbell Flashcards

Chapter 10
Photosynthesis
Vocabulary: photosynthesis, autotroph, heterotroph, chlorophyll, mesophyll, stroma, thylakoid, light reactions, Calvin cycle, NADP+, photophosphorylation, carbon fixation, electromagnetic spectrum, wavelength, photons, spectrophotometer, absorption spectrum, action spectrum, carotenoids, photosytem, reaction-center complex, light harvesting complex, primary electron acceptor, linear electron flow, cyclic electron flow, photorespiration, bundle-sheath cells, C3 plants, C4 plants, CAM plants
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Distinguish between autotrophic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition.
2. Distinguish between photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs.
3. Define photosynthesis and write the general chemical equation for photosynthesis.
4. State which organisms undergo photosynthesis.
5. Distinguish between the site of photosynthesis in prokaryotic cells and in eukaryotic cells.
6. Describe the structure of the chloroplast in eukaryotic cells and describe where in the chloroplast the photosynthetic pigments are located.
7. Distinguish between radiant energy and chemical energy and relate both to the process of photosynthesis.
8. Distinguish between the electromagnetic spectrum, the visible spectrum, and an absorption spectrum.
9. State which colors of the visible spectrum are absorbed by chlorophylls and which color is reflected.
10. State which chlorophyll is required for the process of photosynthesis and is therefore found in all photosynthetic organisms.
11. State which chlorophylls are found in all plants and which other photosynthetic pigments are commonly found in plants.
12. Distinguish between the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis and describe the relationship between the two sets of reactions.
13. Relating to the light-dependent reactions (light reactions) of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells (e.g. plants):
a.

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11493110948	self sustaining or self nourishing	autotrophic	0
11493110949	An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.	chloroplasts	1
11493110950	A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.	thylakoids	2
11493110951	The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes.	photosynthesis	3
11493110952	sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms	autotrophs	4
11493110953	An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them.	heterotrophs	5
11493110954	Leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis. In C3 and CAM plants, mesophyll cells are located between the upper and lower epidermis; in C4 plants, they are located between the bundle-sheath cells and the epidermis.	mesophyll	6
11493110955	CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf through these microscopic pores	stomata	7
11493110956	The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.	stroma	8
11493110957	A green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes. Chlorophyll a participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy.	chlorophyll	9
11493110958	The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle). These reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process.	light reactions	10
11493110959	The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.	calvin cycle	11
11493110960	NADP	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an electron acceptor that, as NADPH, temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions.	12
11493110961	Photophosphorylation	The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of chemiosmosis, using a proton-motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or the membrane of certain prokaryotes during the light reactions of photosynthesis.	13
11493110962	Carbon Fixation	The initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism (a plant, another photosynthetic organism, or a chemoautotrophic prokaryote).	14
11493110963	10.2 The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH	...	15
11493110964	Wavelength	The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.	16
11493110965	Electromagnetic Spectrum	The entire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, ranging in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer.	17
11493110966	Visible light	That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected as various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 380 nm to about 750 nm.	18
11493110967	Photons	A quantum, or discrete quantity, of light energy that behaves as if it were a particle.	19
11493110968	Spectrophotometer	measures a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths	20
11493110969	Absorption spectrum	a graph plotting a pigment's light absorption versus wavelength	21
11493110970	Chlorophyll a	A photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy.	22
11493110971	Chlorophyll b	An accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a.	23
11493110972	Carotenoids	An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants and in some prokaryotes. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis.	24
11493110973	Describe a chlorophyll molecule	...	25
11493110974	Photosystem	A light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes. There are two types of photosystems, I and II; they absorb light best at different wavelengths.	26
11493110975	Reaction-center complex	A complex of proteins associated with a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor. Located centrally in a photosystem, this complex triggers the light reactions of photosynthesis. Excited by light energy, the pair of chlorophylls donates an electron to the primary electron acceptor, which passes an electron to an electron transport chain.	27
11493110976	Light harvesting complex	A complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules (including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) that captures light energy and transfers it to reaction-center pigments in a photosystem.	28
11493110977	Primary electron acceptor	In the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, a specialized molecule that shares the reaction-center complex with a pair of chlorophyll a molecules and that accepts an electron from them.	29
11493110978	Photosystem II	One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P680 chlorophyll a at its reaction center.	30
11493110979	Photosystem I	A light-capturing unit in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P700 chlorophyll a at its reaction center.	31
11493110980	Cyclic electron flow	A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and that produces ATP but not NADPH or O2.	32
11493110981	10.3 The Calvin Cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar	...	33
11493110982	Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)	A three-carbon carbohydrate that is the direct product of the Calvin cycle; it is also an intermediate in glycolysis.	34
11493110983	the three phases of The Calvin cycle	Carbon Fixation Energy Consumption and Redox Release of G3P; Regeneration of RuBP	35
11493110984	C3 plants	A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.	36
11493110985	photorespiration	A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and ATP, releases carbon dioxide, and decreases photosynthetic output. Photorespiration generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the O2/CO2 ratio in the leaf increases, favoring the binding of O2 rather than CO2 by rubisco.	37
11493110986	c4	A plant in which the Calvin cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle.	38
11493110987	bundle-sheath scarf	In C4 plants, a type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf.	39
11493110988	pep carboxylase	An enzyme that adds CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form oxaloacetate in mesophyll cells of C4 plants. It acts prior to photosynthesis.	40
11493110989	cam	A plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism, an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions. In this process, carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted to organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed.	41
11493110990	chromatography	the collective term for a set of laboratory techniques for the separation of mixtures	42
11493110991	Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? NADPH → chlorophyll → Calvin cycle H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle NADPH → O2 → CO2 NADPH → electron transport chain → O2 H2O → photosystem I → photosystem II	H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle	43
11493110992	Which of the following statements is a correct distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs? Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic. Only heterotrophs require oxygen. Cellular respiration is unique to heterotrophs. Only heterotrophs have mitochondria. Only heterotrophs require chemical compounds from the environment.	Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic.	44
11493110993	Which of the following does not occur during the Calvin cycle? release of oxygen regeneration of the CO2 acceptor oxidation of NADPH consumption of ATP carbon fixation	release of oxygen	45
11493110994	Which process is most directly driven by light energy? creation of a pH gradient by pumping protons across the thylakoid membrane removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules reduction of NADP+ molecules ATP synthesis carbon fixation in the stroma	removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules	46
11493110995	The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with	ATP and NADPH.	47
11493110996	How is photosynthesis similar in C4 plants and CAM plants?	In both cases, rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially.	48
11493110997	In mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar to	oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration.	49
11493110998	Which of the following equations represents photosynthesis? 6CO2 + 6O2 → C6H12O6 + 6H2O 6H2O + 6O2 → C6H12O6 + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6CO2 → 6O2 + 6H2O 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2	6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and water for the production of sugar and oxygen.	50
11493110999	In which of the following organelles does photosynthesis take place? Chloroplast Mitochondrion Ribosome Central vacuole Nucleus	Chloroplast Chloroplasts use energy from light to transform carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen.	51
11493111000	What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions? Chlorophyll A thylakoid An electron transport chain A chain of glucose molecules The Calvin cycle	An electron transport chain	52
11493111001	What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle? CO2 and O2 C6H12O6 and O2 C6H12O6 and RuBP ATP and NADPH G3P and H2O	ATP and NADPH ATP and NADPH are both products of the light reactions and are used to power the Calvin cycle.	53
11493111002	What provides electrons for the light reactions? CO2 The Calvin cycle H2O Light O2	H2O Electrons are stripped from water in the light reactions of photosynthesis. Light provides the energy to excite electrons.	54
11493111003	What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle? Sucrose (C12H22O11) RuBP Carbon dioxide (CO2) Glucose (C6H12O6) G3P (C3H6O3)	Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon dioxide provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugars in photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide initially combines with RuBP, and RuBP is regenerated to continue the Calvin cycle.	55
11493111004	What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle? NADH NADPH An electron transport chain FADH2 Chlorophyll	NADPH NADPH is an electron carrier that picks up electrons in the light reactions and releases them in the Calvin cycle. An electron transport chain conveys electrons from one photosystem to the other within the light reactions.	56
11493111005	The light reactions take place in the _________ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _________. stroma; thylakoids thylakoids; stroma inner membrane; outer membrane chloroplasts; mitochondria mitochondria; chloroplasts	thylakoids; stroma Within the chloroplast, the light reactions take place in the flattened sacs called thylakoids and the Calvin cycle takes place in the thick fluid called the stroma.	57
11493111006	Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?	The Calvin cycle is a complex series of chemical reactions carried out in the stroma.	58
11493111007	Describe Carbon Fixation in the Calvin Cycle	Three molecules of carbon dioxide are added to three molecules of a five-carbon sugar abbreviated RuBP. These molecules are then rearranged to form six molecules called 3-PGA, which have three carbons each.	59
11493111008	photosynthesis (definition)	Light energy is captured and converted into the chemical energy of organic molecules.	60
11493111019	photosynthesis (equation)	6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2	61
11493111020	autotroph	Produces organic molecules from carbon dioxide and other inorganic materials.	62
11493111021	heterotroph	Consumes organic nutrients produced by autotrophs.	63
11493111022	anabolic	What kind of a process is photosynthesis?	64
11493111023	light-dependent reactions	1st step of photosynthesis during which light energy is captured and used to synthesize ATP and NADPH	65
11493111024	light-independent reactions	2nd step of photosynthesis during which CO2 is incorporated into a sugar molecule using ATP and NADPH produced during the first step	66
11493111025	thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts	location of light-dependent reactions	67
11493111026	stroma of chloroplasts	location of light-independent reactions	68
11493111027	G3P	carbon product of the light-independent reactions	69
11493111009	photon	(1) quantum (discrete quantity) of electromagnetic radiation (light energy) with both wave and particle properties	70
11493111028	inverse	What is the relationship between wavelength and energy?	71
11493111029	reflected, transmitted, or absorbed	When a photon strikes a substance it can be _____________________	72
11493111030	pigments	substances that can absorb, reflect, or transmit light	73
11493111031	absorption spectrum	graph of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light	74
11493111032	action spectrum	graph of a plant's photosynthesis rate at different wavelengths of light	75
11493111033	violet, blue and red	Which wavelengths of the visible light spectrum do chlorophylls ABSORB?	76
11493111034	green and yellow	Which wavelengths of the visible light spectrum do chlorophylls REFLECT?	77
11493111010	carotenoids	accessory pigments in chloroplasts that broaden the spectrum of colors used in photosynthesis (absorb green/blue but reflect red/yellow/orange)	78
11493111035	mesophyll	(C) ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between upper and lower epidermis that specializes in photosynthesis	79
11493111036	chlorophyll b	pigment, green/olive, in chloroplast	80
11493111037	chlorophyll a	pigment, blue/green, in chloroplast	81
11493111038	excited state	(7) when absorbed photon energy causes electron to move away from nucleus	82
11493111039	photosystems	(6) photosynthetic pigments embedded with protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane	83
11493111040	parts of photosystems	(3+4) reaction-center complex and light harvesting complex	84
11493111011	reaction-center complex	(4) centrally located proteins associated with a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor	85
11493111012	light harvesting complex	(3) proteins associated with pigment molecules that capture light energy and transfers it to center of a photosystem	86
11493111013	photosystem II (PS II)	1st of two light harvesting units in thylakoid membrane that passes excited electrons to reaction-center chlorophyll	87
11493111014	primary electron acceptor	(2) electrons from the reaction-center in thylakoid membranes are transferred to this molecule	88
11493111041	water	splitting this molecule replaces electrons which are excited and passed to primary electron acceptor in PSII	89
11493111042	O2	released as a byproduct of splitting water	90
11493111015	photosystem I (PS I)	2nd of two light-capturing units in thylakoid membranes that replaces its electrons by those from the 1st complex and results in production of NADPH	91
11493111043	proton-motive force	created by pumping hydrogen ions from stroma to thylakoid space during electron transport chain between PS II and PS I	92
11493111044	ATP synthase	enzyme that synthesies ATP by utilizing a proton-motive force	93
11493111016	Calvin cycle, dark reactions, and carbon fixation	other names for light independent reactions	94
11493111045	3 steps of light independent reaction	1. carbon fixation 2. reduction 3. regeneration of RuBP	95
11493111046	reduction	step in Calvin cycle that produces sugar G3P	96
11493111047	carbon dioxide	molecule reduced in Calvin cycle to produce sugar	97
11493111017	thylakoids	(C) flattened membranous sacs inside chloroplasts that contain systems which convert light energy to chemical energy	98
11493111048	absorbed	energy is ____________ in photosynthesis	99
11493111049	released	energy is _____________ in cellular respiration	100
11493111050	glucose and oxygen	reactants of cellular respiration	101
11493111051	carbon dioxide and water	reactants of photosynthesis	102
11493111052	glucose	source of electrons used in ETC of cellular respiration	103
11493111053	intermembrane space	site of proton gradient built up in cellular respiration	104
11493111054	thylakoid space	site of proton gradient built up in photosynthesis	105
11493111055	NAD+ and FAD	high energy electron carrier(s) before reduction in cellular respiration (after they drop off electrons at ETC)	106
11493111056	NADH and FADH2	high energy electron carrier(s) after reduction in cellular respiration (after they pick up electrons from Kreb's cycle)	107
11493111057	NADP+	high energy electron carrier(s ) before reduction in photosynthesis (after they drop off electrons for Calvin cycle)	108
11493111058	NADPH	high energy electron carrier(s ) after reduction in photosynthesis (after they pick up electrons from ETC)	109
11493111059	ATP	energy product(s) from ETC in cellular respiration	110
11493111060	ATP and NADPH	energy product(s) from ETC in photosynthesis	111
11493111061	glucose, NADH and FADH2	reactant(s) oxidized in cellular respiration	112
11493111062	H2O	reactant(s) oxidized in photosynthesis (source of electrons)	113
11493111063	cyclic electron flow	light dependent reactions using only photosystem I to pump protons and generate excess ATP (not NADPH)	114
11493111064	linear electron flow	light dependent reactions involving both photosystems; electrons from H2O are used to reduce NADP to NADPH	115
11493111065	rubisco	enzyme with affinity for both CO2 and O2 that catalyzes first step of Calvin cycle by adding CO2 to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)	116
11493111066	PEP carboxylase	enzyme with great affinity for CO2 (gas) adds it to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form oxaloacetate (4-carbon solid) prior to photosynthesis	117
11493111067	stomata	pore-like openings on underside of leaves that allow gases (CO2 and O2) and water to diffuse in and out	118
11493111068	bundle-sheath cells	tightly packed around the veins of a leaf (site of Calvin cycle in C4 plants)	119
11493111069	photorespiration	occurs on hot, dry days when stomata close, O2 accumulates and Rubisco fixes O2 rather than CO2, using up ATP, O2 and sugars	120
11493111070	C3 plants	do not separately fix CO2 and use Rubisco in Calvin Cycle	121
11493111071	C4 plants	spatially separate carbon fixation (mesophyll cells) from Calvin Cycle (bundle-sheath cells); use PEP carboxylase instead of Rubisco to fix CO2	122
11493111072	CAM plants	temporally separate carbon fixation (day) and Calvin Cycle (night); use PEP carboxylase instead of Rubisco to fix CO2	123
11493111073	oxidation	loss of electrons (or H)	124
11493111074	reduction	a gain of electrons (or H)	125
11493111075	redox reactions	oxidative-reduction reactions used for transfer of electrons	126
11493111076	NAD+ reduced to NADH	What is reduced in pyruvate oxidation? And what is it reduced to?	127
11493111077	Releases energy more efficiently (energy creation spread out over many steps so energy is always available)	Why are there so many steps in cellular respiration?	128
11493111078	electron transport chain and chemiosmosis	the two steps in oxidative phosphorylation	129
11493111079	electron transport chain	series of 9 molecules that transport electrons from one carrier to the next; embedded in the cristae; most of the molecules are membrane bound proteins (one is a lipid)	130
11493111080	O2	final electron acceptor	131
11493111081	1/2 O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- --> H2O	equation for electron transport chain	132
11493111082	proton-motive force	created by electron transport chain pumping H+ from the matrix into the intermembrane space; driving force for chemiosmosis	133
11493111083	chemiosmosis	step in cellular respiration where H+ flows from intermembrane space to inner membrane through facilitated diffusion	134
11493111084	ATP synthase	protein used in chemiosmosis diffusion	135
11493111085	Energy from diffusion + ADP + Pi --> ATP	equation for chemiosmosis	136
11493111086	ATP	One product of the light reactions.	137
11493111087	Autotrophs are the ______________ of the biosphere.	producers	138
11493111088	RuBP	the molecule that reacts with CO2 during carbon fixation.	139
11493111089	One product of photosynthesis	Oxygen	140
11493111090	3-fosfoglicerato		141

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AP Biology: Chapter 8 Campbell Questions Flashcards

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15885248254	Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?	catabolism	0
15885248255	Which of the following is (are) true for anabolic pathways?	They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers.	1
15885248256	Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics?	Energy cannot be created or destroyed.	2
15885248257	For living organisms, which of the following is an important consequence of the first law of thermodynamics?	The organism ultimately must obtain all of the necessary energy for life from its environment.	3
15885248258	Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics?	As a consequence of growing, organisms cause a greater increase in entropy in their environment than the decrease in entropy associated with their growth.	4
15885248259	Whenever energy is transformed, there is always an increase in the	entropy of the universe	5
15885248260	Which of the following statements is a logical consequence of the second law of thermodynamics?	Every chemical reaction must increase the total entropy of the universe	6
15885248261	Which of the following statements is representative of the second law of thermodynamics?	Cells require a constant input of energy to maintain their high level of organization	7
15885248262	Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?	anabolic reactions	8
15885248263	The organization of organisms has become increasingly complex with time. This statement	is consisted with the second law of thermodynamics	9
15885248264	Which of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy?	a molecule of glucose	10
15885248265	Which of the following is considered an open system?	an organism	11
15885248266	Which of the following is true of metabolism in its entirety?	Metabolism consists of all the energy transformation reactions in an organism	12
15885248267	The mathematical expression for the change in free energy of a system is △G =△H-T△S. Which of the following is (are) correct?	ΔG is the change in free energy	13
15885248268	What is the change in free energy of a system at chemical equilibrium?	no net change	14
15885248269	Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions?	The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy	15
15885248270	Chemical equilibrium is relatively rare in living cells. Which of the following could be an example of a reaction at chemical equilibrium in a cell?	a chemical reaction in which both the reactants and products are not being produced or used in any active metabolic pathway	16
15885248271	Which of the following shows the correct changes in thermodynamic properties for a chemical reaction in which amino acids are linked to form a protein?	+ΔH, -ΔS, +ΔG	17
15885248272	When glucose monomers are joined together by glycosidic linkages to form a cellulose polymer, the changes in free energy, total energy, and entropy are as follows:	+ΔG, +ΔH, -ΔS	18
15885248273	A chemical reaction that has a positive △G is correctly described as	endergonic	19
15885248274	Which of the following best describes enthalpy (H)?	the heat content of a chemical system	20
15885248275	Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?	It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions.	21
15885248276	When 10,000 molecules of ATP are hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi in a test tube, about twice as much heat is liberated as when a cell hydrolyzes the same amount of ATP. Which of the following is the best explanation for this observation?	Reactant and product concentrations in the test tube are different from those in the cell.	22
15885248277	Which of the following is most similar in structure to ATP?	an RNA nucleotide	23
15885248278	What term is used to describe the transfer of free energy from catabolic pathways to anabolic pathways?	energy coupling	24
15885248279	Which of the following statements is true concerning catabolic pathways?	They supply energy, primarily in the form of ATP, for the cell's work.	25
15885248280	When chemical, transport, or mechanical work is done by an organism, what happens to the heat generated?	It is lost to the environment	26
15885248281	When ATP releases some energy, it also releases inorganic phosphate. What purpose does this serve (if any) in the cell?	The phosphate may be incorporated into any molecule that contains phosphate.	27
15885248282	A number of systems for pumping ions across membranes are powered by ATP. Such ATP- powered pumps are often called ATPases although they don't often hydrolyze ATP unless they are simultaneously transporting ions. Because small increases in calcium ions in the cytosol trigger a number of different intracellular reactions, cells keep the cytosolic calcium concentration quite low under normal conditions, using ATP-powered calcium pumps. For example, muscle cells transport calcium from the cytosol into the membranous system called the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). If a resting muscle cell's cytosol has a free calcium ion concentration of 10-7 while the concentration in the SR is 10-2, then how is the ATPase acting?	ATPase activity must be pumping calcium from the cytosol to the SR against the concentration gradient.	28
15885248283	What must be the difference (if any) between the structure of ATP and the structure of the precursor of the A nucleotide in RNA?	There is no difference.	29
15885248284	Which of the following statements is (are) true about enzyme-catalyzed reactions?	The reaction is faster than the same reaction in the absence of the enzyme.	30
15885248285	How can one increase the rate of a chemical reaction?	add a catalyst	31
15885248286	Sucrose is a disaccharide, composed of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose. The hydrolysis of sucrose by the enzyme sucrase results in	breaking the bond between glucose and fructose and forming new bonds from the atoms of water	32
15885248287	Reactants capable of interacting to form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction's	activation energy	33
15885248288	A solution of starch at room temperature does not readily decompose to form a solution of simple sugars because	the activation energy barrier for this reaction cannot be surmounted.	34
15885248289	Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true?	Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy barrier	35
15885248290	During a laboratory experiment, you discover that an enzyme-catalyzed reaction has a △G of -20 kcal/mol. If you double the amount of enzyme in the reaction, what will be the △G for the new reaction?	-20 kcal/mol	36
15885248291	The active site of an enzyme is the region that	is involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme	37
15885248292	According to the induced fit hypothesis of enzyme catalysis, which of the following is correct?	The binding of the substrate changes the shape of the enzyme's active site	38
15885248293	Which curve represents the behavior of an enzyme taken from a bacterium that lives in hot springs at temperatures of 70°C or higher?	curve 3	39
15885248294	Which curve was most likely generated from analysis of an enzyme from a human stomach where conditions are strongly acid?	curve 4	40
15885248295	Which curve was most likely generated from an enzyme that requires a cofactor?	It is not possible to determine whether an enzyme requires a cofactor from these data.	41
15885248296	Increasing the substrate concentration in an enzymatic reaction could overcome which of the following?	competitive inhibition	42
15885248297	Which of the following is true of enzymes?	Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reaction by lowering activation energy barriers	43
15885248298	Zinc, an essential trace element for most organisms, is present in the active site of the enzyme carboxypeptidase. The zinc most likely functions as a(n)	cofactor necessary for enzyme activity	44
15885248299	Based on this information, which of the following is correct?	Succinate is the substrate, and fumarate is the product	45
15885248300	What is the purpose of using malonic acid in this experiment?	it is a competitive inhibitor	46
15885248301	Which of the following represents the △G of the reaction?	d	47
15885248302	Which of the following would be the same in an enzyme-catalyzed or noncatalyzed reaction?	d	48
15885248303	Which of the following represents the difference between the free-energy content of the reaction and the free-energy content of the products?	d	49
15885248304	Which of the following represents the activation energy required for the enzyme-catalyzed reaction?	b	50
15885248305	Which of the following represents the activation energy required for a noncatalyzed reaction?	c	51
15885248306	Assume that the reaction has a △G of -5.6 kcal/mol. Which of the following would be true?	The reaction would result in an increase in entropy (S) and a decrease in the total energy content (H) of the system	52
15885248307	In order to attach a particular amino acid to the tRNA molecule that will transport it, an enzyme, an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, is required, along with ATP. Initially, the enzyme has an active site for ATP and another for the amino acid, but it is not able to attach the tRNA. What must occur in order for the final attachment to occur?	the binding of the first two molecules must cause a 3-dimensional change that opens another active site on the enzyme	53
15885248308	Competitive inhibitors block the entry of substrate into the active site of an enzyme. On which of the following properties of an active site does this primarily depend?	the ability of an enzyme to form a template for holding and joining molecules	54
15885248309	Which of the following is likely to lead to an increase in the concentration of ATP in a cell?	an increase in a cell's catabolic activity	55
15885248310	When you have a severe fever, what may be a grave consequence if this is not controlled?	change in the tertiary structure of your enzymes	56
15885248311	How does a noncompetitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme reaction?	by changing the shape of the enzyme's active site	57
15885248312	The mechanism in which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier step in the pathway is known as	feedback inhibition	58
15885248313	Which of the following statements describes enzyme cooperativity?	A substrate molecule bound to an active site of one subunit promotes substrate binding to the active site of other subunits.	59
15885248314	Which of the following is the most correct interpretation of the figure?	ATP is a molecule that acts as an intermediary to store energy for cellular work	60
15885248315	In coupled reactions, in which direction would the endergonic reaction be driven relative to the clockwise direction of the ATP reaction above and shown in the figure?	it would be shown in a clockwise direction at the top of the figure	61
15885248316	Some enzymatic regulation is allosteric. In such cases, which of the following would usually be found?	an enzyme with more than one subunit	62
15885248317	Which of the following is an example of cooperativity?	a molecule binding at one unit of a tetramer, allowing faster binding at each of the other three	63
15885248318	Among enzymes, kinases catalyze phosphorylation, while phosphatases catalyze removal of phosphate(s). A cell';s use of these enzymes can therefore function as an on-off switch for various processes. Which of the following is probably involved?	the change in a protein's charge leading to a conformational change	64
15885248319	Besides turning enzymes on or off, what other means does a cell use to control enzymatic activity?	localization of enzymes into specific organelles or membranes	65
15885248320	An important group of peripheral membrane proteins are enzymes, such as the phospholipases that attack the head groups of phospholipids leading to the degradation of damaged membranes. What properties must these enzymes exhibit?	water solubility	66

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AP Biology Chapter 8, AP Biology Chapter 6, AP Biology Chapter 7, AP Biology Chapter 10, AP Biology Chapter 9 Flashcards

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15902015460	metabolic pathway	A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds.	0
15902015595	fermentation	anaerobic process that produces little ATP, includes glycolysis, and restores NAD+	1
15902015596	organelles	membrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell	2
15902015597	photosynthesis (definition)	process of harnessing light energy to build carbohydrates in autotrophs (ex. plants, cyanobacteria)	3
15902015461	plasma membrane	seperates the living cell from its surroundings. Contros traffic in and out of the cell. Is selectively permeable.	4
15902015462	catabolic pathway	A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds.	5
15902015463	selectively permeable	allows some substances to cross more easily than others.	6
15902015464	photosynthesis (equation)	6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2	7
15902015598	aerobic respiration	catabolic pathway which requires oxygen and occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondria	8
15902015599	cytosol	a jellylike substance where organelles and other components are found	9
15902015465	anabolic pathway	A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler compounds.	10
15902015600	eukaryotic cell	Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles	11
15902015466	phospholipids	most abundant lipids	12
15902015467	autotroph	organism that CAN capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food (producer)	13
15902015601	anaerobic respiration	catabolic pathway which does not require oxygen and occurs only in cytoplasm	14
15902015468	heterotroph	organism that CANNOT produce its own food and therefore obtains it by consuming other living things (consumer)	15
15902015602	oxidation	loss of electrons from atoms of a substance	16
15902015469	bioenergetic	The study of energy flow or energy transformations into and within living systems.	17
15902015470	lipids and proteins	main macromolecules in membranes	18
15902015603	prokaryotic cell	Cell with no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles	19
15902015471	energy	The ability to cause change.	20
15902015604	nucleoid region	a non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found	21
15902015472	amphipatic molecules	have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions	22
15902015473	anabolic	What kind of a process is photosynthesis?	23
15902015605	reduction	addition of electrons to atoms of a substance	24
15902015606	NAD+	electron carrier used in cellular respiration to transfer electrons from Kreb's cycle to ETC	25
15902015474	catabolic	What kind of a process is cellular respiration?	26
15902015475	fluid mosaic model	The arrangement of phospholipids and proteins in biological membranes is described by the...	27
15902015476	kinetic energy	The energy an object has due to its motion.	28
15902015607	cytoplasm	the region in a cell between the cell membrane and nucleus; it contains the cell structures and oganelles	29
15902015477	thermal energy	Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of molecules or atoms.	30
15902015608	plasma membrane	The selective barrier that surrounds a cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell	31
15902015478	freeze-fracture	preparation technique that splits a membrane along the middle of the phospholipid bilayer	32
15902015479	light-dependent reactions	1st step of photosynthesis during which light energy is captured and used to synthesize ATP and NADPH	33
15902015609	electron transport chain (ETC)	(1) transfer of electrons from glucose via NADH/FADH2 to transmembrane proteins and subsequently using their high energy to pump protons to intermembrane space in mitochondria or thylakoid space in chloroplasts	34
15902015480	light-independent reactions	2nd step of photosynthesis during which CO2 is incorporated into a sugar molecule using ATP and NADPH produced during the first step	35
15902015610	citric acid (Kreb's) cycle	(B) 2nd step of cellular respiration that breaks down AcetylCoA to 2 carbon dioxide, 1 ATP, 3NADH, and 1 FADH2 molecules in mitochondrial matrix (aerobic)	36
15902015481	transmembrane proteins	the integral protein completely spans the membrane as...	37
15902015611	nucleus	chromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell	38
15902015482	potential energy	The energy that an object has because it's position, shape, structure, location, or condition.	39
15902015483	chemical energy	A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms.	40
15902015612	nuclear envelope	encloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm	41
15902015484	integral proteins	proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer	42
15902015485	thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts	location of light-dependent reactions	43
15902015613	glycolysis	(A) 1st step of cellular respiration that splits glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid and 2 ATPs (anaerobic, catabolic/exergonic)	44
15902015486	thermodynamics	The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.	45
15902015614	nuclear lamina	a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope, lines the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope	46
15902015487	peripheral proteins	proteins that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer	47
15902015488	stroma of chloroplasts	location of light-independent reactions	48
15902015615	oxidative phosphorylation	(3) synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi at ATP synthase using energy from glucose electrons which are ultimately transferred to oxygen (final electron acceptor) using ETC in mitochondrial cristae (aerobic)	49
15902015489	cell-cell recognition	the ability of a cell to disitnguish one type of neighboring cell from another.	50
15902015616	substrate level phosphorylation	synthesis of ATP by transferring a phosphate group directly to ADP using an enzyme	51
15902015617	chromosomes	tightly coiled structures that carry the genetic information (can be seen during nuclear division)	52
15902015490	G3P	carbon product of the light-independent reactions	53
15902015491	first law of thermodynamics	Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.	54
15902015618	photon	(1) quantum (discrete quantity) of electromagnetic radiation (light energy) with both wave and particle properties	55
15902015619	chemiosmosis	(3) movement of protons down their concentration gradient coupled to ATP synthesis	56
15902015492	entropy	A measure of disorder or randomness.	57
15902015493	transport proteins	proteins that span the membrane.	58
15902015620	chromatin	loosly coiled genetic material that makes up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA	59
15902015494	second law of thermodynamics	Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.	60
15902015621	nucleolus	located in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes	61
15902015495	channel proteins	transport proteins that have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions use as a tunnel though the membrane.	62
15902015496	pigments	substances that can absorb, reflect, or transmit light	63
15902015622	proton motive force	potential energy stored in form of an electrochemical gradient generated by pumping hydrogen ions across membranes during ETC	64
15902015623	alcohol fermentation	conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and 2-carbon compound in absence of oxygen to regenerate NAD+ needed for glycolysis (in yeast)	65
15902015497	mesophyll	(C) ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between upper and lower epidermis that specializes in photosynthesis	66
15902015498	aquaporins	channel proteins that facilitate the passage of water	67
15902015624	ribosomes	made of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins	68
15902015499	spontaneous process	A process that can occur without an input of energy.	69
15902015500	free energy	Measures the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell.	70
15902015625	endomembrane system	membranes that divide the cell into organelles such as the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane.	71
15902015501	carrier proteins	transport proteins that bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane.	72
15902015502	photosystems	(6) photosynthetic pigments embedded within protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane	73
15902015626	lactic acid fermentation	conversion of pyruvate to 3-carbon compound in absence of oxygen to regenerate NAD+ needed for glycolysis (in our muscles)	74
15902015627	photosystem II (PS II)	1st of two light harvesting units in thylakoid membrane that passes excited electrons to reaction-center chlorophyll	75
15902015628	obligate anaerobes	organisms that can only survive WITHOUT oxygen	76
15902015503	diffusion	movement of molecules of any substance to spread out in available space	77
15902015629	endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope	78
15902015504	exergonic reaction	Reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy.	79
15902015505	water	splitting this molecule replaces electrons which are excited and passed to primary electron acceptor in PSII	80
15902015506	formation of acetyl CoA	metabolic link between glycolysis and aerobic respiration	81
15902015507	endergonic reaction	Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.	82
15902015508	concentration gradient	the region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases.	83
15902015630	smooth ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes, synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell, and regulates calcium levels	84
15902015509	energy coupling	The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.	85
15902015631	rough ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, produce and transport membrane and secretory proteins	86
15902015510	passive transport	transport that requires no energy from the cell to make it happen	87
15902015511	O2	released as a byproduct of splitting water	88
15902015512	cellular respiration	exergonic process that includes 3 steps and releases energy (ATP) by breaking down glucose and other molecules in presence of oxygen	89
15902015632	photosystem I (PS I)	2nd of two light-capturing units in thylakoid membranes that replaces its electrons by those from the 1st complex and results in production of NADPH	90
15902015513	cytochromes	iron-containing proteins that play key role in electron transport chains in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cell membranes of prokaryotes	91
15902015514	osmosis	the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane	92
15902015515	ATP	A molecule used to store energy temporarily in organisms. The molecule is broken down to release energy to drive metabolic processes. Contains the sugar ribose, with the nitrogenous base adenine and a chain of three phosphate groups bonded to it.	93
15902015633	glycoproteins	proteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates that play a role in cell to cell interaction	94
15902015516	enzyme	A protein that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed by the reaction.	95
15902015634	transport vesicles	vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another	96
15902015517	tonicity	the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.	97
15902015518	ATP synthase	enzyme that synthesies ATP by utilizing a proton-motive force	98
15902015519	ATP synthase	enzyme in mitochondrial cristae and chloroplast thylakoids that uses energy of proton gradient to add a phosphate group to ADP and so form ATP	99
15902015520	catalyst	A substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected	100
15902015635	Golgi apparatus	stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum	101
15902015521	isotonic (animal cell)	if a cell with no cell wall is immersed in an enviroment where there is no net movement of water across the plasma membrane. Stays the same.	102
15902015636	Calvin cycle, dark reactions, and carbon fixation	other names for light independent reactions	103
15902015522	facultative anaerobes	organisms that can survive with OR without oxygen	104
15902015523	3 steps of light independent reaction	1. carbon fixation 2. reduction 3. regeneration of RuBP	105
15902015524	dehydrogenases	enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms	106
15902015525	hypertonic (animal cell)	when the cell is immersed in a solution where it loses water to its environment, shrivels and probably dies.	107
15902015637	lysosome	membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which the cell uses to digest unwanted materials	108
15902015526	activation energy	The amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur.	109
15902015527	substrate	The reactant on which an enzyme works.	110
15902015638	phagocytosis	the process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle	111
15902015528	hypotonic (animal cell)	when a cell is immersed in a solution, water enters the cell faster than it leaves, it swells and lyses (explodes) like an overfilled water balloon.	112
15902015529	reduction	step in Calvin cycle that produces sugar G3P	113
15902015530	kinases/phosphatases	enzymes that transfer phosphate groups	114
15902015531	enzyme-substrate complex	A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).	115
15902015639	autophagy	lysosomes break down damaged organelles	116
15902015532	osmoregulation	the control of water balance	117
15902015533	carbon dioxide	molecule reduced in Calvin cycle to produce sugar	118
15902015640	thylakoids	(C) flattened membranous sacs inside chloroplasts that contain systems which convert light energy to chemical energy	119
15902015535	active site	The part of an enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of weak chemical bonds); typically, a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface.	120
15902015536	induced fit	The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate.	121
15902015537	turgid	when the plant cell is very firm, which is a healthy state for most plant cells.	122
15902015538	Endergonic	energy is ____________ in photosynthesis	123
15902015539	cofactor	Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. They can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis.	124
15902015643	central vacuole	the largest organelle in a plant cell. It is surrounded by the tonoplast and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within plant cells	125
15902015540	hypotonic (plant cell)	when a plant cell is immersed in a __________ solution the cell contents swell due to osmosis until the elastic cell wall exerts turgor pressure on the cell that opposes further water outake.	126
15902015541	Exergonic	energy is _____________ in cellular respiration	127
15902015542	glucose and oxygen	reactants of cellular respiration	128
15902015644	mitochondria	chemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration	129
15902015543	isotonic (plant cell)	when a plant cell is immersed in a _______ solution; there is no net movement. The cell becomes flaccid and the plant may wilt.	130
15902015544	coenzyme	If the cofactor is an organic molecule.	131
15902015645	chloroplasts	contain chlorophyll which help absorb solar energy in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis	132
15902015545	flaccid	limp, not firm or strong (If a plant is not watered enough, its leaves become droopy and flaccid.)	133
15902015546	carbon dioxide and water	reactants of photosynthesis	134
15902015547	competitive inhibitor	An enzyme inhibitor that competes with substrate for binding at the active site of teh enzyme. When the it is bound, no product can be made.	135
15902015548	noncompetitive inhibitor	A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.	136
15902015646	cristae	infoldings in the inner membrane of the mitochondria	137
15902015549	hypertonic (plant cells)	the plant cell loses water, its volume shrinks. The plasma membrane pulls away from the wall, this is plasmolysis. It is lethal to the cell.	138
15902015550	glucose	source of electrons used in ETC of cellular respiration	139
15902015551	plasmolysis	This happens when a cell shrinks inside its cell wall while the cell wall remains intact. The plasma membrane pulls away from the wall.	140
15902015552	intermembrane space	site of proton gradient built up in cellular respiration	141
15902015647	mitochondrial matrix	compartment of the mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner membrane, contains enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle	142
15902015553	allosteric regulation	The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site.	143
15902015554	facilitated diffusion	the passive movement of molecules down their concentration gradient with the help of transport proteins.	144
15902015555	thylakoid space	site of proton gradient built up in photosynthesis	145
15902015556	feedback inhibition	A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.	146
15902015670	Exergonic reaction		147
15902015649	thylakoids	flattened and interconnected sacs found in chloroplasts. The light dependent stage of photosynthesis occurs on the membranes of these sacs	148
15902015557	ion channels (gated channels)	Channels that open or close depending on the presence or abscence of an electrical, chemical, or physical stimulus.	149
15902015558	NAD+ and FAD	high energy electron carrier(s) before reduction in cellular respiration (after they drop off electrons at ETC)	150
15902015671	Endergonic reaction		151
15902015650	granum	stacks of thylakoids	152
15902015559	cystinuria	human disease characterized by the absence of a carrier protein that transports cysteine and other amino acids across the membranes of kidney cells.	153
15902015560	NADH and FADH2	high energy electron carrier(s) after reduction in cellular respiration (after they pick up electrons from Kreb's cycle)	154
15902015561	active transport	transport that requires the cell to expend metabolic energy and enables a cell to maintain internal concentrations of small molecules. Requires energy.	155
15902015562	NADP+	high energy electron carrier(s ) before reduction in photosynthesis (after they drop off electrons for Calvin cycle)	156
15902015651	stroma	fluid outside the thylakoids, contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes. The light independent stage of photosynthesis occurs in this area	157
15902015672	ATP		158
15902015673	Normal binding		159
15902015652	cytoskeleton	a network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm	160
15902015563	ATP	supplies energy for most active transport	161
15902015564	NADPH	high energy electron carrier(s ) after reduction in photosynthesis (after they pick up electrons from ETC)	162
15902015674	Competitive inhibition		163
15902015653	microtubules	hollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell	164
15902015565	sodium-potassium pump	transport protein that, translocating the bound solute across the membrane. Exchanges sodium ions (Na) for potassium ions (K) across the plasma membrane of animal cells.	165
15902015566	ATP	energy product(s) from ETC in cellular respiration	166
15902015675	Noncompetative inhibition		167
15902015654	centrosome	a region located near the nucleus where micro-tubules grow from; important in cell division	168
15902015567	membrane potential	voltage across a membrane. Ranges form -50 to -200 millivolts. The inside of the cell is negative to the outside.	169
15902015568	ATP and NADPH	energy product(s) from ETC in photosynthesis	170
15902015569	glucose, NADH and FADH2	reactant(s) oxidized in cellular respiration	171
15902015655	centrioles	cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division	172
15902015570	electrochemical gradient	2 combined forces drive the diffusion of ions across the membrane.	173
15902015676	Feedback inhibition		174
15902015677	Allosteric regulation		175
15902015656	flagella	a long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement	176
15902015571	electrogenic pumps	special transport proteins that generate the voltage gradient across a membrane. Ex. sodium potassium pump and proton pumps.	177
15902015572	H2O	reactant(s) oxidized in photosynthesis (source of electrons)	178
15902015657	cilia	a short hair-like structures that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion	179
15902015573	sodium-potassium pump	major electrogenic pump in animals. Restores the electrochemical gradient by setting up a concentration gradient. It pumps 2 K ions for every 3 Na ions that it moves out, it generates a voltage.	180
15902015574	cyclic electron flow	light dependent reactions using only photosystem I to pump protons and generate excess ATP (not NADPH)	181
15902015658	microfilaments	the thinnest part of the cytoskeleton, are used to give shape to the cell and support all of its internal parts	182
15902015575	proton pumps	the major electrogenic pump. Transports protons out of the cell and transfers positive charge form the cytoplasm to the extracellular solution.	183
15902015576	linear electron flow	light dependent reactions involving both photosystems; electrons from H2O are used to reduce NADP to NADPH	184
15902015577	rubisco	enzyme with affinity for both CO2 and O2 that catalyzes first step of Calvin cycle by adding CO2 to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)	185
15902015578	cotransport	single ATP-powered pump that transports a specific solute can indirectly drive the active transport of several other solutes in a mechanism.	186
15902015579	exocytosis	transport vesicle budded from the Golgi apparatus is moved by the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. When the 2 membranes come in contact, the bilayers fuse spill the contents.	187
15902015580	stomata	pore-like openings on underside of leaves that allow gases (CO2 and O2) and water to diffuse in and out	188
15902015581	endocytosis	a cell brings in biological molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane. 3 types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis.	189
15902015584	photorespiration	occurs on hot, dry days when stomata close, O2 accumulates and Rubisco fixes O2 rather than CO2, using up ATP, O2 and sugars	190
15902015663	cell wall	extracellular structure specific to plant cells, protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake	191
15902015586	C3 plants	do not separately fix CO2 and use Rubisco in Calvin Cycle	192
15902015587	C4 plants	spatially separate carbon fixation (mesophyll cells) from Calvin Cycle (bundle-sheath cells); use PEP carboxylase instead of Rubisco to fix CO2	193
15902015664	extracellular matrix	where animal tissue cells are embedded, consists of protein and polysaccharides	194
15902015588	receptor-mediated endocytosis	endocytosis that enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific materials that may be in low concentrations in the environment.	195
15902015665	collagen	most common glycoprotein in the ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cells	196
15902015589	ligands	A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.	197
15902015590	CAM plants	temporally separate carbon fixation (day) and Calvin Cycle (night); use PEP carboxylase instead of Rubisco to fix CO2	198
15902015666	plasmodesmata	channels that perforate cell walls, allow for connections between cells in plants	199
15902015591	cell respiration equation	C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 + H2O + energy	200
15902015667	tight junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound by specific proteins	201
15902015668	desmosomes	intercellular junction in animal tissues that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets	202
15902015669	gap junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants	203
15902015592	primary cell wall	in plants, a relatively thin and flexible layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of a young cell	204
15902015593	secondary cell wall	In plant cells, a strong and durable matrix that is often deposited in several laminated layers around the plasma membrane and provides protection and support.	205

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12947473203	light reactions	The first 2 major stages of photosynthesis (before the Calvin cycle). These reactions, which occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on the membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process	0
12947473204	C3 plant	A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the first that combine CO2 and organic material, forming a 3-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate	1
12947473205	action spectrum	A graph that profiles the effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular process	2
12947473206	Chlorophyll	A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and in the membranes of some prokaryotes. Chlorophyll a participates directly in light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy	3
12947473207	Stroma	The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in making organic molecules from CO2 and H2O	4
12947473208	Wavelength	The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.	5
12947473209	Thylakoid	A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast. Thylakoids are often in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy	6
12947473210	Photophosphorylation	The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of chemiosmosis, using a proton motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or the membrane or certain prokaryotes during light reactions of photosynthesis	7
12947473211	linear electron flow	A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves both photosystems (I and II) and produces ATP, NADPH, and O2. The net electron flow is from H2O to NADP+	8
12947473212	Heterotroph	An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them	9
12947473213	Carotenoid	Accessory pigments, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplast of plants and some prokaryotes. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis	10
12947473214	carbon fixation	The initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into organic compounds by an autotrophic organism	11
12947473215	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)	The 3 carbon carbohydrate that is a direct Calvin Cycle product; it is also an intermediate in glycolysis	12
12947473216	chlorophyll b	An accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a.	13
12947473217	Photosynthesis	The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes	14
12947473218	Photosystem I (PS I)	1 of 2 light capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; is has 2 molecules of P700 chlorophyll a at its reaction center	15
12947473219	Autotroph	An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances. Autotrophs use energy from the sun or from oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones	16
12947473220	Rubisco	Ribulose carboxylase, (RuBP) the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle	17
12947473221	reaction-center complex	A complex of proteins associated with a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor. Located centrally in a photosystem, this complex trigger the light reactions of photosynthesis. Excited by light energy, the pair of chlorophylls donates and electron to the primary electron acceptor which passes and electron to an electron transport chain	18
12947473222	electomagnetic spectrum	The entire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation ranging in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer	19
12947473223	Photosystem II	One of two units in a chloroplast's membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has 2 molecules of P680 chlorophyll a at its reaction center	20
12947473224	Spectrophotometer	An instrument that measures the ability of a pigment to absorb various wavelengths of light	21
12947473225	crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)	An adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions. In this process, a plant takes up CO2 at night when the stomata are open and incorporates it into a variety of organic acids; during the day, when the stomata are closed, CO2 is released from the organic acids for use in the Calvin cycle	22
12947473226	Photon	A quantum, or discrete amount, of light energy that behaves as if it were a particle	23
12947473227	CAM plant	A plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism, an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions.	24
12947473228	Stoma	A microscopic lore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant	25
12947473229	reduction	The complete addition of electrons involved in a redox reaction	26
12947473230	visible light	That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum detected as various colors by the human eye ranging in wavelength from about 380 nm to about 750 nm	27
12947473231	primary electron acceptor	In the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, a specialized molecule that shares the reaction center complex with a pair of chlorophyll a molecules and accepts electrons from them	28
12947473232	Calvin Cycle	the second set of reactions in photosynthesis involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon in to carbohydrate	29
12947473233	carbon fixation	The initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds by an autotrophic organism	30
12947473234	C4 plant	A plant in which the Calvin cycle is followed by reactions that incorporate CO2 into a 4-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle	31
12947473235	mesophyll	Leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis. In C3 and CAM plants they are located between the upper and lower epidermis; in C4 plants, they are located between the bundle-sheath cells and epidermis	32
12947473236	NADP+	An acceptor that temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions.	33
12947473237	chlorophyll a	main photosynthetic pigment in plants which directly participates in light reactions	34
12947473238	light harvesting complex	Complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules that captures light energy and transfers it to reaction-center pigments in a photosystem	35
12947473239	Photorespiration	Metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and ATP, releases CO2 and decreases photosynthetic output. Generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when the stomata close and the O2:CO2 ratio in the leaf increases, favoring the binding of O2 rather than CO2 by rubisco	36
12947473240	absorption spectrum	The range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light.	37
12947473241	photosystem	A cluster of pigments embedded into a thylakoid membrane, consisting of a reaction center complex surrounded by light harvesting complexes	38

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