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Flashcards
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Biology Nervous System Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13137265423 | neuron | a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell. |  | 0 |
| 13137265424 | glial cells | cells that support neurons (ex: Schwann cells) |  | 1 |
| 13137265425 | cell body | contains nucleus of the neuron |  | 2 |
| 13137265426 | dendrite | receive stimuli; highly branched extensions |  | 3 |
| 13137265427 | axon | conduct and propagate impulses |  | 4 |
| 13137265428 | Schwann cell | creates the myelin sheath |  | 5 |
| 13137265429 | node of Ranvier | gap between myelin sheaths that expose the axon, help accelerate impulses |  | 6 |
| 13137265430 | sensory neuron | pick up stimuli from the environment and send to the brain |  | 7 |
| 13137265431 | motor neuron | sends impulses to muscles to create movement |  | 8 |
| 13137265432 | interneuron | neurons in the CNS that communicate internally and connect sensory to motor neurons; are responsible for reflexes |  | 9 |
| 13137265433 | resting potential | membrane potential of a neuron that is not firing, -70 mV |  | 10 |
| 13137265434 | sodium-potassium pump | protein that uses active transport to move 3 Na out of the membrane and 2 K in, which resets the neuron to resting potential | 11 | |
| 13137265435 | action potential | rapid change in the voltage between the membrane of a neuron in response to a stimulus | 12 | |
| 13137265436 | threshold | the voltage needed to open the voltage gated Na channels and start the unstoppable flow of Na into the cell, -55 mV | 13 | |
| 13137265437 | depolarization | the massive influx of Na causes the cell's voltage to become less negative, all the way up to 35 mV | 14 | |
| 13137265438 | repolarization | Na channels close and K channels open, which allows K out of cell so the cell is more negative | 15 | |
| 13137265439 | undershoot | because K channels are slow to close, the voltage reaches -80 mV, and causes the Na/K pump to reset the neuron | 16 | |
| 13137265440 | refractory period | period where the neuron resets using the Na/K pump before a neuron can be fired again | 17 | |
| 13137265441 | synapse | transmission of information is from one neuron to the next |  | 18 |
| 13137265442 | neurotransmitter | molecule that neurons use in synaptic transmission |  | 19 |
| 13137265443 | synaptic vesicle | hold the neurotransmitters in the presynaptic neuron |  | 20 |
| 13137265444 | postsynaptic receptor | receive neurotransmitters and open Na gated ion channels to start another action potential |  | 21 |
| 13137265445 | synaptic cleft | space between the pre and postsynaptic neurons |  | 22 |
| 13137265446 | myelin sheath | insulates the axon and speeds transmission of the impulse | 23 | |
| 13137265447 | afferent pathway | signal received from outside your nervous system and conducted toward it | 24 | |
| 13137265448 | efferent pathway | carry signals away from the central nervous system toward muscle cells or glandular cells | 25 | |
| 13137265449 | dopamine | neurotransmitter that controls the brain's reward and pleasure center | 26 | |
| 13137265450 | serotonin | neurotransmitter responsible for maintaining mood balance | 27 | |
| 13137265451 | GABA | neurotransmitter that inhibits nerve impulse from being transmitted | 28 | |
| 13137265452 | ion-gated channels | proteins responsible for allowing sodium or potassium to diffuse into or out of the axon | 29 | |
| 13137265453 | sodium | ion responsible for depolarization | 30 | |
| 13137265454 | potassium | ion responsible for repolarization | 31 | |
| 13137265455 | calcium | ion that signals vesicles to release neurotransmitters | 32 | |
| 13141259667 | axon hillock | the last site in the soma where membrane potentials propagated from synaptic inputs are summated before being transmitted to the axon. | 33 |
Ch 11 Vocab APES Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 11211641419 | biotic pollution | Harmful ecological and economic effects from the presence of accidentally or deliberately introduced species into ecosystems. | 0 | |
| 11211641420 | endangered species | A wild species with so few individual survivors that the species could soon become extinct in all or most of its natural range. Compare threatened species. | 1 | |
| 11211641421 | flyway | Generally fixed route along which waterfowl migrate from one area to another at certain seasons of the year. | 2 | |
| 11211641422 | game species | Type of wild animal that people hunt or fish for, for sport and recreation and sometimes for food. | 3 | |
| 11211641423 | HIPPO | Acronym for habitat destruction and fragmentation, invasive species, population growth, pollution, and overharvesting. | 4 | |
| 11211641424 | instrumental value | Value of an organism, species, ecosystem, or the earth's biodiversity based on its usefulness to us. Compare intrinsic value. | 5 | |
| 11211641425 | minimum viable population (MVP) | Estimate of the smallest number of individuals necessary to ensure the survival of a population in a region for a specified time period, typically ranging from decades to 100 years. | 6 | |
| 11211641426 | rare species | A species that has naturally small numbers of individuals (often because of limited geographic ranges or low population densities) or has been locally depleted by human activities. | 7 | |
| 11211641427 | reconciliation ecology | The science of inventing, establishing, and maintaining new habitats to conserve species diversity in places where people live, work, or play. | 8 | |
| 11211641428 | threatened species | Wild A wild species that is still abundant in its natural range but is likely to become endangered because of a decline in numbers. Compare endangered species. | 9 | |
| 11211641429 | utilitarian value | See instrumental value. | 10 | |
| 11211641430 | wildlife | All free, undomesticated species. Sometimes the term is used to describe animals only. | 11 |
Flashcards
AP Literature - Literary Devices Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14691899716 | Allegory | A narrative or description having a second meaning beneath the surface one | 0 | |
| 14691899717 | Alliteration | Repeating a consonant sound in close proximity to others, or beginning several words with the same vowel sound | 1 | |
| 14691899718 | Allusion | A reference, explicit or implicit, to something in previous literature or history | 2 | |
| 14691899719 | Anaphora | The intentional repetition of beginning clauses in order to create an artistic effect | 3 | |
| 14691899720 | Anastrophe | Inverted order of words or events as a rhetorical scheme | 4 | |
| 14691899721 | Anecdote | A short account of an interesting or humorous incident | 5 | |
| 14691899722 | Apostrophe | The act of addressing some abstraction or personification that is not physically present | 6 | |
| 14691899723 | Cacophony | A harsh, discordant mixture of sounds | 7 | |
| 14691899724 | Conceit | An elaborate or unusual comparison--especially one using unlikely metaphors, simile, hyperbole, and contradiction | 8 | |
| 14691899725 | Consonance | A special type of alliteration in which the repeated pattern of consonants is marked by changes in the intervening vowels--i.e., the final consonants of the stressed syllables match each other but the vowels differ | 9 | |
| 14691899726 | Euphony | A smooth, pleasant-sounding choice and arrangement of sounds | 10 | |
| 14691899727 | Imagery | The representation through language of a sensory experience | 11 | |
| 14691899728 | Juxtaposition | The arrangement of two or more ideas, characters, actions, settings, phrases, or words side by side or in a similar narrative moments for the purpose of comparison, contrast, rhetorical effect, suspense, or character development | 12 | |
| 14691899729 | Metaphor | A comparison or analogy stated in such a way as to imply that one object is another one, figuratively speaking | 13 | |
| 14691899730 | Metonymy | Using a vaguely suggestive, physical object to embody a more general idea | 14 | |
| 14691899731 | Onomatopoeia | The use of sounds that are similar to the noise they represent for a rhetorical or artistic effect | 15 | |
| 14691899732 | Oxymoron | Using contradiction in a manner that oddly makes sense on a deeper level | 16 | |
| 14691899733 | Periodic Sentence | A long sentence that is not grammatically complete (and hence not intelligible to the reader) until the reader reaches the final portion of the sentence | 17 | |
| 14691899734 | Personification | Giving human qualities to animals or objects | 18 | |
| 14691899735 | Tone | The writer's attitude toward his or her audience and subject | 19 | |
| 14691899736 | Setting | The context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs | 20 | |
| 14691899737 | Symbol | Something that means more than what it is | 21 | |
| 14691899738 | Synecdoche | A rhetorical trope involving a part of an object representing the whole, or the whole of an object representing a part | 22 | |
| 14691899739 | Voice | The distinctive style or manner of expression of the writer or a character in a book | 23 | |
| 14691899740 | Antagonist | A character or force in a story who opposes the main character or protagonist | 24 | |
| 14691899741 | Character | Any of the people involved in a story or play | 25 | |
| 14691899742 | Characterization | The process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character | 26 | |
| 14691899743 | Deuteragonist | The second most important character, after the protagonist, often a foil or eventual antagonist | 27 | |
| 14691899744 | Direct Presentation of Character | A method of characterization in which the author, by exposition or analysis, tells us directly what a character is like, or has someone else in the story do so | 28 | |
| 14691899745 | Dynamic Character | A character who grows, learns, or changes as a result of the story's action | 29 | |
| 14691899746 | Flat Character | A character whose character is summed up in one or two traits | 30 | |
| 14691899747 | Foil | A character who contrasts with another character (usually the protagonist) in order to highlight particular qualities of the other character | 31 | |
| 14691899748 | Hubris | Overbearing pride or presumption | 32 | |
| 14691899749 | Indirect Presentation of Character | That method of characterization in which the author shows us a character in action, compelling us to infer what the character is like from what is said or done by the character | 33 | |
| 14691899750 | Protagonist | The main character in a literary work | 34 | |
| 14691899751 | Round Character | a character whose character is complex and many sided | 35 | |
| 14691899752 | Static Character | A character that does not change from the beginning of the story to the end | 36 | |
| 14691899753 | Stock Character | A stereotypical character | 37 | |
| 14691899754 | Tragic Flaw | A flaw in the character of the protagonist of a tragedy that brings the protagonist to ruin or sorrow | 38 | |
| 14691899755 | Colloquial | Informal, conversational language | 39 | |
| 14691899756 | Dialect | A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation | 40 | |
| 14691899757 | Euphemism | Substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for a harsh, blunt, or offensive one | 41 | |
| 14691899758 | Figure of Speech | Broadly, any way of saying something other than the ordinary way; more narrowly, a way of saying one thing and meaning another | 42 | |
| 14691899759 | Hyperbole | A figure of speech in which the truth is exaggerated for emphasis | 43 | |
| 14691899760 | Invective | Denunciatory or abusive language | 44 | |
| 14691899761 | Proverb | A short pithy saying in general use, stating a general truth or piece of advice | 45 | |
| 14691899762 | Slang | A kind of language especially occurring in casual or playful speech, usually made up of short-lived coinages and figures of speech deliberately used in place of standard terms | 46 | |
| 14691899763 | Understatement | a figure of speech that consists of saying less than one means, or of saying what one means with less force than the occasion warrants | 47 | |
| 14691899764 | Exposition | The part of a narrative that provides the background information needed to understand the characters and the actions | 48 | |
| 14691899765 | Conflict | A clash of actions, desires, ideas, or goals in the plot of a story or drama | 49 | |
| 14691899766 | Frame Narrative | The result of inserting one or more small stories within the body of a larger story that encompasses the smaller ones | 50 | |
| 14691899767 | Irony | A situation or use of language involving some kind of incongruity or discrepancy | 51 | |
| 14691899768 | Dramatic Irony | Irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play | 52 | |
| 14691899769 | Irony of Situation | A situation in which there is an incongruity between appearance and reality, or between expectation and fulfillment, or between the actual situation and what would seem appropriate | 53 | |
| 14691899770 | Verbal Irony | A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant | 54 | |
| 14691899771 | Anticlimax | A sudden descent from the impressive or significant to the ludicrous or inconsequential | 55 | |
| 14691899772 | Dilemma | A situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two or more alternatives, especially equally undesirable ones | 56 | |
| 14691899773 | Inversion | A reversal in order, nature, or effect | 57 | |
| 14691899774 | Motivation | A character's incentive or reason for behaving in a certain manner; that which impels a character to act | 58 | |
| 14691899775 | Paradox | A statement or proposition containing apparently contradictory or incompatible elements | 59 |
AP Language and Composition-Audrey Bradford Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13895501218 | ad hominem | specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker | 0 | |
| 13895501219 | ad populum fallacy (bandwagon) | fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to the "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do" | 1 | |
| 13895501220 | alliteration | repetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables | 2 | |
| 13895501221 | allusion | brief reference to a person, event, or place or to a work of art | 3 | |
| 13895501222 | analogy | a comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things | 4 | |
| 13895501223 | anaphora | repetition of word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines | 5 | |
| 13895501224 | anecdote | a brief story used to illustrate a point of claim | 6 | |
| 13895501225 | annotation | the taking of notes directly on a text | 7 | |
| 13895501226 | antimetabole | repetition of words in reverse order | 8 | |
| 13895501227 | antithesis | opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction | 9 | |
| 13895501228 | appeal to false authority | the fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority | 10 | |
| 13895501229 | archaic diction | old-fashioned or outdated choice of words | 11 | |
| 13895501230 | argument | A process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion. | 12 | |
| 13895501231 | Aristotelian triangle | See rhetorical triangle | 13 | |
| 13895501232 | assertion | a statement that presents a claim or thesis | 14 | |
| 13895501233 | assumption | see warrant | 15 | |
| 13895501234 | asyndeton | omission of conjunction between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words | 16 | |
| 13895501235 | audience | The listener, viewer, or reader of a text. Most texts are likely to have multiple audiences. | 17 | |
| 13895501236 | background | the part of an image that is behind the objects depicted in the foreground see also foreground | 18 | |
| 13895501237 | backing | In the Toulmin model, backing consists of further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority. | 19 | |
| 13895501238 | bandwagon appeal | see ad populum fallacy | 20 | |
| 13895501239 | begging the question | a fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or supported that is in doubt | 21 | |
| 13895501240 | bais | a prejudice or preconceived notion that prevents a person form approaching a topic in a neutral or an objective way | 22 | |
| 13895501241 | circular reasoning | a fallacy in which the argument repeats the claim as a way to provide the evidence | 23 | |
| 13895501242 | claim | also called an assertion or proposition, a claim states the argument's main idea or position | 24 | |
| 13895501243 | claim of fact | a claim of fact asserts that something is true or not true | 25 | |
| 13895501244 | claim of policy | a claim of policy proposes a change | 26 | |
| 13895501245 | claim of value | a claim of value argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong | 27 | |
| 13895501246 | classical oration | five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians | 28 | |
| 13895501247 | introduction(exordium) | introduces the reader to the subject under discussion | 29 | |
| 13895501248 | narration (narratio) | provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing | 30 | |
| 13895501249 | confirmation (confirmatio) | usually the major part of the text, the confirmation includes the proof needed to make the writer's case | 31 | |
| 13895501250 | refutation (refutatio) | addresses the counterargument. it is a bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion | 32 | |
| 13895501251 | conclusion (peroratio) | brings the essay to a satisfying close | 33 | |
| 13895501252 | closed thesis | a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make | 34 | |
| 13895501253 | complex sentence | A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. | 35 | |
| 13895501254 | composition | the physical arrangement of visual elements within the frame of an image | 36 | |
| 13895501255 | compound sentence | a sentence that includes at least two independent clauses | 37 | |
| 13895501256 | concession | an acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable | 38 | |
| 13895501257 | confirmation | In classical oration, this major part of an argument comes between the narration and refutation; it provides the development of proof through evidence that supports the claims made by the speaker. | 39 | |
| 13895501258 | connotation | Meanings or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition, or denotation. | 40 | |
| 13895501259 | context | The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text. | 41 | |
| 13895501260 | Counterargument | an opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward | 42 | |
| 13895501261 | Counterargument thesis | A type of thesis statement that includes a brief counterargument, usually qualified with although or but | 43 | |
| 13895501262 | cumulative sentece | sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on | 44 | |
| 13895501263 | deduction | a logical process wherein you reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth and applying it to a specific case | 45 | |
| 13895501264 | diction | a speaker's choice of words | 46 | |
| 13895501265 | either/or (false dilemma) | the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices | 47 | |
| 13895501266 | enthymeme | Essentially a syllogism with one of the premises implied, and taken for granted as understood. | 48 | |
| 13895501267 | equivocation | A fallacy that uses a term with two or more meanings in an attempt to misrepresent or deceive. | 49 | |
| 13895501268 | ethos | Greek for "character." Speakers appeal to ethos to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy to speak on a given topic. Ethos is established by both who you are and what you say. | 50 | |
| 13895501269 | fallacy | see logical fallacy | 51 | |
| 13895501270 | False Dilemma | see either/or | 52 | |
| 13895501271 | faulty analogy | a fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable | 53 | |
| 13895501272 | figurative language | nonliteral language, sometimes referred to as tropes or metaphorical language, often evoking strong imagery and/or figures of speech to compare one thing to another explicitly or implicitly | 54 | |
| 13895501273 | first-hand evidence | Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events. | 55 | |
| 13895501274 | focus | the point in am image to which the viewer's eye is immediately drawn | 56 | |
| 13895501275 | foreground | the part of an image that is nearest to the viewer | 57 | |
| 13895501276 | hasty generalization | a fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence | 58 | |
| 13895501277 | hortative sentence | sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action | 59 | |
| 13895501278 | Hyperbole | deliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or to produce a comic or ironic effect; an overstatement to make a point | 60 | |
| 13895501279 | imagery | Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste) | 61 | |
| 13895501280 | imperative sentence | sentence used to command or enjoin | 62 | |
| 13895501281 | induction | the process wherein you reason from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also a called a generalization | 63 | |
| 13895501282 | inversion | inverted order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject-verb-object order) | 64 | |
| 13895501283 | irony | a figure of speech that occurs when a speak or character says one thing but means something else or when what is said is the opposite of what is expected creating a noticeable incongruity | 65 | |
| 13895501284 | juxtaposition | placement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences | 66 | |
| 13895501285 | logical fallacies | potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument | 67 | |
| 13895501286 | line | a path traced by a moving point in an image, either real or implied | 68 | |
| 13895501287 | logos | Greek for "embodied thought." Speakers appeal to logos, or reason, by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up. | 69 | |
| 13895501288 | metaphor | figure of speech that compares two things without using like or as | 70 | |
| 13895501289 | metonymy | figure of speech in which something is represented by another thing that is related to it or emblematic of it | 71 | |
| 13895501290 | modifer | an adjective, adverb, phrase, or clause that modifies a noun, pronoun, or verb. The purpose of the modifier is to usually describe, focus, or qualify | 72 | |
| 13895501291 | mood | the feeling or atmosphere created by a text | 73 | |
| 13895501292 | nominalization | the process of changing a verb into a noun | 74 | |
| 13895501293 | occasion | the time and place a speech is given or a piece is written | 75 | |
| 13895501294 | open thesis | one that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay | 76 | |
| 13895501295 | oxymoron | a paradox made up of two seemingly contradictory words | 77 | |
| 13895501296 | parallelism | similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses | 78 | |
| 13895501297 | pathos | Greek for "suffering" or "experience." Speakers appeal to pathos to emotionally motivate their audience. More specific appeals to pathos might play on the audience's values, desires, and hopes, on the one hand, or fears and prejudices, on the other. | 79 | |
| 13895501298 | periodic sentence | sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end | 80 | |
| 13895501299 | persona | Greek for "mask." The face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience. | 81 | |
| 13895501300 | personification | attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea | 82 | |
| 13895501301 | polemic | Greek for "hostile." An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others. Polemics generally do not concede that opposing opinions have any merit. | 83 | |
| 13895501302 | Polysyndeton | the deliberate use of multiple conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words | 84 | |
| 13895501303 | post hoc ergo propter hoc | This fallacy is Latin for "after which therefore because of which," meaning that it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier. One may loosely summarize this fallacy by saying that correlation does not imply causation. | 85 | |
| 13895501304 | propaganda | the spread of ideas and information to further a cause | 86 | |
| 13895501305 | purpose | the goal the speaker wants to acheive | 87 | |
| 13895501306 | qualified argument | An argument that is not absolute. It acknowledges the merits of an opposing view, but develops a stronger case for its own position. | 88 | |
| 13895501307 | qualifier | In the Toulmin model, the qualifier uses words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim, making it less absolute. | 89 | |
| 13895501308 | qualitative evidence | evidence supported by reason, tradition, or precedent | 90 | |
| 13895501309 | Quantitative evidence | things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers | 91 | |
| 13895501310 | rebuttal | in the Toulmin model, a rebuttal gives the voice to possible objection | 92 | |
| 13895501311 | red herring | a type of logical fallacy wherein the speaker relies on distract to derail an argument, usually skipping to a new irrelevant topic | 93 | |
| 13895501312 | reservation | in the Toulmin model, a reservation, explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier | 94 | |
| 13895501313 | rhetoric | Aristotle defined rhetoric as "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion." In other words, it is the art of finding ways of persuading an audience | 95 | |
| 13895501314 | rhetorical appeals | Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion). | 96 | |
| 13895501315 | rhetorical question | figure of speech in the form of a question posed for rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer | 97 | |
| 13895501316 | rhetorical triangle (Aristotelian triangle) | A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text. |  | 98 |
| 13895501317 | Rogerian Argument | based on the assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating | 99 | |
| 13895501318 | satire | the use of irony or sarcasm to critique society or an individual | 100 | |
| 13895501319 | scheme | Artful syntax; a deviation from the normal order of words. Common schemes include parallelism, juxtaposition, antithesis, and antimetabole. | 101 | |
| 13895501320 | second-hand evidence | Evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data. | 102 | |
| 13895501321 | shape | A two-dimensional form that occupies an area with identifiable boundaries. | 103 | |
| 13895501322 | simile | a figure of speech used to explain or clarify an idea by comparing it explicitly to something else. | 104 | |
| 13895501323 | SOAPSTONE | subject, occasion, audience, purpose, speaker, tone | 105 | |
| 13895501324 | Speaker | the person or group who creates a text | 106 | |
| 13895501325 | stance | the speaker's attitude toward the audience (differing form the tone) | 107 | |
| 13895501326 | straw man | A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea. | 108 | |
| 13895501327 | subject | The topic of a text. What the text is about. | 109 | |
| 13895501328 | syllogism | a logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion | 110 | |
| 13895501329 | synecdoche | A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole | 111 | |
| 13895501330 | syntax | the arrangement of words into phrases, clauses, and sentences | 112 | |
| 13895501331 | synthesize | combine two or more ideas in order to create something more complex in support of a new idea | 113 | |
| 13895501332 | text | Any cultural product that can be "read" - meaning not just consumed and comprehended, but investigated. | 114 | |
| 13895501333 | thesis statement | the chief claim that a writer makes in any argumentative piece of writing usually stated in one sentence | 115 | |
| 13895501334 | Tone | A speaker's attitude toward the subject conveyed by the speaker's stylistic and rhetorical choices. | 116 | |
| 13895501335 | Toulmin Model | An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosopher Stephen Toulmin. | 117 | |
| 13895501336 | trope | Artful diction; from the Greek word for "turning," a figure of speech such as metaphor, simile, hyperbole, metonymy, or synecdoche. | 118 | |
| 13895501337 | understatement | a figure of speech in which something is presented as less important, dire, urgent, good, and so on, than it actually is, often for satiric or comical effect | 119 | |
| 13895501338 | warrant | In the Toulmin model, the warrant expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience. | 120 | |
| 13895501339 | wit | In rhetoric, the use of laughter, humor, irony, and satire in the confirmation or refutation of an argument. | 121 | |
| 13895501340 | zeugma | use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings | 122 | |
| 13895531429 | Allegory | a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one. | 123 | |
| 13895543210 | Aphorism | A brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life. | 124 | |
| 13895548946 | Apsotrophe | speaking to or addressing a person that isn't present | 125 | |
| 13895554523 | Assonace | Repetition of vowel sounds | 126 | |
| 13895560621 | Consonance | Repetition of consonant sounds | 127 | |
| 13895560623 | Conceit | extended metaphor | 128 | |
| 13895566447 | didactic | intended to instruct | 129 | |
| 13895570487 | Epistrophe | Repetition of the same word or group of words at the ends of successive clauses | 130 | |
| 13895575697 | homily | (n.) a sermon stressing moral principles; a tedious moralizing lecture or discourse | 131 | |
| 13895579002 | Isocolon | use of parallel structures of the same length in successive clauses | 132 | |
| 13895582786 | Jargon | nonsensical talk; specialized language | 133 | |
| 13895588613 | Colloquialism | A word or phrase (including slang) used in everyday conversation and informal writing but that is often inappropriate in formal writing (y'all, ain't) | 134 |
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While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!
