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AP Language and Composition Flashcards

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14315036719AudienceThe listener, viewer, or reader of a text. Most texts are likely to have multiple audiences.0
14315042276ConcessionAn acknowledgment that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. In a strong argument, a concession is usually accompanied by a refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument.1
14315060048ConnotationMeaning or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition, or denotation. Connotations are usually positive or negative, and they can greatly affect the author's tone.2
14315067144ContextThe circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text.3
14315098090CounterargumentAn opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward. Rather than ignoring a counterargument, a strong writer will usually address it though the process of concession and refutation.4
14315068746EthosGreek for "character." Speakers appeal to ethos to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy to speak on a given topic. Ethos is established by both who you are and what you say.5
14315073292LogosGreek for "embodied thought." Speakers appeal to logos, or reason, by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up.6
14315076897OccasionThe time and place a speech is given or a piece is written.7
14315081667PathosGreek for "suffering" or "experience." Speakers appeal to pathos to emotionally motivate their audience. More specific appeals to pathos might play on the audience's values, desires, and hopes, on the one hand, or fears and prejudices, on the other.8
14315083377PersonaGreek for "mask." The face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience.9
14315084488PolemicGreek for "hostile." An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others. Polemics generally do not concede that opposing opinions have any merit.10
14315085793PropagandaThe spread of ideas and information to further a cause. In its negative sense, propaganda is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause.11
14315091250PurposeThe goal the speaker wants to achieve.12
14315094769RefutationA denial of the validity of an opposing argument. In order to sound reasonable, refutations often follow a concession that acknowledges that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable.13
14315098091RhetoricAs Aristotle defined the term, "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion." In other words, it is the art of finding ways to persuade an audience.14
14315109040Rhetorical appealsRhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion).15
14315112403Rhetorical Triangle (Aristotelian triangle)A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text.16
14315113642SOAPSA mnemonic device that stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, and Speaker. It is a handy way to remember the various elements that make up the rhetorical situation.17
14315119801SpeakerThe person or group who creates a text. This might be a politician who delivers a speech, a commentator who writes an article, an artist who draws a political cartoon, or even a company that commissions an advertisement.18
14315118933TextWhile this term generally means the written word, in the humanities it has come to mean any cultural product that can be "read" - meaning not just consumed and comprehended, but investigated. This includes fiction, nonfiction, poetry, political cartoons, fine art, photography, performances, fashion, cultural trends, and much more.19
14315117377SubjectThe topic of a text. What the text is about.20
14315128078AlliterationRepetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in sequence. (Let us go forth to lead the land we love)21
14315136402AllusionBrief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) or to a work of art.22
14315141098AnaphoraRepetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines. (...not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need -- not as a call to battle, though embattled we are...)23
14315153832AntimetaboleRepetition of words in reverse order (Ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country)24
14315176153AntithesisOpposition, or contrast, or ideas or words in a parallel construction. (We shall...support any friend, oppose any foe...)25
14315181679Archaic dictionOld-fashioned or outdated choice of words. (...beliefs for which out forebears fought...)26
14315186914AnsydetonOmission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words (We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any for to assure the survival and success of Liberty).27
14315195722Cumulative SentenceSentence that completes the main idea and the beginning of a sentence and then builds and adds on.28
14315199817Hortative SentenceSentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action.29
14315204544Imperative SentenceSentence used to command or enjoin.30
14315207631InversionInverted order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject-verb-object order).31
14315212183JuxtapositionPlacement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences.32
14315214113MetaphorFigure of speech that compares two things without using "like" or "as".33
14315216475OxymoronParadoxical juxtaposition of words that seem contradictory to one another.34
14315219316ParallelismSimilarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.35
14315224690Periodic SentenceSentence whose main clause is withheld until the end.36
14315226967PersonificationAttribution of lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea.37
14315229199Rhetorical QuestionFigure of speech in the form of a question posed for rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer.38
14315232482SynecdocheFigure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole. (all hands on deck - "hands" means crew members)39
14315236774ad hominemLatin for "to the man," this fallacy refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker. (If you argue that a park in your community should not be renovated because the person supporting it was arrested during a domestic dispute, then you are guilty of ad hominem.)40
14315260343ad populum (bandwagon appeal)This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do."41
14315264524Appeal to false authorityThis fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise on an issue is cited as an authority. (A TV star, for instance, is not a medical expert, even though pharmaceutical advertisements often use celebrity endorsements.)42
14315275131ArgumentA process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion.43
14315278434Assumption (warrant)In the Toulmin model, the warrant expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.44
14315283482BackingIn the Toulmin model, backing consists of further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority.45
14315291543Begging the QuestionsA fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt. It "begs" a question whether the support itself is sound.46
14315294126Circular reasoningA fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence.47
14315295932ClaimAlso called an assertion or a proposition, a claim states the argument's main idea or position. A claim differs from a topic or subject in that a claim has to be arguable.48
14315315922Claim of FactA claim that asserts that something is true or not true.49
14315317777Claim of PolicyA claim of policy proposes a change.50
14315320793Claim of ValueA claim of value argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong.51
14315325216Classical orationFive-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians. The five parts are: Introduction (exordium), Narration (narratio), Confirmation (confirmatio), Refutation (refutatio), and Conclusion (peroratio).52
14315341208Introduction (exordium)Introduces the reader to the subject under discussion.53
14315343951Narration (narratio)Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that need addressing.54
14315350698Confirmation (confirmatio)Usually the major part of the text, the confirmation includes the proof needed to make the writer's case.55
14315355588Refutation (refutatio)Addresses the counterargument. It is a bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion.56
14315358887Conclusion (peroratio)Brings the essay to a satisfying close.57
14315360853Closed thesisA closed thesis is a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make.58
14315365660DeductionDeduction is a logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise). The process of deduction is usually demonstrated in the form of a syllogism.59
14315379452Either/or (false dilemma)A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices.60
14315381197Faulty analogyA fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable. (For instance, to argue that because we put animals who are in irreversible pain out of their misery, we should do the same to people, asks the reader to ignore significant and profound differences between animals and people.)61
14315395630First-hand evidenceEvidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events.62
14315397958Hasty generalizationA fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.63
14315401593InductionFrom the Latin inducere, "to lead into"; a logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization.64
14315409260Logical fallacyLogical fallacies are potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and evidence used to support it.65
14315412662Open thesisAn open thesis is one that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay.66
14315414680post hoc ergo propter hocThis fallacy is Latin for "after which therefore because of which," meaning that it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier. One may loosely summarize this fallacy by saying that correlation does not imply causation.67
14315425609QualifierIn the Toulmin model, the qualifier uses words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim, making it less absolute.68
14315434137Quantitative evidenceQuantitative evidence includes things that can be measured, cited counted, or otherwise represented in numbers -- for instance, statistics, surveys, polls, census information.69
14315451820RebuttalIn the Toulmin model, a rebuttal gives voice to the possible objections.70
14315455613ReservationIn the Toulmin model, a reservation explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier.71
14315465864Rogerian argumentsDeveloped by psychiatrist Carl Rogers, Rogerian arguments are based on the assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating.72
14315472020Second-hand evidenceEvidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data.73
14315477554Straw manA fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea. (Politician X proposes that we put astronauts on Marts in the next for years. Politician Y ridicules this proposal by saying that their opponent is looking for the "little green men in outer space")74
14315491735SyllogismA logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion.75
14315493422Toulmin ModelAn approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosopher Stephen Toulmin in his book, The Users of Argument (1958). The Toulmin model and be stated as a template: Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).76
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AP Language Rhetorical Terms Flashcards

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14741164862Allusiona casual reference to another work of art, historical event, or person0
14741164863Ambiguitythe state of having multiple meanings; an intentional or unintentional equivocation1
14741164864Analogya form of reasoning in which one thing is inferred to be similar to another thing in a certain respect2
14741164865Anecdotea brief recounting of a relevant episode; usually to inject humor or develop a point3
14741164866Aphorisma terse statement which expresses a general truth or moral principle often in a clever way "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds."4
14741164867Apophasiscalling attention to something by dismissing it "No one would suggest that those who are homeless elected to live on the streets willingly."5
14741164868Apostrophethe direct address of a non-person or an absent or imaginary person "Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour/England hath need of thee"; may also be a personified abstraction, especially as a digression in the course of a speech or composition "So, I ask you, dear reader, what would you have me do?"6
14741164869Bathosoverdone or insincere attempts at evoking pity or compassion, usually creating a comedic effect7
14741164870Claimalso called assertion or proposition, an argument's main idea/position8
14741164871Claim of factasserts something is true or not true9
14741164872Claim of policyproposes a change10
14741164873Claim of valueargues that something is good or bad, right or wrong11
14741164874Classical Orationfive-part argument12
14741164875Introduction/Exordiumintroduce the subject13
14741164876Narrationfactual info and background enough to establish the worthiness of addressing the issue14
14741164877Confirmationthe proof15
14741164878Refutationaddressing counterargument(s), bridge to conclusion16
14741164879Conclusion/Perorationsatisfying conclusion, often includes pathos17
14741164880Concessionthe act of granting or yielding a particular point or fact that is part of another's argument or granting that an opposing argument has some merit18
14741164881Connotationextra cultural significance of a word or phrase in addition to its dictionary definition19
14741164882Contextthe circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text's production20
14741164883Counterargumentset of reasons put forward to oppose an anticipated idea or theory21
14741164884Deductionlogical process starting with a general principle (major premise), apply it to a specific case (a minor premise). A syllogism is an example of deductive logic22
14741164885DenotationThe literal definition of a word23
14741164886Dictionword choice in speech or writing24
14741164887Didacticteaching a specific lesson or moral; providing a model of correct behavior or thinking25
14741164888Ellipsisthe omission of words or phrases, sometimes indicated by the use of " ... "26
14741164889Epigrapha short quotation, often used at the beginning of a work, section, or chapter to introduce a theme27
14741164890Euphemismthe act or an example of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive "The drone strike inflicted collateral damage."28
14741164891Exigencya case or situation that demands prompt action or remedy, that has urged the writer to begin to write an argument. (The CollegeBoard loves this word this year... for some unknown reason.)29
14741164892Expositiona mode of expression, its intention being to explain30
14741164893Figurative languageany language that cannot be taken literally (like simile, metaphor, verbal irony, metonymy, etc.)31
14741164894Genrethe category into which a literary work fits (drama, poetry, prose being the most general, but these may be further subdivided)32
14741164895Hortative sentence (hortation)one that urges, calls to action33
14741164896Hyperbolea figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect34
14741164897Hypophoraa type of reasoning in which one or more questions are asked and answered by the same writer/speaker.35
14741164898Inductionreasoning from particulars to universals; examples to conclusion36
14741164899Inferto draw a reasonable conclusion from information provided.37
14741164900Imageryword choice designed to appeal to one or more of the five senses38
14741164901Ironyverbal irony: words used are the opposite of the intended meaning39
14741164902situational ironyevents turn out other than as expected40
14741164903Juxtapositionplacement of two things closely together to emphasize similarity and/or difference.41
14741164904Litotesthis is the strategy of understatement using two negative terms, often employed to provide subtle emphasis, frequently for ironic effect or to underline a passionate opinion "The assassin was not unacquainted with danger."42
14741164905Logical Fallacyan error in reasoning that may render an argument invalid43
14741164906ad hominem(literally, "against the man") when a writer personally attacks his or her opponents instead of their arguments44
14741164907ad populum (bandwagon appeal)a claim supported by popularity45
14741164908appeal to false authorityan author cites an individual who has no expertise to comment on the issue46
14741164909circular reasoningoften called begging the question, the argument repeats the claim instead of providing evidence47
14741164910either/or (false dilemma)an argument presents two extreme options as the only possible choices (politicians, ha!)48
14741164911faulty analogyan argument compares two things that are not comparable (ignoring significant differences)49
14741164912hasty generalizationa faulty conclusion is reached after inadequate evidence (smoking isn't bad; my sister has smoked for years and remains the picture of health)50
14741164913non-sequiturwhen one statement isn't logically connected to another51
14741164914post hoc, ergo propter hocwhen a writer implies that because one thing follows another, the first caused the second. But sequence is not cause.52
14741164915red herringwhen a writer raises an irrelevant issue to draw attention away from the real issue53
14741164916straw manwhen a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issue54
14741164917Meiosisa dismissive epithet, such as "treehugger," "right-wing nutjob," or "ambulance chaser."55
14741164918Metanoiathe qualification of a statement to either diminish or strengthen its tone, as in "She was disturbed — make that appalled — by the spectacle." Traditionally, nay is often a keyword that sets up the shift, but no replaces it in modern usage except in facetious or whimsical writing "You are the fairest flower in the garden — nay, in the entire meadow."56
14741164919Narrativea mode of expression, its intention being to tell a story57
14741164920Paradoxthe expression of seemingly contrary ideas that have an underlying truth or coexistence58
14741164921Parodythe close imitation of style, usually exaggerating the features of the model for comedic effect59
14741164922Pedanticoverly scholarly, academic, or bookish (connotation usually negative)60
14741164923Point of viewthe perspective from which the text is expressed61
14741164924first personthe voice is a part of the action, usually "I, me, my, mine" pronouns62
14741164925second personreferring to the audience, often with the pronouns "you, your, yours"63
14741164926third personwritten / spoken from an outside perspective (he, she, it, they)64
14741164927Polemic (polemical)one who argues with hostility and generally does not concede opposing opinions have merit65
14741164928Puna humorous play on the multi ple meanings of a word or words "You can tune a fiddle, but you can't tuna fish—unless you're a bass player."66
14741164929Refutationworking to prove an argument false67
14741164930Rhetoricthe art of effective or persuasive communication68
14741164931Rhetorical appealstechniques used to persuade an audience69
14741164932Logoslogic, reasoning; rhetorical appeal pertaining to the content of the message70
14741164933Pathosa quality that arouses emotions (especially pity or sorrow); the rhetorical appeal concerned with how to reach an audience emotionally71
14741164934Ethosrhetorical appeal in which the author/speaker establishes trustworthiness of the audience; credibility72
14741164935Rhetorical Questiona question asked solely to produce an effect and not to elicit a reply, as in "What is so rare as a day in June?"73
14741164936Satirea work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way, often through the use of humor, and generally intended to point out a flaw and affect a change74
14741164937Sentential (or Conjunctive) Adverbsthese single words or brief phrases emphasize the thought they precede, interrupt, or — rarely — follow. Examples include however, naturally, no doubt, and of course — and, in informal writing, phrases such as "you see."75
14741164938Syllogisma logical argument often expressed in this typical form "All A is C; all B is A; therefore all B is C."76
14741164939Symbolan object or action that is what it is and also takes special significance for literary or rhetorical effect77
14741164940Themewhat an artistic work suggests about life78
14741164941Thesisthe expression of the author's point, meaning, or position79
14741164942Tonethe author's attitude80
14741164943Transitiona word, phrase, or clause that links different ideas or paragraphs81
14741164944Understatementa statement that is restrained in ironic contrast to what might have been said82
14741164945Witthe use of language that surprises and delights; it may involve particularly perceptive, humorous, or ingenious thoughts expressed through great verbal power83
14741164946Zeugmaa use of word(s) in a grammatically similar way that produce different meanings "My teeth and ambition are bared—Be prepared!" "When you open a book, you open your mind." "Now the trumpet summons us again—not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need; not as a call to battle, though embattled we are—but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle..."84
14741164947Alliterationthe repetition of sounds, usually initial consonants in neighboring words "She sells sea shells by the sea shore."85
14741164948Amplificationan expansion of adding detail to clarify a point "We few, we happy few, we band of brothers."86
14741164949Anaphoraa repetition of a word or of words at the beginning of two or more successive clauses "I came, I saw, I conquered."87
14741164950Antimetabole / Chiasmus(AN-ti-mə-TAB-ə-lee) repetition of words in reverse order (ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country)88
14741164951Antistrophe (Epistrophe)repetition of a word or phrase at the close of successive clauses "You said he was late — true enough. You said he was not prepared — true enough. You said he did not defend his statements — true enough." "I swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth." "[T]his nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people [...]"89
14741164952Antithesisopposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction "Many are called, but few are chosen," "We shall support any friends, oppose any foe"90
14741164953Asyndetonabsence of conjunctions "We cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground."91
14741164954Epanalepsisstarting and ending a phrase, clause, or a sentence, or a passage, with the same word or phrase "Nothing is worse than doing nothing." "Only the poor really know what it is to suffer, only the poor."92
14741164955Inversionthe reversal of the normal order of words for rhetorical effect. "Shouts the politician."93
14741164956Loose sentenceopposite of a periodic sentence, a sentence type in which the most important idea is expressed first, with dependent grammatical units following often conveying informality and a more conversational feel "He might consider paying the higher fees at a private university, if the teacher/student ratio is small, the teachers are highly qualified, and the job placement rate is high." "You can pass all your classes with good study habits and good attendance." "He decided to major in science, even though he really wanted to study art, philosophy, and religion."94
14741164957Parallelismthe framing of words, phrases, or clauses to provide structural similarity and symmetry95
14741164958Periodic sentenceopposite of a loose sentence, a sentence in which critical meaning comes only at the end (at the period); in this sentence type, the important independent clause is preceded by dependent phrases or clauses (its effect is often more formal and adds emphasis and variety). (e.g. "In spite of heavy snow and cold temperatures, the game continued." "With low taxes, beautiful views and a mild climate, this city is a great place to live.")96
14741164959Polysyndetonan insertion of conjunctions before each word/phrase in a list "My fellow students read and studied and wrote and passed. I laughed and played and talked and failed."97
14741164960Repetitionspeaking or writing something again for rhetorical effect98
14741164961Syntaxthe way an author arranges words, phrases, and sentences99
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ap language glossary Flashcards

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14610681792ad hominemLatin for "to the man," this fallacy refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker.0
14610681793ad populumbandwagon appeal; this fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do." (latin for "to the people")1
14610681794Allegorya literary work that portrays abstract ideas concretely; characters in an ... are frequently personifications of abstract ideas and are given names that refer to those ideas2
14610681795Alliterationrepetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of several words or syllables in a sequence3
14610681796allusionbrief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) or to a work of art4
14610681797analogya comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things5
14610681798anaphorarepetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines6
14610681799anecdotea brief story used to illustrate a point or claim7
14610681800annotationthe taking of notes directly on a text8
14610681801AntimetaboleRepetition of words in reverse order9
14610681802Anithesisopposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction10
14610681803Apostrophea direct address to an abstraction, a thing, an animal, or an imaginary or absent person11
14610681804appeal to false authorityThis fallacy occurs when someone who has no credibility to speak on an issue is cited as an authority.12
14610681805archaic dictionold-fashioned or outdated choice of words13
14610681806argumentA process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion.14
14610681807Aristotelian triangle(rhetorical triangle) A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text.15
14610681808assertiona statement that presents a claim or thesis16
14610681809Assonancethe repetition of vowel sounds in a sequence of words17
14610681810assumptionexpresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience (warrant)18
14610681811Asyndetonomission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words19
14610681812audiencethe listener, viewer, or reader of a text20
14610681813Backingfurther assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority21
14610681814begging the questionA fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt.22
14610681815biasa prejudice or preconceived notion that prevents a person from approaching a topic in a neutral way23
14610681816blank verseunrhymed iambic pentameter24
14610681817Caesuraa pause in a line of poetry that mirrors natural speech25
14610681818CharacterizationA method an author uses to let readers know more about the characters and their personal traits.26
14610681819direct characterizationAuthor directly describes character27
14610681820indirect characterizationthe process by which the personality of a fictitious character is revealed through the character's speech or actions28
14610681821circular reasoninga fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence29
14610681822claimstates the argument's main idea or position30
14610681823claim of factasserts that something is true or not true31
14610681824claim of policyproposes a change32
14610681825claim of valueargues that something is good or bad, right or wrong33
14610681826classical orationfive-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians34
14610681827introduction (exordium)introduces the reader to the subject under discussion35
14610681828narration (narratio)Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing.36
14610681829confirmation (confirmatio)Usually the major part of the text, the confirmation includes the proof needed to make the writer's case.37
14610681830refutation (refutatio)addresses the counterargument; a bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion38
14610681831conclusion (peroratio)brings the essay to a satisfying close39
14610681832Closed thesisA statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make40
14610681833Complex sentenceA sentence that includes one independent clause in at least one Dependant clause41
14610681834Compound sentencetwo or more independent clauses42
14610681835concessionAn acknowledgment that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable ; in a strong argument a concession is usually accompanied by refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument43
14610681836Connotationmeanings or associations that readers have with the word beyond its dictionary definition or denotation; connotations are often positive or negative and greatly affect the authors tone44
14610681837contextThe circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text.45
14610681838Counter argumentAn opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward rather than ignoring the counter argument stronger writer will usually address it to the process of concession and reputation46
14610681839Counter argument thesisA type of thesis statement that includes a brief counter argument usually qualified with all that or but47
14610681840Cumulative sentencesentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on48
14610681841deductionLogical process where in you reach a conclusion by starting with the general principle or universal truths and applying it to a specific case49
14610681842DictionA writer's or speaker's choice of words50
14610681843either/or (false dilemma)A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices.51
14610681844EkphrasisArt or writing comments on another genre for instants a work of art that comments a piece of music or a poem that comments on a painting52
14610681845EnjambmentA poetic technique in which one line ends without a pause and continue to the next want to complete its meaning53
14610681846EnthymemeA syllogism with one of the premises implied and taken for granted as true54
14610681847epigrama short, witty statement designed to surprise an audience or a reader55
14610681848EpigraphA quotation preceding a work of literature that helps set the text's mood or suggests it's themes56
14610681849EquivocationA fallacy that uses a term with two or more meanings in an attempt to misrepresent or deceive57
14610681850EthosGreek for character; speakers use this to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy to speak on the given topic; is established by who you are and what you say58
14610681851EulogyA poem, a speech, or another work written in great praise of something; usually a person no longer living59
14610681852faulty analogya fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares not comparable60
14610681853figurative language/figure of speechnon-literal language, often in evoking strong imagery, sometimes referred to as a trope; often compare one thing to another explicitly or implicitly61
14610681854first-hand evidenceevidence based on something the writer knows, whether from personal experience, observation, or general knowledge of events62
14610681855formrefers to the defining structural characteristics of a work, especially a poem63
14610681856Hasty GeneralizationA fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence64
14610681857hortative sentencesentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action65
14610681858Hyperboledeliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or to produce a comic or an ironic effect; an overstatement to make a point66
14610681859iambic pentameteran iamb, the most common metrical foot in English poetry, is made up of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one. *a rhythmic meter containing five iambs67
14610681860Imagerya description of how something looks, feels, tastes, smells, or sounds68
14610681861imperative sentencesentence used to command or enjoin69
14610681862InductionA logical process wherein you reason from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization.70
14610681863Inversioninverted order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject-verb-object order)71
14610681864Irony (Dramatic)tension created by the contrast between what a character says or thinks and what the audience or readers know to be true; as a result of this technique, some words and actions in a story or play take on a different meaning for the reader than they do for the characters72
14610681865Irony (situational)a discrepancy between what is expected and what actually happens73
14610681866Irony (verbal)A figure of speech that occurs when a speaker or character says one thing but mean something else or when what is said is the opposite of what is expected, creating a noticeable incongruity74
14610681867Juxtapositionplacement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences75
14610681868Logical Fallaciespotential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it76
14610681869LogosGreek for "embodied thought". speakers appeal to reason by offering clear, rational ideas using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up77
14610681870Metaphorfigure of speech that compares two things without using like or as78
14610681871meterThe formal, regular organization of stressed and unstressed syllables, measured in feet. A foot is distinguished by the number of syllables it contains and how stress is placed on the syllables.79
14610681872Metonomyfigure of speech in which something is represented by another thing that is related to it or emblematic of it80
14610681873ModernismIn literature, this refers to a movement of writers that reached its Apex between the 1920s in the 1930s and expressed disillusionment with contemporary western civilization, especially in the wake of world war 1's mindless slaughter.81
14610681874modifieran adjective, and adverb, a phrase, or a clause that modifies a noun, pronoun, or verb; usually used to describe, focus, or qualify82
14610681875MoodThe feeling or atmosphere created by a text83
14610681876narrative frame(also known as a frame story) a plot device in which the author places the main narrative of his or her work within another narrative; this exterior narrative usually serves to explain the main narrative in someway84
14610681877NominalizationThe process of changing a verb into a noun85
14610681878occasionThe time and place a speech is given or a piece is written86
14610681879Onomatopoeiause of words that refer to sounds and whose pronunciations mimic those sounds87
14610681880open thesisthesis that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in the essay88
14610681881Oxymorona paradox made up of two seemingly contradictory words89
14610681882ParadoxA statement or situation that is seemingly contradictory on the surface but delivers an ironic truth90
14610681883Parallelismsimilarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses91
14610681884passive voicewhen the subject of a sentence doesn't act but is acted on92
14610681885pathosGreek for "suffering" or "experience". Speakers appeal to this to emotionally motivate their audience. More specific appeals might play on the audience's values, desires, and hopes, on the one hand, or fears and prejudices, on the other93
14610681886Periodic sentenceA sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end94
14610681887PersonaGreek for "mask ". The face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience95
14610681888Personificationattribution of a life-like quality to an inanimate object or an idea96
14610681889Poetic syntaxIncludes the arrangement of words into lines of poetry - where they break and do not break, the use of enjambment or caesura, and line lengths and patterns97
14610681890polemicGreek for "hostile ". An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others, generally does not concede that opposing opinions have any merit98
14610681891polysyndetonThe deliberate use of multiple conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words99
14610681892Point of viewThe perspective from which a work is told100
14610681893First persontold by narrator who is a character in the story and her refers to him or herself as "I" (not always reliable because they might not see the big picture or are biased)101
14610681894Second personsome stores are told using second person pronouns (you). this casts the reader as a character in the story102
14610681895third person limited omniscienttold by a narrator for relates the action using third person pronouns (he, she, it) this narrator is usually privy to the thoughts and actions of only one character103
14610681896Third person omniscienttold by narrator using third person pronouns. This narrator is privy to the thoughts and actions all the characters in the story104
14610681897Post hoc ergo propter hocThis fallacy is Latin for "after which therefore it because of which", meaning that it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier. One may loosely summarize this fallacy by saying that correlation does not imply causation105
14610681898PropagandaThe spread of ideas and information to further a cause. in it's negative sense, this is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause106
14610681899punA play on words that derives its humor from the replacement of one word with another that has a similar pronunciation or spelling but a different meaning; can also drive humor from use of a single word that has more than one meaning107
14610681900purposethe goal the speaker wants to achieve108
14610681901qualified argumentand argument that is not absolute. it acknowledges the merits of an opposing view but develops a stronger case for its own position109
14610681902qualifierwords like "usually", "probably", "maybe", "in most cases", and "most likely" that are used to temper claims a bit, making them less absolute110
14610681903qualitative evidenceevidence supported by reason, tradition, or precedent111
14610681904Quantitative evidenceevidence that includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers for instance- statistics, surveys, polls, and census information112
14610681905Rebuttalin the Toulmin model, a rebuttal gives voice to possible objections113
14610681906Red herringA type of logical fallacy wearing of the speaker relies on distraction to derail an argument, usually by skipping to a new or an ire elevant topic. The term derives from the dried fish that trainers used to distract dogs were teaching them to hunt foxes114
14610681907Reservationin the Toulmin model, this explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier115
14610681908Rhetoric"The faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion" - Aristotle (in other words it is the art of finding ways of persuading audience)116
14610681909Rhetorical appealstechniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling117
14610681910Rhetorical questionfigure of speech in the form of a question posed for rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer118
14610681911Rhetorical triangleA diagram that illustrates the interelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text119
14610681912rhymeThe poetic repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds or of vowel and consonant combinations120
14610681913end rhymea rhyme at the end of two or more lines of poetry121
14610681914Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within a line122
14610681915near rhyme/slant rhymeA rhyme that pairs sounds that are similar but not exactly the same123
14610681916eye rhyme/sight rhymea rhyme that only works because the words look the same124
14610681917Rhyme schemeA pattern that rhyme often follows125
14610681918rogerian argumentsdeveloped by psychiatrist Carl Rodgers, these arguments are based on the assumption that fully understanding an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating126
14610681919SatireThe use of irony or sarcasm as a means of critique, usually of a society or an individual127
14610681920Schemeartful syntax; deviation from the normal order of words128
14610681921Second-hand evidenceevidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. Includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data129
14610681922similefigure of speech used to explain or clarify an idea by comparing it to something else using the words "like", "as", or "as though"130
14610681923SOAPSa mnemonic device that stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose and Speaker. It is a handy way to remember the various elements that make up the rhetorical situation131
14610681924Sonnet, Petrarchan14 lines that are divided into an octave and a sestet.132
14610681925Sonnet, Shakespearean14 lines that are composed of three quatrains in a couplet133
14610681926SoundThe musical quality of poetry, as creative through techniques such as rhyme, enjambment, caesura, alliteration, accidents, onomatopoeia, and rhythm134
14610681927SpeakerPerson or group who creates a text. This might be a politician who delivers a speech, a commentator who wrote an article, and artist who drives a political cartoon, or even a company that commissions an advertisement135
14610681928Stancea speaker's attitude toward the audience136
14610681929Straw mana fallacy that occurs when a speaker choose a deliberately poor oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea137
14610681930SubjectThe topic of a text. What the text is about138
14610681931Syllogismillogical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion139
14610681932SymbolA setting, an object, or an event in a story that carries more than literal meaning in therefore represents something significant to understanding the meaning of a work of literature140
14610681933synecdochefigure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole141
14610681934SyntaxThe arrangement of words and phrases, clauses, and sentences. this includes work order142
14610681935Synthesiscombining two or more ideas in order to create something more complex in support of a new idea143
14610681936textany cultural product that can be "read ", meaning not just consumed and comprehended but also investigated. This includes fiction, nonfiction, poetry, political cartoons, fine art, photography, performances, fashion, cultural trends, and much more144
14610681937Tonespeaker's attitude toward the subject as conveyed by the speaker's stylistic and rhetorical choices145
14610681938Toulmin modeland approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosopher Stephen Toulmin in his book "The Uses of Argument" (1958)146
14610681939Tropeartful diction; from the Greek word for "turning ", a figure of speech such as metaphor, simile, hyperbole, metonymy, or syndedoche147
14610681940UnderstatementA figure of speech in which something is presented as less important, dire, urgent, good, or so on than it actually is, often for satiric or comical effect148
14610681941WarrantExpresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience149
14610681942WitThe use of laughter, humor, irony, and satire in the confirmation of refutation of an argument150
14610681943zeugmause of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings151
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AP World History - Chapter 23 Vocabulary Flashcards

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13405710938Triple Alliance- The alliance of 1882 committed Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy to unite in their defense against France.0
13405712903Triple Entente- By 1907, a loose confederation of Great Britain, France, and Russia stood opposed to the Triple Alliance.1
13405716089Militarism- A policy of aggressive military preparedness; in particular, the large armies based on mass conscription and complex, inflexible plans for mobilization that most European nations had before World War 1.2
13405721464Conscription- A military draft.3
13405727056Archduke Franz Ferdinand- On June 28, 1914, the heir to the Austrian throne, Francis Ferdinand, was assassinated in the Bosnian city of Sarajevo.4
13405732068Black Hand- A Serbian terrorist organization dedicated to the creation of a pan-Slavic kingdom.5
13405747363Nationalism- A sense of national consciousness based on awareness of being part of a community -- a "nation" -- that has common institutions, traditions, language, and customs and that becomes the focus of the individual's primary political loyalty.6
13405763753Blank Check- Emperor William II and his chancellor responded with the infamous "blank check," their assurance that assurance that Austria-Hungary could rely on Germany's "full support."7
13405797806Tsar Nicholas II- The last Russian emperor (1894-1917), who, with his wife, Alexandra, and their children, was killed by the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution.8
13405808151The Schlieffen Plan- A plan for a minimal troop deployment against Russia while most of the German army would make a rapid invasion of France before Russia could become effective in the east or before the British could cross the English Channel to help France.9
13406065053trench warefare- Warfare in which the opposing forces attack and counterattack from a relatively permanent system of trenches protected by barbed wire; characteristic of World War I.10
13406587627Verdun- In ten months at Verdun in 1916, 700,000 men lost their lives over a few miles of terrain.11
13406591758no-man's land- Troops lived in holes in the ground, separated from each other by a "no-man's land."12
13409730460Total War- Warfare in which all of a nation's resources, including civilians at home and soldiers in the field, are mobilized for the war effort.13
13409786644Lusitania- The German sinking of passenger liners, especially the British ship Lusitania on May 7, 1915, when more than a hundred Americans lost their lives, forced the German government to suspend unrestricted submarine warfare in September 1915 to avoid further antagonizing the Americans.14
13410408137war communism- Lenin's policy of nationalizing industrial and other facilities and requisitioning the peasants' produce during the civil war in Russia.15
13414604561The First Battle of the Marne- The German advance was halted only 20 miles from Paris at the First Battle of Marne (September 6-10). - The war quickly turned into a stalemate as neither the Germans nor the French could dislodge the other from the trenches they had begun to dig for shelter.16
13414610164Battles of Tannenberg- The Russian army moved into eastern Germany but was decisively defeated at the Battles of Tannenberg on August 26-30 and the Masurian Lakes on September 15. - The Russians were no longer a threat to German territory.17
13414618153T.E. Lawrence- In the middle East, the British officer T.E. Lawrence (1888-1935), who came to be known as Lawrence of Arabia, incited Arab princes to revolt against their Ottoman overlords in 1916.18
13414663866zeppelins- The Germans used their giant airships to bomb London and Easter England. - They were filled with hydrogen gas, quickly became raging infernos when hit by antiaircraft guns.19
13414667583D.O.R.A.- British Parliament passed the Defense of the Realm Act (DORA), which allowed the public authorities to arrest dissenters as traitors.20
13414672332Rasputin- A Siberian peasant whom the tsarina regarded as a holy man because he alone seemed able to stop the bleeding of her hemophiliac son, Alexis. - His influence made him a power behind the throne, and he did not hesitate to interfere in government affairs. - They assassinated Rasputin in December 1916.21
13414672333Duma- Legislative body, which the tsar had tried to dissolve, met anyway and on March 12 declared that it was assuming governmental responsibility.22
13414675384Soviets- councils of workers' and soldiers' deputies formed throughout Russia in 1917; played an important role in the Bolshevik Revolution.23
13414680015Marxist Social Democratic Party- Formed in 1898 but divided into two factions known as the Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks.24
13414688743Vladimir Ulianov/Lenin- The Bolsheviks were a small faction of Russian Social Democrats who had come under the leadership of Vladimir Ulianov (1870-1924). - Trained as a lawyer, he had earlier turned into a dedicated enemy of tsarist Russia when his older brother was executed for planning to assassinate the tsar. - Under Lenin's direction, the Bolsheviks became a party dedicated to violent revolution.25
13414688744Leon Trotsky- A fervid revolutionary (1877-1940) , as chairman of the Petrograd soviet, Lenin and the Bolsheviks were in a position to seize power in the name of the soviets.26
13414695095Council of People's Commissars- The night of November 8, Lenin announced the new Soviet government, the Council of People's Commissars, with himself as its head.27
13414699827Treaty of Brest-Litovsk- On March 3, 1918, Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest Litovsk with Germany and gave up eastern Poland, Ukraine, and the Baltic provinces.28
13414701870Cheka- A new Red secret police, known as the Cheka, instituted the Red Terror, aimed at nothing less than the destruction of all opponents of the new regime.29
13414933181Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck- In east Africa, he managed to keep his African troops fighting one campaign after another for four years; he did not surrender until two weeks after the armistice ended the war in Europe.30
13415015107Tanks- Tanks were introduced to Europe in 1916. - The first tank, a British model, used caterpillar tracks, which enabled it to move across rough terrain. - In 1918, the first introduction of the British Mark V model, that tanks had more powerful engines and greater maneuverability.31
13416660107Erich von Ludendorff- The victory over Russia persuaded Ludendorff (1865-1937), who guided the German military operations, and most German leaders to make one final military gamble- a grand offensive attack was launched in March and lasted into July.32
13415272918Alexander Kerensky- The Provisional Government, which came to be led in July by Alexander Kerensky (1881-1970), decided to carry on the war to preserve Russia's honor-- a major blunder because it satisfied neither the workers nor the peasants, who above all wanted an end to the war.33
13416753614William II- He capitulated to public pressure and abdicated on November 9.34
13416938034Friedrich Ebert- The Socialist, under Ebert (1871-1925) announced the establishment of a republic.35
13417352977The Peace Settlement- In January 1919, the delegations of 27 Allied nations gathered in Paris to conclude a final settlement of the Great War.36
13417436148Woodrow Wilson- Wilson's proposals for a truly just and lasting peace included "open covenants of peace, openly arrived at" instead of secret diplomacy; the reduction of national armaments to a "point consistent with domestic safety"; and the self-determination of people so that "all well-defined national aspirations shall be accorded the utmost satisfaction."37
13418266866David Lloyd George- Prime minister of Great Britain, he (1863-1945) had won a decisive electoral victory in December 1918 on a platform of making the Germans pay for this dreadful war.38
13418298785Geoges Clemenceau- He (1841-1929) was the feisty premier of France who had led his country to victory, the French people had borne the brunt of the German aggression.39
13418333797Allied Powers- Britain, France, Russia, Italy and the United States40
13418345785Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria.41
13418728513League of Nations- Wilson was determined to create a "league of nations" to prevent future wars. - Wilson's wish that the creation of an international peacekeeping organization be the first order of business was granted, and on January 25, 1919, the conference adopted the principle of the League of Nations.42
13418874609Treaty of Versailles- The final peace settlement consisted of five separate treaties with the defeated nations: Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey.43
13419016731War Guilt Clause- the clause in the Treaty of Versailles that declared Germany (and Austria) responsible for starting World War I and ordered Germany to pay reparations for the damage the Allies had suffered as a result of the war.44
13419449926reparations- payments made by a defeated nation after a war to compensate another nation for damage sustained as a result of the war; required from Germany after World War I.45
13419575835mandates- a system established after World War I whereby a nation officially administered a territory (mandate) on behalf of the League of Nations. Thus, France administered Lebanon and Syria as mandates, and Britain administered Iraq and Palestine.46
13419742489Oswald Spengler- In The Decline of the West, the German writer, Spengler (1880-1936), reflected this disillusionment when he emphasized the decadence of Western Civilization and posited its collapse.47
13420134490The French Policy of Coercion- This tough policy (1919-1924) toward Germany began with the issue of the reparations payments that the Germans were supposed to make to compensate for war damage. - The French government sent troops to occupy the Ruhr valley.48
13420218935The Hopeful Years- In August 1924, an international commission produced a new plan for reparations.49
13420262116The Dawes Plan- Named after the American banker who chaired the commission, reduced reparations and stabilized Germany's payments on the basis of its ability to pay.50
13420446507Treaty of LocarnoThis guaranteed Germany's new eastern borders with France and Belgium.51
13420481789Gustav Stresemann- The foreign ministers of Germany and France, Stresemann and Aristide Briand, fostered a spirit of international cooperation by concluding the Treaty of Locarno in 1925.52
13420511971Aristide Briand- The foreign ministers of Germany and France, Gustav Stresemann and Briand, fostered a spirit of international cooperation by concluding the Treaty of Locarno in 1925.53
13420637129The Great Depression- Reparations and war debts had severely damaged the postwar international economy, making the prosperity that did occur between 1924-1929 exceedingly fragile and the dream of returning to the liberal ideal of a self-regulating market economy merely an illusion.54
13421210282John Maynard Keynes- He published his General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money in 1936. - He condemned the traditional view that in a free economy, depressions should be left to work themselves out.55
13421217905deficit spending- the concept, developed by John Maynard Keynes in the 1930s, that in times of economic depression, governments should stimulate demand by hiring people to do public works, such as building highways, even if this increases the public debt.56
13421415149Paul von Hindenburg- A World War I army commander was elected president at the age of 27. He was a traditional military man, monarchist sentiment, who at heart was not in favor of the republic he had been elected to serve.57
13421466156Franklin D. Roosevelt- FDR (1882-1945), was able to win a landslide electoral victory in 1932. - He and his advisers pursued a policy of active government intervention in the economy with a stepped-up program of public works that came to be known as the New Deal.58
13421505077The Works Progress Administration (WPA)- A government organization established in 1935, employed 2 to 3 million people building bridges, roads, post offices, and airports.59
13421563194Weimar Republic- After the imperial Germany of William II had come to an end in 1918 with Germany's defeat in World War I, a German democratic state known as the Weimar Republic was established.60
13421620903New Deal- the reform program implemented by President Franklin Roosevelt in the 1930s, which included large public works projects and the introduction of Social Security.61
13421883936New Economic Policy- a modified version of the old capitalist system introduced in the Soviet Union by Lenin in 1921 to revive the economy after the the ravages of the civil war and war communism.62
13421948233Alexandra Kollontai- She had become a supporter of the revolutionary socialism while in exile in Switzerland, took the lead in pushing a Bolshevik program for women's rights and social welfare reforms.63
13422012565Zhenotdel- Kollontai was also instrumental in establishing an agency within the Communist Party known as Zhenotdel that sent men and women to all parts of the Russian Empire to explain the new social order.64
13422237367Joseph Stalin- He led the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until 1953 as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Premier.65
13422315438Theodor van de VeldeDutch physician who published Ideal Marriage: Its physiology and Technique. - He described female and male anatomy, discussed birth control techniques, and glorified sexual pleasure in marriage.66
13422422787Dadaism- an artistic movement in the 1920s and 1930s by artist who were revolted by the senseless slaughter of World War I and used their "anti-art" to express contempt for the Western tradition.67
13422470333Tristan Tzara- A Romanian-French poet and one of the founders of Dadaism.68
13422514293Hannah Hoch- In her hands, Dada became and instrument to comment on women's roles in the new mass culture.69
13422541027Surrealism- an artistic movement that arose between World War I and World War II. Surrealist portrayed recognizable objects in unrecognizable relationships in order to reveal the world of the unconscious.70
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La famille AP Flashcards

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15360736402la famille nucléairenuclear family0
15360736403la famille élargie/étendueextended family1
15360736404la famille recomposéeblended family2
15360736405la famille monoparentalesingle-parent family3
15360736406une famille nombreusea large family4
15360736407une famille uniea close-knit family5
15360736408avoir la garde des enfantsto have custody of the children6
15360736409élever un enfantto raise a child7
15360736410un foyer/un ménagea household8
15360736411une mère / un père au foyera stay-at-home mother/father9
15360736412enceinte /une grossessepregnant /a pregnancy10
15360736413une crèchea daycare center11
15360736414aîné(e)elder12
15360736415cadet(te)younger13
15360736416un jumeau/une jumellea twin14
15360736417un enfant uniquean only child15
15360736420le parrain/la marrainegodfather/godmother16
15360736421les rapports / les relationsrelationships17
15360736422l'union libre / la cohabitationliving together18
15360736423le baptêmechristening19
15360736424les fiançaillesengagement20
15360736425la noce / le mariagewedding21
15360736426épouserto marry someone22
15360736427rompre avecto break up with23
15360736428se séparer deto get separated24
15360736429l'amitiéfriendship25
15360736430le mariage de raisonarranged marriage26
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