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AP World History Essay 2 Flashcards

14025455171	Essay 2 THESIS	Christianity was rejected at first by Roman authorities as Jesus's teachings were viewed as a threat, but was eventually accepted and gained a privileged status.	0
14025455172	Essay 2 ARGUMENT 1	Jesus's teachings were viewed as threats to the polytheistic Roman Empire. He preached of love and salvation for all.	1
14025455173	Essay 2 ARGUMENT 2	His crucifixion was done in the hopes to stop believers, but only brought awareness to his beliefs. His teachings appealed to lower classes and women.	2
14025455174	Essay 2 ARGUMENT 3	Emperor Constantine's Edict of Milan legalized Christianity, and Emperor Theodosius made it the official religion of the empire. It received government support.	3
14025455175	Essay 2 ARGUMENT 4	Devotion to the church outweighed devotion to the emperor during the empires decline.	4

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AP SPanish Flashcards

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4356637512	para abajo	downward	0
4356637513	abarcar	to include, embrace, take in	1
4356638314	abastecer	to supply, purvey	2
4356639248	abatir	to overthrow	3
4356701855	la abeja	bee	4
4356701856	ablandarse	to soften, mellow, relent	5
4356701857	abolir	to abolish	6
4356701858	abonar	to subscribe to, pay	7
4356701859	abreviar	to abbreviate	8
4356701860	abrigado	sheltered, protected	9
4356701861	abrigo del piel	fur coat	10
4356701862	abrochar	to button/buckle	11
4356701863	abrumar	to crush/overwhelm/oppress	12
4356701864	acá y allá	here and there	13
4356701865	acabar	to finish	14
4356701866	acabar de	to have just [infinitive]	15
4356705775	acalorado	hot, heated	16
4356705776	acaso	perhaps	17
4356708200	por si acaso	just in case	18
4356708201	acatar	to respect, to heed	19
4356708202	acceder	to agree	20
4356709016	accionar	to work/act	21
4356709926	el aceite	oil	22
4356709927	la aceituna	olive	23
4356711605	la acequia	irrigation ditch	24
4356711606	la acera	sidewalk, pavement	25
4356713234	el acero	steel	26
4356713235	aclarar	to clarify	27
4356728704	acoger	to welcome, make welcome	28
4356729760	aconsejar	to advise	29
4356729761	acontecer	to happen, occur, take place	30
4356730816	el acontecimiento	event, happening	31
4356731596	acordarse de	to remember	32
4356732618	accorralar	to enclose, corner	33
4356732619	acostarse	to go to bed	34
4356733905	la actuación	action, conduct	35
4356733906	actual	present, modern	36
4356735035	la actualidad	present time	37
4356735987	acudir	to come	38
4356736011	acudir a	to aid, heed, come to	39
4356739012	el acumulador	car battery	40
4356740348	el adagio	adage	41
4356740349	adelantar	to move forward, progress	42
4356749070	adelante (exclamation)	come in!	43
4356750127	en adelante	from now on	44
4356753868	adelgazar	to get thin, slim down	45
4356753869	adentro	inside	46
4356762863	adiestrar	to train, instruct, guide	47
4356765234	adivinanza	riddle, prediction	48
4356770015	el adivino	magician, fortune teller	49
4361206204	adosar	to lean, to attach	50
4361206205	el advenedizo	upstart	51
4361207041	el advenimiento	coming, arrival, advent	52
4361208327	advertir	to advise, to warn	53
4361209269	el afán	industry, zeal, hardwork	54
4361212361	afianzar	to guarantee, to strengthen, to reinforce	55
4361213483	el aficionado	amateur	56
4361214614	agacharse	to bend over, duck	57
4361216432	agarrar	to grasp, to seize	58
4361216433	agasajar	to treat kindly, to regale	59
4361218337	agobiar	to burden	60
4361221332	agitarse	to get excited	61
4361222416	agotarse	to become exhausted	62
4361226491	agradar	to please	63
4361227598	agradecer	to thank	64
4361229005	aguantar	to put up with	65
4361229006	aguardar	to wait for	66
4361230043	agudo	sharp	67
4361241983	el águila	eagle	68
4361241984	la aguja	needle	69
4361241985	el agujero	hole	70
4361242912	aguzar	to sharpen	71
4361242913	ahí	there	72
4361242914	ahijado	godchild, adopted child	73
4361249228	ahogar	to drown	74
4361249229	ahorcar	to hang	75
4361249239	ahorrarse	to save	76
4361250281	airoso	windy, elegant	77
4361251087	aislar	to isolate	78
4361323199	el ajedrez	chess	79
4361323200	ajeno	other people's	80
4361324207	el ajo	garlic	81
4361324208	el ajonjolí	sesame	82
4361325408	el ala	wing	83
4361325409	la alabanza	praise	84
4361326402	el alambrado	fence	85
4361326403	el álamo	poplar tree	86
4361327719	alargar	to lengthen, prolong	87
4361327720	el alarido	howl, yell, shriek	88
4361329162	el alba	dawn	89
4361329163	albergar	to lodge, to stay	90
4361330242	el alboroto	uproar, disturbance	91
4361330243	al alcachofa	artichoke	92
4361331337	el alcance	reach	93
4361332306	la alcancía	money bank	94
4361332307	alcanzar	to reach, to achieve	95
4361334208	la alcoba	bedroom	96
4361335590	la aldea	village, town	97
4361335591	alegar	to allege, to claim	98
4361337707	alegrarse	to be happy	99
4361337708	alejado	faraway	100
4361340036	alejarse	to distance oneself from	101
4361341213	alentar	to encourage, inspire	102
4361341214	la alfarería	pottery, ceramic	103
4361344260	el alfil	bishop (chess)	104
4361344261	la algazara	uproar	105
4361345527	la alhaja	jewel, gem	106
4361347812	la alhambrada	fence	107
4361398516	el aliento	breath	108
4361398517	alimentarse	to nourish	109
4361399399	alimento	food	110
4361399400	aliviar	to alleviate	111
4361399401	almacén	department store	112
4361400460	la almendra	almond	113
4361400461	el almníbar	syrup	114
4361402299	la almohada	pillow	115
4361402300	alojar	to house/lodge	116
4361402301	el alpinismo	mountain climbing	117
4361403465	alquilar	to rent	118
4361403522	el altavoz	speaker	119
4361405588	la altura	height	120
4361406973	aludir	to allude	121
4361406974	el alumbrado	light	122
4361438304	el alza	rise	123
4361440402	alzar	to raise, to lift	124
4361440403	el ama de casa	housewife	125
4361443447	al emaestrador	tamer	126
4361443448	amenecer	to get daylight	127
4361443449	la amapola	poppy flower	128
4361443450	amargo	bitter	129
4361444690	amarrar	to tie up	130
4361444691	la amatista	amethyst	131
4361447042	la amenaza	threat	132
4361460619	la ametralladora	machine gun	133
4361460620	la amistad	friendship	134
4361480550	amontonarse	to add up, to amass	135
4361480551	amortizar	to pay off	136
4361480552	amparar	to help/aid	137
4361481308	ampliar	to amplify	138
4361481351	la ampolleta	hourglass/electric bulb	139
4361483365	el analfabetismo	illiteracy	140
4361484576	ancho	wide	141
4361484577	ancar	to anchor	142
4361486382	anhelante	yearning, longing	143
4361488466	el anochecer	to become night	144
4361488467	el ansia	anxiety, worry	145
4361490174	antojarse	to fancy, to feel like	146
4361493098	anular	to repeal, revoke, or invalidate	147
4361493099	el añil	indigo	148
4361495105	antaño	a long time ago	149
4361499156	apaciguar	to pacify	150
4361499157	el aparato	machine	151
4361501459	apartarse	to depart from, go away from	152
4361502964	aparte de	aside from	153
4361502965	apático	apathetic	154
4361504580	el apellido	family name	155
4361505501	apenas	barely	156
4361517887	apetecer	to appeal to	157
4361519621	aplastar	to smash	158
4361519622	apodar	to nickname	159
4361522028	apolilado	moth eaten	160
4361523104	apoltronado	lazy	161
4361523105	aporrear	to hit	162
4361523106	la aportación	contribution	163
4361524978	aportar	to provide/contribute	164
4361526751	aprestarse	to get ready	165
4361526752	apresurar	to hurry	166
4361527874	apretar	to squeeze, clasp	167
4361531780	el apretón	squeeze, difficulty	168
4361532945	aprisionar	to imprison	169
4361532946	apuntar	to aim/sharpen	170
4361534761	apurar	to be in a hurry	171
4361536612	arder	to burn	172
4361536613	arecife	reef	173
4361536614	arrancar	to tear off, pluck out	174
4361537861	arrastrar	to drag, trail, pull	175
4361539356	arrebatar	to snatch away	176
4361557572	arrepentir	to repent/be sorry	177
4361560028	arriesgar	to risk	178
4361560029	arrimar	to bring close/dock	179
4361561313	arrojar	to throw	180
4361561314	el arrozal	rice field	181
4361561354	asemejar	to resemble/seem like	182
4361562749	asequible	available/obtainable	183
4361564552	asiduo	industrious	184
4361564553	asomar	to show up	185
4361566167	asqueroso	awful, vile, nasty	186
4361567236	atar	to tie/tie up	187
4361567237	atemorizar	to terrify	188
4361569204	atenerse	to abide, stick to, hold	189
4361569249	el aterrizaje	airplane landing	190
4361591612	atónito	astonished, amazed	191
4361591613	el atraco	mugging, attack	192
4361596396	atrancar	to bar, block, or clog up	193
4361596397	atrapar	to catch	194
4361597587	atravesar	to cross	195
4361599653	atropellar	to run over	196
4361599654	el auge	peak	197
4361601391	auscultar	to listen to heartbeat/lungs	198
4361603864	el auxilo	help	199
4361604940	avergonzar	to be ashamed	200
4361604941	el ayuntamiento	city hall	201
4361606256	la azafata	stewardess	202
4361606257	el azar	chance, accident	203
4361607499	azotar	to whip or beat	204
4361608071	la azotea	flat roof	205

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AP Language Review Set #1 Flashcards

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13881592821	Anaphora	The intentional repetition of beginning words, phrases, clauses in order to create an artistic effect.	0
13881597733	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.	1
13881607557	Antithesis	The direct opposite, a sharp contrast.	2
13881619158	Asyndeton	Omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.	3
13881628975	Bildungsroman	A coming of age story.	4
13881635394	Cacophony	A harsh, discordant mixture of sounds.	5
13881641892	Chiasmus	A reversal in the order of words in two otherwise parallel phrases.	6
13881652455	Connotation	All the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests.	7
13881656419	Denotation	The literal meaning of a word.	8
13881659318	Diction	Word choice.	9
13881668109	Epigraph	A quotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work suggestive of the theme.	10
13881673392	Euphony	Pleasant, harmonious sound.	11
13881680275	Homily	This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	12
13881687295	Hyperbole	Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.	13
13881692409	Imagery	Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste).	14
13881702334	In medias res	In the middle of things.	15
13881707273	Infer	To find out by reasoning; to arrive at a conclusion on the basis of thought; to hint, suggest, imply.	16
13881714096	Irony	A contrast between expectation and reality, often for comedic effects.	17
13881728390	Metaphor	A comparison without using like or as.	18
13881731580	Mood	Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader.	19

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AP World History Unit 1: The Global Tapestry Flashcards

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14545715317	Song Dynasty	(960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military.	0
14545715318	Buddhism	the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth	1
14545715319	Filial Piety	In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.	2
14545715320	Neo-Confucianism	The Confucian response to Buddhism by taking Confucian and Buddhist beliefs and combining them into this. However, it is still very much Confucian in belief.	3
14545715321	Theravada Buddhism	Buddhist sect that focuses on the wisdom of the Buddha	4
14545715322	Mahayana Buddhism	Also known as popular Buddhism, is allows people more ways to reach enlightenment and boddhisatvas can help you reach enlightenment.	5
14545715323	Tibetan Buddhism	a Buddhist doctrine that includes elements from India that are not Buddhist and elements of preexisting shamanism, a tradition of Buddhism that teaches that people can use special techniques to harness spiritual energy and can achieve nirvana in a single lifetime	6
14545715324	Champa Rice	Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.)	7
14545715325	Grand Canal	The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.	8
14545715326	Islam	A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.	9
14545715327	Judaism	A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament.	10
14545715328	Christianity	A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.	11
14545715329	Abbasid Caliphate	(750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Mulim could be a part of.	12
14545715330	Seljuk Empire	Middle East, 11th-12th centuries Turkic empire ruled by sultans in Persia and modern-day Iraq Established Turks as major ethnic group carrying Islam across Eurasia, along with Arabs and Persians Helped to spread the influence of Islam throughout the region	13
14545715331	Mamluk Sultanate	A political unit in Egypt. Did not set up a consistent, hereditary line of succession.Failed to adapt to new warfare and were eventually defeated by the Ottomans.	14
14545715332	Delhi Sultanate	The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi.	15
14545715333	Sufism	mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, & simple life	16
14545715334	Dar al-Islam	a term used by Muslims to refer to those countries where Muslims can practice their religion freely.	17
14545715335	House of Wisdom	a center of learning established in Baghdad in the 800s	18
14545715336	Hinduism	A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms	19
14545715337	Bhakti Movement	An immensely popular development in Hinduism, advocating intense devotion toward a particular deity.	20
14545715338	Monasticism	The practice of living the life of a monk	21
14545715339	Vijayanagara Empire	Southern Indian kingdom (1336-1565) that later fell to the Mughals.	22
14545715340	Srivijaya Empire	A maritime empire that controlled the Sunda strait the strait of Malacca between India and China. HS: control strengthened trade routes to China, India, and even Arabia	23
14545715341	Rajput Kingdoms	set of kingdoms in India that arose after the fall of the Gupta dynasty ruled by land owning Kshatriyas (Warriors) wealthy due to trade and a good economy.	24
14545715342	Khmer Empire	Aggressive empire in Cambodia and Laos that collapsed in the 1400's when Thailand conquered Cambodia	25
14545715343	Majapahit	13th-16th C. central Java, rose in the wake of mongol invasions. biggest and most powerful SE Asian island state in history. control almost all of what is today indonesia. Golden age of Java culture.	26
14545715344	Sukhothai	the first Thai kingdom	27
14545715345	Sinhala Dynasties	Kingdom on the island of Sri Lanka	28
14545715346	Maya	Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.	29
14545715347	Aztecs	Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax.	30
14545715348	Inca	Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco.	31
14545715349	Chaco	An urban center established by Anasazi located in southern New Mexico. There, they built a walled city with dozens of three-story adobe houses with timbered roofs. Community religious functions were carried out in two large circular chambers called kivas.	32
14545715350	Mesa Verde	The largest complex of Anasazi cliff-dwellings in the United States Southwest, built between about AD 1150 and AD 1300	33
14545715351	Cahokia	an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.	34
14545715352	Great Zimbabwe	City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.	35
14545715353	Ethiopia	A Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa	36
14545715354	Hausa Kingdoms	West African people who lived in several city-states of what is now northern Nigeria	37
14545715355	Feudalism	A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land	38
14545715356	manoral system	the towns, lands, building and workers that made up the lord's estate	39
14545715357	Serfdom	A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medeival Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century.	40

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13782629769	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13782629770	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13782629771	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13782629772	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13782629773	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13782629774	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13782629775	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13782629776	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13782629777	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13782629778	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13782629779	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13782629780	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13782629781	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13782629782	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13782629783	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13782629784	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13782629785	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13782629786	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13782629787	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13782629788	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13782629789	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13782629790	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13782629791	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13782629792	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13782629793	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13782629794	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13782629795	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13782629796	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13782629797	theory	general idea being tested	28
13782629798	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13782629799	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13782629800	mode	appears the most	31
13782629801	mean	average	32
13782629802	median	middle	33
13782629803	range	highest - lowest	34
13782629804	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13782629805	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13782629806	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13782629807	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13782629808	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13782629809	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13782629810	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13782629811	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13782630007	neuron		43
13782629812	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13782629813	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13782629814	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13782629815	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13782629816	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13782629817	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13782629818	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13782629819	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13782629820	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13782629821	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13782629822	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13782629823	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13782629824	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13782629825	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13782629826	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13782629827	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13782629828	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13782629829	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13782629830	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13782629831	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13782629832	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13782629833	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13782629834	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13782629835	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13782629836	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13782629837	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13782629838	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13782629839	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13782629840	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13782629841	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13782629842	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13782629843	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13782629844	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13782629845	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13782629846	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13782629847	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13782629848	occipital lobe	vision	80
13782629849	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13782629850	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13782629851	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13782629852	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13782629853	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13782629854	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13782629855	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13782629856	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13782629857	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13782629858	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13782629859	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13782629860	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13782629861	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13782629862	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13782629863	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13782629864	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13782629865	rods	night time	97
13782629866	cones	color	98
13782629867	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13782629868	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13782629869	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13782629870	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13782629871	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13782629872	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13782629873	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13782629874	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13782629875	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13782629876	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13782629877	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13782629878	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13782629879	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13782629880	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13782629881	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13782629882	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13782629883	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13782629884	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13782629885	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13782629886	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13782629887	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13782629888	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13782629889	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13782629890	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13782629891	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13782629892	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13782629893	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13782629894	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13782629895	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13782629896	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13782629897	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13782629898	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13782629899	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13782629900	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13782629901	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13782629902	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13782629903	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13782629904	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13782629905	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13782629906	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13782629907	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13782629908	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13782629909	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13782629910	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13782629911	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13782629912	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13782629913	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13782629914	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13782629915	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13782629916	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13782629917	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13782629918	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13782629919	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13782629920	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13782629921	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13782629922	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13782629923	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13782629924	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13782629925	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13782629926	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13782629927	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13782629928	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13782629929	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13782629930	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13782629931	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13782629932	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13782629933	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13782629934	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13782629935	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13782629936	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13782629937	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13782629938	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13782629939	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13782629940	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13782629941	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13782629942	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13782629943	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13782629944	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13782629945	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13782629946	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13782629947	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13782629948	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13782629949	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13782629950	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13782629951	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13782629952	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13782629953	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13782629954	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13782629955	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13782629956	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13782629957	encoding	information going in	189
13782629958	storage	keeping information in	190
13782629959	retrieval	taking information out	191
13782629960	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13782629961	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13782629962	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13782629963	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13782629964	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13782629965	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13782629966	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13782629967	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13782629968	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13782629969	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13782629970	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13782629971	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13782629972	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13782629973	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13782629974	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13782629975	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13782629976	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13782629977	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13782629978	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13782629979	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13782629980	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13782629981	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13782629982	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13782629983	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13782629984	context	environment helps with memory	216
13782629985	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13782629986	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13782629987	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13782629988	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13782629989	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13782629990	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13782629991	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13782629992	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13782629993	prototypes	generalize	225
13782629994	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13782629995	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13782629996	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13782629997	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13782629998	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13782629999	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13782630000	grammar is _________	universal	232
13782630001	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13782630002	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP English Language Terms Flashcards

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9936714151	ad hominem	that involves commenting on or against an opponent/to undermine him instead of his arguments, "against the man", logical fallacy	0
9936715956	abstract generalization	vague, opposite of concrete, intangible	1
9936719895	accumulation	Heaping on of words, aka congeries, gathering of points and listing them together	2
9936719896	allegory	abstract ideas and principles are described in terms of characters/figures/events, narrative that uses symbols, intended to teach a lesson	3
9936721125	alliteration	Repetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in a sequence	4
9936726059	allusion	Brief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) or to a work of art	5
9936726060	analogy	comparison where an idea or a thing is compared to another thing that it is different from, aims to explain that idea/thing by comparing it to something that is familiar	6
9936730274	analysis	explain something bit by bit to enhance understanding	7
9936730275	antecedent	earlier clause/phrase/word to which a pronoun/noun/another word refers	8
9936731938	anticlimax	expectations are raised followed by a disappointing/boring situation, or a sudden transition in discourse from an important idea to a ludicrous or trivial one	9
9936731939	antithesis	Opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction	10
9936733468	apostrophe	speaking directly to someone who is not present/dead/inanimate object	11
9936733469	appeal to authority	aka appeal to false authority, logical fallacy, insisting that a claim is true simply because a valid authority or expert on the issue said it was true without any other supporting evidence offered	12
9936735620	argument	main statement, point on which the writer will develop his work in order to convince his readers	13
9936735621	audience	person for whom a writer writes	14
9936740572	authorial aside	short comment or speech that a character delivers directly to the audience/himself, only the audience knows what was said	15
9936743140	balanced sentence	made up of two segments which are equal, not only in length, but also in grammatical structure and meaning, always have parallelism	16
9936744969	circumlocution	indirect way of saying something, roundabout speech	17
9936746939	colloquial expressions	use of informal words/phrases/slang in a piece of writing, gives work a sense of realism	18
9936750288	deductive reasoning	starts out with a general statement and tries to reach a specific, logical conclusion	19
9936750289	inductive reasoning	makes broad generalizations from specific observations	20
9936754921	extended metaphor	a comparison between two unlike things that continues throughout a series of sentences in a paragraph/lines in a poem	21
9936757983	enumeration	listing if details, emphasizes or elucidates topic	22
9936759228	euphemism	polite/indirect expressions that replace words and phrases considered harsh/impolite/disgusting, idiomatic statement	23
9936759229	aphorism	pithy/concise saying that expresses a general truth	24
9936760361	exposition	device used to introduce background information about events/settings/characters/other elements of a work to the audience	25
9936761811	hyperbole	extreme exaggeration or a statement not meant to be taken literally	26
9936764157	rhetorical shift	change in mood accompanied by a change in nuance, focus may shift and it is frequently introduced with "But" or "so"	27
9936768511	ironical understatement	understatement that ironic, see understatement	28
9936770767	juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences	29
9936770768	narration	act of explaining something or telling a story	30
9936771835	oxymoron	Paradoxical juxtaposition of words that seem to contradict one another	31
9936774999	paradox	statement that is self-contradictory or silly, but may include a latent truth	32
9936778368	onomatopoeia	word that imitates the natural sound of a thing	33
9936780324	personification	Attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea	34
9936780325	parallelism	Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses	35
9936789684	qualifying adjective	adjective that describes the "qualities" of a person/object	36
9936790922	refutation	speaker acknowledges opposing arguments and disproves the opposing arguments	37
9936790923	repetition	repeating the same words or phrases a few times to make an idea clearer and more memorable	38
9936792310	rhetorical questions	asked for effect or to lay emphasis on some point being discussed, no real answer expected	39
9936792311	simile	figure of speech that compares using the words "like" or "as"	40
9936794177	metaphor	Figure of speech that compares two things without using "like" or "as."	41
9936795961	speaker	narrative voice that speaks writer's feelings/thoughts, voice through which the story is told	42
9936795962	SOAPSTone	used to analyze a passage; Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, Speaker, Tone	43
9936797396	staccato phrases	phrases that focus reader on content because there are no unnecessary words hiding meaning, convey message w/ gradually increasing vehemence	44
9936797397	syllogism	device with 3 parts: a major premise, minor premise, conclusion that is deduced	45
9936799116	symbol	Something that represents something else by association/resemblance/convention	46
9936799117	tone	a writer's attitude toward a subject, how the writer approaches the theme	47
9936804892	understatement	contains an expression of lesser strength than what would be expected, opposite of embellishment, figure of speech in which a writer or speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is	48
9936804893	verbal irony	irony in which a person says or writes one thing and means another, or uses words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of the literal meaning	49
9936806306	imperative mood verbs	verb form which makes a command or a request (empty vs empties, run vs runs)	50
9936820620	anaphora	Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines	51
9936825857	antimetabole	Repetition of words in reverse order	52
9936825858	asyndeton	Omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words	53
9936830146	synecdoche	Figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole	54
9936834587	zeugma	Use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings	55
9936834588	periodic sentence	Sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end	56
9936840790	archaic diction	Old-fashioned or outdated choice of words	57
9936840791	cumulative sentence	Sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on	58
9936842220	hortative sentence	Sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action	59
9936842221	imperative sentence	Sentence used to command or enjoin	60
9936845097	inversion	Inverted order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject-verb-object order)	61
9937064461	syntax	how words are used to form a sentence, sentence structure	62
9937064462	diction	word choice	63
9942314478	comparison	device in which a writer compares or contrasts two people/places/things/ideas	64

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AP Language Vocab Lists 1-3 Flashcards

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14873026171	ape	the action of attempting an overly exact imitation and ending up with negative or laughable results	0
14873026172	dun	to insist on the payment of a debt	1
14873030423	fop	a man who, in mainstream opinion, is too concerned with his looks and his clothes	2
14873144553	gad	to move about, travel, usually in a kind of aimless way	3
14873144554	hex	an evil spell; to put an evil spell on someone	4
14873144635	ken	your understanding, the limits of your knowledge	5
14873169320	pox	bad luck	6
14873174141	sow	to plant a seed	7
14873188361	vex	to annoy or perplex	8
14873188362	vie	to compete, contend	9
14873273610	amalgamation	to mix or combine into a unified whole	10
14873292013	admixture	mixture	11
14873299273	eclectic	made up of a variety of sources	12
14873303322	catholic	comprehensive, universal	13
14873324209	motley	composed of a variety of sources	14
14873391259	corroborate	to bring in new evidence to strengthen or or support an idea or argument	15
14873410798	asunder	apart; into separate pieces	16
14873424438	diaspora	the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel	17
14873466868	cleave	(v.) To cut or split open; to cling to	18
14873476709	disseminate	to scatter or spread widely	19
14876739845	aphrodisiac	foods or drugs that allegedly make men and women feel more amorous	20
14876760034	chthonic	of or relating to the underworld	21
14876770602	hector	to bully; force someone to do something	22
14876783813	hemetic	tightly sealed	23
14876827388	junoesque	marked by stately beauty; comes from the word Juno, the wife of Jupiter, the Goddess of light, birth, women, and marriage	24
14876837750	mercurial	mood changes very fast	25
14876861791	mnemonic	(adj.) relating to or designed to assist the memory; (n.) a device to aid the memory	26
14876900839	muse, bemuse	to lose yourself in your thoughts, perhaps awaiting inspiration	27
14876872931	odyssey	a long journey	28
14876894345	satumine	gloomy	29

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