| CourseNotes

13638650512	Empire	an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress.	0
13638652395	nation-state	a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.	1
13693990856	Domestication	the taming of animals for human use, such as work or as food	2
13694000858	Agricultural Revolution	The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering	3
13694003977	Aristocracy	A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility	4
13694011429	Hinduism	A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms	5
13694015828	Darma	doing one's moral duty in this life so that the soul can advance in the next life	6
13694313694	cultural diffusion	The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another	7
13694322397	Syncretism	The unification or blending of opposing people, ideas, or practices, frequently in the realm of religion.	8
13694331703	Dynastic Cycle	rise and fall of Chinese dynasties according to the Mandate of Heaven	9
13694335395	eglitarian	Believing in the equality of all peoples	10
13694339564	patriarchy	Assumes that society should be male-dominated society and doesn't allow women to hold upper-tier jobs.	11
13694356732	irrigation	Supplying land with water through a network of canals	12
13694367607	Specialization of Labor	Focusing work effort on a particular product or a single task	13
13694380945	monogamy/polygamy	Marriage to one person/ marriage to several people at once	14
13694396109	Theocracy	A government controlled by religious leaders	15
13694400474	ancestor worship	honoring ancestors through rituals, such as offering food and wine to the dead	16
13694426199	Bodhisattva	a person who has attained enlightenment but who has postponed nirvana in order to help others achieve enlightenment	17
13694429924	Siddhartha Gautama	Founder of Buddhism	18
13694433548	Four Noble Truths	1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hated and desire. 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirture. 4) The way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the Eightfold Path	19
13694441170	Castes System	A complex social group system in India into which people are born and from they cannot change.	20
13694465560	Confucianism	A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.	21
13694474356	Dao (Tao)	Mean "the way" of nature. Let it take its course in the world. Inaction.	22
13694483153	Diaspora	A dispersion of people from their homeland	23
13694487203	Filal Piety	respect shown by children for their parents and elders	24
13694490863	Hellenistic Culture	Greek culture blended with Egyptian, Persian and Indian ideas, as a result of Alexander the Great's Empire.	25
13694508362	Silk Road	An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire.	26
13694520928	Missionary	An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion.	27
13694529065	monastery	A place where communities of monks live lives of devotion to God in isolation from the outside world	28
13694539647	Reincarnation	In Hinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding	29
13694547339	Republic	A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting	30
13694556552	Universalizing Religion	A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.	31
13694566563	Sanskrit	an Indo-European, Indic language, in use since c1200 b.c. as the religious and classical literary language of India.	32
13694602473	Black Death	The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons.	33
13694605949	Mongols	A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.	34
13694610540	Bushido	The Feudal Japanese code of honor among the warrior class.	35
13694615012	Caliphate	Islamic empire ruled by those believed to be the successors to the Prophet Muhammad.	36
13694618455	Muhammad	Founder of Islam	37
13694623542	Constantine	Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337). Later became the emperor of the Byzantine Empire.	38
13694637001	Chinampas	Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.	39
13694647695	Civil Service Exam	In Imperial China starting in the Han dynasty, it was based on Confucian teachings that was used to select people for various government service jobs in the nationwide administrative bureaucracy.	40
13694654495	Dar al-Islam	an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule	41
13694660891	Gunpowder	The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets.	42
13694663266	Feudalism	A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land	43
13694681428	Fiefs	pieces of land given to vassals by their lord	44
13694683771	gentry	A general term for a class of prosperous families, sometimes including but often ranked below the rural aristocrats.	45
13694691341	Griots	Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire	46
13694693897	Gold-Salt Trade	Gold and salt made up trade and wealth in the African kingdoms because the Europeans wanted gold, and the Africans needed salt	47
13694700076	Hajj	A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims	48
13694703653	kowtow	a former Chinese custom of touching the ground with the forehead as a sign of respect or submission	49
13694707654	Manorialism	Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.	50
13694713882	Neoconfucianism	term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism	51
13694719604	Papcy	The pope of the Catholic and Western Roman church. The papacy was viewed as the leader of the bishops and was more like a pyramid, with the pope at the top	52
13694722650	Great Schism of 1054	The separation between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church	53
13694729923	Christendom	The Church's sphere of power and authority, both politically and spiritually, during the Middle Ages.	54
13694734121	Quipu	An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information.	55
13694738139	Samurai	Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.	56
13694740874	Serfs/Peasants	* Lowest class of Feudalism * The people who "worked" the lands but had to give the Lords the majority of the profits from the land	57
13694755761	Shia Islam	minority branch of Islam; belief that only a descendant of Muhammad can be caliph.	58
13694768477	Sunni Muslims	Majority of the Muslims; believe successor of Muhammad can be an elected caliph.	59
13694772906	Sufi	The branch of Islam that believes in a more mystical connection with Allah.	60
13694778757	Swahili city-states	Waring states that were always competing for control of trade routes and each other. Many of these city-states were Muslim and very cosmopolitan.	61
13694792498	terrace	a raised, flat mound of earth (dirt) that looks like a platform with sloping sides	62
13694797775	tribute system	Chinese method of dealing with foreign lands and peoples that assumed the subordination of all non-Chinese authorities and required the payment of tribute—produce of value from their countries—to the Chinese emperor (although the Chinese gifts given in return were often much more valuable).	63
13694824242	32 CE	Beginnings of Christianity	64
13694831357	333 CE	Roman capital moved to Constantinople	65
13694835109	4th century CE	Beginning of Trans-Saharan Trade Routes	66
13694854857	476 CE	Fall of Rome	67
13694862220	527 CE	Justinian rule of Byzantine Empire	68
13694880870	622 CE	Founding of Islam	69
13694885068	730 CE	Printing invented in China	70
13694896176	900 CE	Decline of classical Maya	71
13694909857	1066 CE	Norman conquest of England	72
13694909858	1095 CE	1st Crusade	73
13694919381	1206 CE	Chinggis Khan begins Mongol conquests	74
13694944366	1054 CE	East-West Great Schism in Christian Church	75
13694948458	Excommunication	Banishment from the church	76
13694958477	1258 CE	Mongols sack Baghdad	77
13694965500	1271-1295	Marco Polo's travels	78
13694968612	1279-1368	Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty in China	79

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Terminology for AP Language and Composition Flashcards

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10060955576	Alliteration	The repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables.	0
10060959988	Allusion	An indirect reference, often to another text or an historic event.	1
10060981438	Analogy	An extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things.	2
10060987302	Anaphora	The repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses.	3
10061030676	Anecdote	A short account of an interesting event.	4
10061049341	Annotation	Explanatory or critical notes added to a text.	5
10061051561	Antecedent	The noun to which a later pronoun refers.	6
10061089481	Antimetabole	The repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast.	7
10061108608	Antithesis	Parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas.	8
10061110140	Aphorism	A short, astute statement of a general truth.	9
10061115206	Appositive	A word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun.	10
10061117113	Archaic diction	The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language.	11
10061125155	Argument	A statement put forth and supported by evidence.	12
10061132066	Aristotelian triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience.	13
10061135787	Assertion	An emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument.	14
10061142833	Assumption	A belief or statement taken for granted without proof.	15
10061146234	Asyndeton	Leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses.	16
10061156969	Attitude	The speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone.	17
10061159182	Audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.	18
10061161445	Authority	A reliable, respected source—someone with knowledge.	19
10061163505	Bias	Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue.	20
10061166874	Cite	Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source.	21
10061171280	Claim	An assertion, usually supported by evidence.	22
10061173910	Close reading	A careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text.	23
10061178334	Colloquialism	An informal or conversational use of language.	24
10061180576	Common ground	Shared beliefs, values, or positions.	25
10061182197	Complex sentence	A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.	26
10061185154	Concession	A reluctant acknowledgment or yielding.	27
10061186920	Connotation	That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning.	28
10061189480	Context	Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.	29
10061191603	Coordination	Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but.	30
10061201671	Counterarugment	A challenge to a position; an opposing argument. Ex: almost like an argument of an issue from the other side/perspective.	31
10061203171	Cumulative sentence	An independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail.	32
10061207873	Declarative sentence	A sentence that makes a statement.	33
10061211067	Deduction	Reasoning from general to specific.	34
10061212838	Denotation	The literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition.	35
10061220232	Diction	Word choice.	36
10061221685	Documentation	Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing.	37
10061224027	Elegiac	Mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone.	38
10061233506	Epigram	A brief witty statement.	39
10061233507	Ethos	A Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos).	40
10061262888	Figuative language	The use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect. Ex: The grass looks like spiky green hair	41
10061269011	Figure of speech	An expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning.	42
10061269012	Hyperbole	Exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis.	43
10061279041	Imagery	Vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing).	44
10061282941	Imperative sentence	A sentence that requests or commands.	45
10061288235	Induction	Reasoning from specific to general.	46
10061292120	Inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject. Ex: Where in the world were you?	47
10061296385	Irony	A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result.	48
10061300359	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things side by side for emphasis.	49
10061311420	Logos	A Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos) .	50
10061312941	Metaphor	A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison.	51
10061227447	Metonymy	Use of an aspect of something to represent the whole. Ex: The pen is mightier than the sword.	52
10061227448	Occasion	An aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing. Ex: Whether or not you like it, I am going to eat the cake.	53
10061317989	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms.	54
10061320068	Paradox	A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true.	55
10061322813	Parallelism	The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns. Ex: I Have a Dream speech by Dr. Luther King Jr.	56
10061325603	Parody	A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule.	57
10061328632	Pathos	A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos).	58
10061330994	Persona	The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing.	59
10061333053	Personification	Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects.	60
10061334453	Polemic	An argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion.	61
10061337336	Polysyndeton	The deliberate use of a series of conjunctions.	62
10061339203	Premise	major, minor two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise. Major premise: All mammals are warm-blooded. Minor premise: All horses are mammals.	63
10061344489	Conclusion	All horses are warm-blooded (see syllogism).	64
10061346618	Propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information.	65
10061354575	Purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.	66
10061356975	Refute	To discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument.	67
10061359455	Rhetoric	The study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion."	68
10061362389	Rhetorical modes	Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation.	69
10061364472	Rhetorical question	A question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer.	70
10061366509	Rhetorical triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience	71
10061369177	Satire	An ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it.	72
10061371083	Scheme	A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect.	73
10061372994	Scheme patterns	The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions—such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.	74
10061379517	Sentence variety	Using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect.	75
10061382265	Simile	A figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things.	76
10061388331	Simple sentence	A statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause.	77
10061395000	Source	A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information.	78
10061397122	Speaker	A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing.	79
10061399569	Straw man	A logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position.	80
10061402366	Style	The distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech. Ex: argumentative, narrative, persuasive, descriptive styles	81
10061404027	Subject	In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing.	82
10061406914	Subordinate clause	Created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause.	83
10061409139	Subordination	The dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence.	84
10061411161	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise (see premise; major, and minor). Ex: Major- All women like to shop.	85
10061412913	Synthesize	Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex.	86
10061412914	Thesis	The central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer.	87
10061414687	Thesis statement	A statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit.	88
10061417261	Tone	The speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience.	89
10061419400	Topic sentence	A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis.	90
10061419401	Trope	Artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech.	91
10061421886	Understatement	Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect.	92
10061423715	Voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.	93
10061425335	Zeugma	A construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs—often in different, sometimes incongruent ways—two or more words in a sentence.	94
10062399431	Syntax	Sentence structure.	95

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AP Psych: Module 12 Flashcards

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15302791974	cerebral cortex	The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.	0
15302791975	4 lobes of cerebral cortex	Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal	1
15302791976	Frontal lobe	Lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments	2
15302791977	parietal lobe	Lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position	3
15302810366	occipital lobe	A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information	4
15302836710	temporal lobe	A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.	5
15302848811	motor cortex	area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements	6
15302857179	somatosensory cortex	area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations	7
15302887751	glial cells	support, nourish, and protect neurons (has a role in learning and thinking)	8
15302932004	body parts that require precise control or those that are particularly sensitive...	occupy the greatest amount of space in the motor cortex and somatosensory cortex, respectively.	9
15302947808	association areas	make up 85% of the brain. Integrates information involved in learning, remembering, thinking, and other higher-level functions.	10
15303016642	Our mental experiences arise from...	coordinated brain activity	11
15303023109	brain plasticity	The capacity for the brain to alter its structure and function.	12
15303033686	if one hemisphere is damaged early in life...	the other will pick up many of its functions by reorganizing or building new pathways.	13
15303049026	neurogensesis	the formation of new neurons	14
15303057566	cognitive neural prosthetics	those with paralyzed limbs or amputation may be able to use their brain signals to control computers and robotic limbs	15

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AP World History Geographical Regions Flashcards

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14794848158	North America	0
14794848159	Caribbean	1
14794848160	Latin America	2
14794848161	Mexico	3
14794848162	North Africa	4
14794848163	West africa	5
14794848164	East Africa	6
14794848165	Central Africa	7
14794848166	Southern Africa	8
14794848167	Central Asia	9
14794848168	Middle East	10
14794848169	South Asia	11
14794848170	East Asia	12
14794848171	Europe	13
14794848172	Oceania	14
14794848173	Southeast Asia	15