AP World Unit 2 Flashcards
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| 12092597810 | What empire was Chang'an in, and roughly where is it on the map? | It was the capital of Ancient China, near the Yellow/ Huang-He R. |  | 0 |
| 12092597811 | What empire was Rome in, and roughly where is it on the map? | It was the capital of Ancient Rome |  | 1 |
| 12092597812 | What empire was Constantinople in, and roughly where is it on the map? | It was a capital of Eastern Rome, and the Byzantine Empire |  | 2 |
| 12092597813 | What empire was Carthage in, and roughly where is it on the map? | It was a Phoenician colony that clashed with the Romans during the Ancient Roman empire |  | 3 |
| 12092597814 | What empire was Athens in, and roughly where is it on the map? | It was an important city in Greece - home to philosophers and birthplace of democracy (rule by the people) |  | 4 |
| 12092597815 | What empire was Alexandria in, and roughly where is it on the map? | An Egyptian capital founded by Alexander the Great |  | 5 |
| 12092597817 | Name some characteristics of the Mauryan Dynasty. | -Controlled nearly all of India -Strong military -Buddhism became the state sponsored religion | 6 | |
| 12092597818 | How did the Gupta dynasty differ from the Mauryan Dynasty? | It was smaller and less centralized;it relied on local, regional leaders. Hinduism became the dominant religion, again, during Gupta times. | 7 | |
| 12092597819 | What were some important concepts developed during the Gupta dynasty? | -the concept of pi -the number 0 -"Arabic" numerals | 8 | |
| 12092597820 | Describe the status of women during the Gupta dynasty. | Women's status decreased; they couldn't own property, couldn't receive inheritance, and had to be obedient to men. The practice of Sati spread | 9 | |
| 12092597821 | How did the Gupta dynasty fall? | to the White Huns (nomads) of Central Asia | 10 | |
| 12092597822 | What are the 4 noble truths of Buddhism? | 1) Suffering is everywhere 2) Desire causes suffering 3) To eliminate suffering, you must eliminate desire 4) To eliminate desire, you must follow the Eightfold path | 11 | |
| 12092597823 | Describe the concept of the Eightfold path. | It is a path/guide about how to do things/live life the "right" way | 12 | |
| 12092597824 | Describe the BASIC life story of Siddhartha Gautama. (How did he become the Buddha?) | Siddhartha was a prince who lived a perfect, lavish life with no suffering. He eventually grew tired of this life, and ventured outside of his palace, in which he discovered (to his horror) the suffering that infects the world (poverty, age, sickness, etc.). He realized he could never be content as a prince, and sought enlightenment. He began a life of complete asceticism, but almost starved to death. Eventually, he sat under a fig tree and meditated, in which he realized the Four Noble Truths and became the Buddha, or, the Enlightened One | 13 | |
| 12092597825 | Who was Emperor Ashoka, which dynasty did he live in, and what did he do for Buddhism? | He was an emperor of the Mauryan Dynasty. He converted to Buddhism after witnessing extreme violence in his military campaigns. He promoted Buddhism in within his court, sent missionaries to other lands, and built monasteries | 14 | |
| 12092597826 | How did Buddhism change as it spread to East Asia? | Mahayana Buddhism emerged in East Asia. Therevada Buddhism continued to dominate India, Sri Lanka, Thailand (in Southeast Asia) | 15 | |
| 12092597827 | Describe the Theravada sect of Buddhism. | It is called the "Lesser Vehicle" or the "way of the elders", it was an earlier form: stricter, avoided addressing the the issue of god(s). | 16 | |
| 12092597828 | Describe the Mahayana sect of Buddhism. | It is called the "Greater Vehicle", and was developed later. In this sect, some view Buddha as a god. It was easier to reach enlightenment, and could even donate to monasteries for merit (buying your way into enlightenment). | 17 | |
| 12092597829 | What is a Bodhisattvas? | Someone in the Buddhism religion who has reached enlightenment, but stays to help other who have not | 18 | |
| 12092597830 | Describe the influence of the Vedic Sanskrit scriptures on Classical Hinduism. | Not only did Hinduism take a lot of inspiration from the scriptures, but they also contributed to the revival of the religion and its popularity at a time when it was passing through great difficulties. | 19 | |
| 12092597831 | What did Hindus believe about reincarnation? | They believed that reincarnation was bad, and painful. They explained that salvation is available to all that life an active, moral life based on Hindu doctrine, and that they should follow their caste duty | 20 | |
| 12092597832 | What is Brahma (different from Brahmin)? | A the underlying truth/spirit that your soul reunited with when you reach enlightenment/salvation (ultimate goal) | 21 | |
| 12092597833 | How did Hinduism change over time, especially after Buddhism spread? | It changed so that everyone could achieve salvation | 22 | |
| 12092597834 | What is the Bhagavad-Gita? | The Bhagavad Gita is an ancient Indian text that became an important work of Hindu tradition in terms of both literature and philosophy. It stresses the importance of Dharma (ones purpose) and following one's castely duty. | 23 | |
| 12092597835 | Who was Qin Shi Huangdi? | He was emperor of the Qin Dynasty, know as the "first emperor" because he was the first emperor to unite China. He led with brutal dictatorship, but his empire collapsed soon after he was poisoned to death | 24 | |
| 12092597836 | Briefly describe the Qin dynasty. | The Qin Dynasty ended the Warring States period. It was the first to unite/conquer all of China, and was when the Great Wall was built. Legalist philosophy was practiced during this period as well, and miles of roads and canals (not the "Grand" one) were build. Langauge/script was standardized throughout China | 25 | |
| 12092597837 | What was an amazing thing discovered in the tomb of Qin Shi Huangdi? | An entire life sized army of terra cotta warriors | 26 | |
| 12092597838 | Describe the Silk Roads in the context of the Han Dynasty. | The Han Dynasty was on the eastern end of the silk roads. The Han Dynasty protected trade routes; Buddhism arrived in China via the Silk Roads | 27 | |
| 12092597839 | What was the Yellow Turban and why did it happen? | It was a PEASANT uprising, which occurred because -nobles manipulated government to tax them less -there was unequal land distribution -brought down the Han in 3rd c. -Tang learned the lesson in 7th c. and created the Equal Field System | 28 | |
| 12092597840 | How did generals gain more power than the central government during Han Dynasty? | Military generals began ignoring the government in Chang'an, and they turned into warlords seeking their own power. They overthrew the Han and divided China | 29 | |
| 12092597841 | Which religions gained greater popularity after the fall of the Han Dynasty? | Daoism and Buddhism (by time of Sui and Tang it was dominant religion) | 30 | |
| 12092597842 | Describe the Han Dynasty's problems with the nomadic peoples Xiongnu (related to the Huns who brought down Gupta India as well) | The Xiongu were a nomadic peoples who had the advantage of superior cavalry and the fact they could quickly disperse (they didn't have specific territory to defend). The Chinese tried to console them for a while by giving them tribute and intermarrying with them, but it didn't work for long | 31 | |
| 12092597843 | Describe the government system of the Qin Dynasty. | It was an extremely centralized dictatorship, in which the emperor held supreme power | 32 | |
| 12092597846 | What was the reason for the fall of the Han Dynasty? | -corruption and concentration of wealth -Peasant uprisings -Unequal land distribution | 33 | |
| 12092597847 | Describe the basic concepts of Legalism. | They believed that human nature was weak left unattended, which could bring destruction. They enforced strict laws and harsh punishments, and believed that the government should be all powerful. Practiced during the Qing dynasty. | 34 | |
| 12092597848 | Describe the basic concepts of Daoism. | They believed that we should avoid useless struggles, and take part in effortless action. They believes that the "Dao" was the way of the world, or the underlying harmony, a path to virtue | 35 | |
| 12092597849 | Describe the basic concepts of Confucianism, as well as their three main beliefs. | Their main idea was "treat others the way you want to be treated". They believed: 1) ritual propriety: the importance of ceremony 2) filial piety: we should treat our parents/elders with respect 3) Be obedient to honorable people 4) cultivated knowledge/wisdom can be more important than creativity | 36 | |
| 12092597850 | How did the three main Chinese ideologies spread? | As a result of the Warring States period at the end of the Zhou period | 37 | |
| 12092597851 | What is a polis? | A city-state/small country in Ancient Greece | 38 | |
| 12092597853 | Name the 2 more dominant poleis of Ancient Greece. | Athens and Sparta | 39 | |
| 12092597854 | Describe an Athenian democracy. | All male citizens vote on laws and etc. There was also trial by peers/ jury duty | 40 | |
| 12092597855 | Describe the Persian Wars. | Persia began to expand into Greece, and were extremely powerful, so the Greeks formed the Delian League (an alliance led by Athens) which pushed Persian armies out of Greece | 41 | |
| 12092597856 | What was the Peloponnesian War? | A war fought between Athens and Sparta; the Persians helped Sparta achieve victory. In the years after the war, Macedonians (Philip II and Alexander the Great) conquered all Greece AND Persia | 42 | |
| 12092597857 | Describe the Achaemenid Empire? | It was a Persian Empire; Cyrus the Great unified all of Persia. They were a fair empire; they didn't enslave conquered peoples and let the Jews return to Jerusalem | 43 | |
| 12092597858 | What is Zoroastianism? | A Persian religion ; a monotheistic, tolerant religion that encouraged a life of moderation | 44 | |
| 12092597860 | Who was Alexander the Great? | Son of Phillip II, he expanded his fathers empire and spread Hellenistic/Greek culture and ideas | 45 | |
| 12092597861 | Describe the core ideas of Greek philosophies. | Core ideas included: -love of wisdom -The use of observation, reason, and mathematics to understand the world | 46 | |
| 12092597862 | What was the Socratic method? | a method of question and answer inquiry that can lead us closer to the truth | 47 | |
| 12092597864 | Describe Plato's ideal society. | He wanted philosophers to be rulers with absolute power, and for the rest of the people to be warriors or common people | 48 | |
| 12092597865 | What is the "Golden Mean", and who's philosophy was it? | It was Aristotle's philosophy, and it was the average between two extremes that should be followed in all aspects of life. It used scientific observation to find the truth, and described the rules of logic **Wanted a good government with a strong middle class | 49 | |
| 12092597866 | Describe the student-teacher relationship between Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and Alexander the Great. | Plato was a student of Socrates, Aristotle was a student of Plato, and Alex the great was a student of Aristotle | 50 | |
| 12092597867 | Identify characteristics of Greco-Roman art and architecture. | grand marble columns, domed structures | 51 | |
| 12092597868 | What are the 12 tables? | the established rule of law in Ancient Rome, which is displayed in the forum and whom all must follow | 52 | |
| 12092597869 | List and explain the different positions in Roman government from most powerful to least powerful. | 1) Consuls: elected chief representative that managed gov't and military 2) Senate & Tribunes Senate- law makers + advised consuls Tribunes- elected to represent plebians | 53 | |
| 12092597870 | When in Rome was a dictator necessary, and what was their job? | Only during crisis, and they had absolute power 6 months | 54 | |
| 12092597871 | What were the rich in Rome called? What about the poor? | -Rich: patricians -Poor/commoners: plebians | 55 | |
| 12092597872 | What were latifundias? | Large estates taken and run by patricians, which relied on slave labor and outperformed smaller, plebian farms | 56 | |
| 12092597874 | Describe the Punic Wars (geographic location as well) | Location: North Africa Wars between Carthage (a Phoenician colony) and Rome. Rome destroyed Carthage | 57 | |
| 12092597875 | Who were the Gracchi Brothers, and what happened after their death? | Two partrician leaders that attempted to help the plebeians by limiting the size of Patrician landholdings, but later got assassinated. After their death, civil war broke out between the liberals and conservatives | 58 | |
| 12092597876 | Who was Julius Caesar, and what did he do for Rome? | He gained fame as a general, and after being elected leader, he became dictator for life. He advocated reforms for plebeians, and was killed by senators. 14 more years of civil war followed | 59 | |
| 12092597877 | Who was Augustus Caesar? | Julius' nephew and adopted son, who turned Rome into an empire disguised as a republic. He created a cosmopolitan society, took care of the people, and worked with the senate. He also participated in extensive trade throughout the Mediterranean and Silk Road | 60 | |
| 12092597878 | Who was Diocletian? | An emperor who re-established order after Rome's capital began to grow weak. He divided the empire in 2 for more efficient rule | 61 | |
| 12092597879 | Who was Constantine? | He was the emperor of Eastern Rome, who conquered and reunified Rome. He renamed the capital Byzantium to Constantinople. Legalized Christianity with the Edict of Milan. | 62 | |
| 12092597882 | What is the geographic origin of Christianity? | Palestine/Jerusalem region, which was part of the Roman Empire | 63 | |
| 12092597883 | Describe Jewish origins and influence on Christianity | *Jewish prophet Abraham *Holy scriptures = The Torah is the first 5 books of Christian Bible *Monotheistic religion - belief in the same one God | 64 | |
| 12092597884 | Who was Jesus of Nazareth? | Jewish teacher; taught how to live; crucified ~40 A.D./C.E. | 65 | |
| 12092597885 | What do Christians believe about Jesus? | They believed that he is the Messiah/Christ/Savior, and that he died and was resurrected. They believe that he led believers to an eternal life | 66 | |
| 12092597886 | Where Christians always accepted in Rome? What role did Constantine play in this? | No, they were persecuted at first. Constantine had a vision from God, and ended up converting, and legalizing Christianity in Rome | 67 | |
| 12092597887 | When was Christianity legalized? | 4th century CE | 68 | |
| 12092597888 | Who was Paul of Tarsus? | A missionary who traveled and wrote letters to te new churches, and encouraged non-Jews to adopt Christianity. | 69 |
