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Flashcards

AP language literature terms Flashcards

14912431247	active voice	The subject of the sentence performs the action	0
14912431248	Allusion	an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference.	1
14912431249	Alter-ego	A character that is used by the author to speak the author's own thoughts; when an author speaks directly to the audience through a character.	2
14912431250	Anecdote	A brief recounting of a relevant episode, often for the sake of humor.	3
14912431251	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.	4
14912431252	Classicism	Art or literature characterized by a realistic view of people and the world; sticks to traditional themes and structures.	5
14912431253	comic relief	A humorous scene or speech intended to lighten the mood	6
14912431254	Diction	A writer's or speaker's choice of words	7
14912431255	Colloquial	Characteristic of ordinary conversation rather than formal speech or writing	8
14912431256	Connotation	implied meaning of a word, associations suggested by the word	9
14912431257	Denotation	the literal meaning of a word	10
14912431258	Jargon	special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group	11
14912431259	Vernacular	the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.	12
14912431260	didactic	Literature meant to teach a specific lesson or moral	13
14912431261	Adage	A folk saying with a lesson. "A rolling stone gathers no moss"	14
14912431262	Allegory	A literary work in which characters, objects, or actions represent abstractions	15
14912431263	Aphorism	A terse statement which expresses a general truth or moral principle. "God helps them that help themselves"	16
14912431264	Ellipsis	The deliberate omission of a word or phrase from prose done for effect by the author. "The whole day, rain, torrents of rain"	17
14912431265	Euphemism	a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept	18
14912431266	figurative language	Language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling.	19
14912431267	Analogy	A comparison of two different things that are similar/parallel in some way	20
14912431268	Hyperbole	exaggeration	21
14912431269	Idiom	A common, often used expression that doesn't make sense if you take it literally.	22
14912431270	Metaphor	A comparison without using like or as	23
14912431271	Metonymy	Replacing an actual word or idea, with a related word or concept. "Relations between London and Washington have been strained"	24
14912431272	Synecdoche	A kind of metonymy when a whole is represented by naming one of its parts, or vice versa."Check out my new wheels"	25
14912431273	Simile	A comparison using "like" or "as"	26
14912431274	Synthesia	A description involving a "crossing of the senses", "A purplish sent filled the room	27
14912431275	personification	giving human qualities to non-human things	28
14912431276	Foreshadowing	When an author gives hints about what will occur later in a story.	29
14912431277	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits.	30
14912431278	Gothic	Writing characterized by gloom, mystery, fear and/or death.	31
14912431279	Imagery	Words that create a picture in the reader's mind.	32
14912431280	Invective	An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.	33
14912431281	Irony	when the opposite of what is expected happens	34
14912431282	Verbal irony	when a character says one thing but means another	35
14912431283	Dramatic irony	when the audience knows something the characters do not	36
14912431284	Situational irony	Irony within the plot of a book, story, or movie	37
14912431285	Juxtaposition	Placing two things side by side, usually to show contrast.	38
14912431286	Mood	The atmosphere created by the literature and accomplished through word choice.	39
14912431287	Motif	A recurring theme, subject or idea	40
14912431288	Oxymoron	When apparently contradictory terms are grouped together and suggest a paradox	41
14912431289	Pacing	The speed or tempo of an author's writing.	42
14912431290	Paradox	a seemingly contradictory statement that may nonetheless be true	43
14912431291	Anaphora	the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses	44
14912431292	Chiasmus	When the same words are used twice in succession, but the second time, the order of the words is reversed. Also called antimetabole	45
14912431293	Antithesis	Two opposite or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses, or even ideas, with parallel structure.	46
14912431294	Zuegma (Syllepsis)	When a single word governs or modifies two or more other words, and the meaning of the first word must change for each of the other words it governs or modifies. "The butler killed the lights, and then the mistress." "I quickly dressed myself and the salad."	47
14912431295	parenthetical idea	Parentheses are used to set off an idea from the rest of the sentence.	48
14912431296	Parody	An exaggerated imitation of a serious work for humorous purposes.	49
14912431297	Persona	The fictional mask or narrator that tells a story	50
14912431298	Poetic device	A device used in poetry to manipulate the sound of words, sentences or lines.	51
14912431299	Alliteration	Repetition of initial consonant sounds	52
14912431300	Assonance	Repetition of vowel sounds	53
14912431301	Consonance	Repetition of consonant sounds at the end of or within words	54
14912431302	Onomatopoeia	the use of words that imitate sounds	55
14912431303	internal rhyme	When a line of poetry contains a rhyme within a single line	56
14912431304	Slant rhyme	two words that have some sound in common but do not rhyme exactly	57
14912431305	end rhyme	Rhyme that occurs at the end of two or more lines of poetry	58
14912431306	rhyme scheme	A regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem	59
14912431307	stressed syllable	part of the word that is emphasized when said aloud	60
14912431308	unstressed syllable	the part of the word that you don't emphasize or accent	61
14912431309	Meter	A regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry	62
14912431310	free verse	poetry that does not rhyme or have a regular meter	63
14912431311	iambic pentameter	Poetry that is written in lines of 10 syllables, alternating stressed and unstressed syllables.	64
14912431312	Sonnet	A 14 line poem written in iambic pentameter often divided into three quatrains and a couplet.	65
14912431313	Polysndeton	When a writer creates a list of items which are all separated by conjunctions	66
14912431314	Pun	When a word that has two or more meanings is used in a humorous way	67
14912431315	Rhetoric	the art of using language effectively and persuasively	68
14912431316	Aristotle's Rhetorical Triangle	The relationships between the writer, the audience, and the subject.	69
14912431317	rhetorical question	A question asked merely for effect with no answer expected.	70
14912431318	Romanticism	Art or literature characterized by an idealistic, perhaps unrealistic view of people and the world, and an emphasis on nature.	71
14912431319	Sarcasm	the use of irony to mock or convey contempt	72
14912431320	Satire	A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of life to a humorous effect.	73
14912431321	Appositive	A noun or noun phrase that follows another noun immediately or defines or amplifies its meaning	74
14912431322	Sentence	A group of words that expresses a complete thought	75
14912431323	clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.	76
14912431324	independent clause	expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.	77
14912431325	subordinate clause (dependent clause)	word group that contains both a subject and a verb, plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers, cannot stand alone, does not express a complete thought	78
14912431326	balanced sentence (parallelism)	a sentence in which words, phrases, or clauses are set off against each other to emphasize a contrast	79
14912431327	compound sentence	a sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions	80
14912431328	complex sentence	A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause	81
14912431329	Cumulative sentence (loose sentence)	a sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases	82
14912431330	periodic sentence	When the main idea is not completed until the end of the sentence. The writer begins with subordinate elements and postponed the main clause.	83
14912431331	simple sentence	A sentence consisting of one independent clause and no dependent clause	84
14912431332	declarative sentence	a sentence that makes a statement	85
14912431333	imperative sentence	sentence used to command or enjoin	86
14912431334	interrogative sentence	A sentence that asks a question	87
14912431335	Style	The choices in diction, tone, and syntax a writer makes.	88
14912431336	Symbol	anything that stands for or represents something else	89
14912431337	Syntax	The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.	90
14912431338	Theme	Central idea of a work of literature	91
14912431339	Thesis	the primary position taken by a writer or speaker	92
14912431340	Tone	A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.	93
14912431341	Understatement	The ironic minimizing of fact, presents something as less significant than it is.	94
14912431342	Litotes	A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite	95
14912431343	Argument	A statement put forth and supported by evidence	96
14912431344	Premises	The reasons presented to persuade someone that a conclusion is true or probably true.	97
14912431345	Conclusion	End result of an argument.	98
14912431346	Ethos	credibility	99
14912431347	Pathos	Appeal to emotion	100
14912431348	Logos	Appeal to logic	101
14912431349	Concession	Accepting at least part or all of an opposing viewpoint.	102
14912431350	conditional statement	if-then statement with an antecedent and a consequent	103
14912431351	Contradiction	A direct opposition between things compared; inconsistency	104
14912431352	Counterexample	an example used to support a claim or statement that is the opposite of another claim or statement	105
14912431353	deductive argument	an argument that reasons from known premises to an inevitable conclusion. It would be impossible for it to not happen under these circumstances.	106
14912431354	Fallacy	an attractive but unreliable piece of reasoning	107
14912431355	ad hominem	a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute	108
14912431356	Appeal to Authority	Somebody famous supports an idea, the idea must be right	109
14912431357	Appeal to the bandwagon	Appeal that attaches to the need to belong and keep up with others	110
14912431358	Appeal to Emotion	manipulating an emotional response in place of a valid or compelling argument	111
14912431359	Bad analogy	Claiming that two situations are highly similar, when they aren't.	112
14912431360	Cliche thinking	Using as evidence a well-known saying, as if it is proven, or as if it has no exceptions.	113
14912431361	False clause	Assuming that because two things happened, the first one caused the second one.	114
14912431362	Hasty Generalization	A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.	115
14912431363	non sequitur	A statement that does not follow logically from evidence	116
14912431364	Slippery Slope	a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented	117
14912431365	inductive argument	An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide reasons supporting the probable truth of the conclusion. It is unlikely that the conclusion is false	118
14912431366	sound argument	A deductive argument is said to be sound if it meets two conditions: First, that the line of reasoning from the premises to the conclusion is valid. Second, that the premises are true.	119
14912431367	Unstated premises	Not every argument is fully expressed.Sometimes premises or even conclusions are left unexpressed.	120
14912431368	Valid argument	An argument is valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises.	121

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AP English Language (Terms) Flashcards

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14503659283	Alliteration	is where words begin with letters belonging to the same sound group	0
14503659284	Allusion	A reference to another work of literature, person, or event	1
14503659285	Analogy	A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way	2
14503659286	Anaphora	Repetition of the first word in a sentence pronouns	3
14503659287	Anecdote	A short and amusing or interesting story often proposed to support or demonstrate some point	4
14503659288	Annotation	a note of explanation or comment added to a text, diagram, or literary works	5
14503659289	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun	6
14503659290	Antimetabole	Repetition of words in reverse order	7
14503659291	Antithesis	the direct opposite, a sharp contrast	8
14503659292	Aphorism	a concise statement of a truth or principle	9
14503659293	Archaic Diction	Old-fashioned or outdated choice of words. "beliefs for which our forebears fought"	10
14503659294	Argument	A statement put forth and supported by evidence; main point	11
14503659295	Assertion	a confident and forceful statement of fact or belief	12
14503659296	Assumption	A belief or statement taken for granted without proof	13
14503659297	Asyndeton	Writing without any conjunctions	14
14503659298	Attitude	A person's consistently favorable or unfavorable evaluations, feelings, and tendencies toward an object or idea	15
14503659333	Audience	the listener, viewer, or reader of a text	16
14503659334	Authority	the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	17
14503659335	Bias	A particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific	18
14503659336	Cite	Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source	19
14503659337	Claim	An assertion, usually supported by evidence	20
14503659338	Close Reading	the careful, sustained interpretation of a brief passage of a text	21
14503659299	Colloquialism	the use of informal words, phrases or even slang in a piece of writing	22
14503659300	Connotation	An idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning	23
14503659339	Context	The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text	24
14503659340	Coordination	The ability to use two or more body parts together	25
14503659341	Deduction	reasoning from general to specific	26
14503659342	Counterargument	A challenge to a position; an opposing argument	27
14503659301	Denotation	The dictionary definition of a word	28
14503659302	Diction	The word choice and phrasing in a written or spoken text	29
14503659343	Documentation	The act of creating citations to identify resources used in writing, work, etc.	30
14503659344	Elegiac	Mourning that which is lost or past; sorrowful	31
14503659345	Epigram	A witty saying or expressing a single thought or observation	32
14503659346	Ethos	The moral element that determines a character's actions, rather than thought or emotion.	33
14503659303	Euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant	34
14503659304	Foreshadowing	A narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader	35
14503659305	Figurative Language	Anything that's not meant literally	36
14503659347	Figure of Speech	An expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning	37
14503659306	Hyperbole	Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally	38
14503659307	Idiom	A common, often used expression that doesn't make sense if you take it literally	39
14503659308	Imagery	Sensory Details	40
14503659309	Irony	A contrast between expectation and reality	41
14503659310	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts	42
14503659311	Jargon	Vocabulary distinctive to a particular group of people	43
14504955545	Kairos	A time when conditions are right for the accomplishment of a crucial action; the opportune and decisive moment	44
14503659348	Logos	Employs logical reasoning, combining a clear idea with well-thought-out and appropriate example and details	45
14503659312	Mood	The feeling you get as a reader	46
14503659313	Metaphor	A comparison without using like or as	47
14503659314	Metonymy	Using (a) related term(s) to discuss an idea(s)	48
14503659349	Occasion	An aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing.	49
14895002184	Onomatopoeia	A word that imitates the sound it represents	50
14503659315	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.	51
14503659316	Pacing	How fast a story unfolds	52
14503659317	Paradox	A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth	53
14503659318	Parallelism	Two or more elements of a sentence have the same grammatical structure	54
14503659319	Parody	Imitation through exaggeration for comedic affect	55
14503659350	Pathos	Plays with the reader's emotions and interests	56
14503659351	Persona	Greek for "mask." The face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience	57
14503659320	Personification	Giving human qualities to non-living things	58
14503659321	Polysyndeton	Using a lot of conjunctions	59
14503659352	Propaganda	Information, usually of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view	60
14503659353	Purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing	61
14503659354	Refute	To prove to be false	62
14503659322	Repetition	Strategic repeating of words for emphasis	63
14503659355	Rhetoric	The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques	64
14503659323	Rhetorical Question	A question posed to make a point, not for answering.	65
14503659324	Satire	The use of exaggeration, irony or humor to expose vices.	66
14503659356	Scheme	A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect	67
14503659325	Simile	A comparison using "like" or "as"	68
14503659357	Source	A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information	69
14503659358	Speaker	A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing	70
14503659326	Style	The way an author writes and/or tells a story	71
14503659359	Subject	The topic of a text; what the text is about	72
14503659360	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion	73
14503659327	Symbolism	A representation of something more within a person/object	74
14503659361	Syntax	The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language	75
14503659362	Synthesize	Combine to form a more complex product	76
14503659328	Synesthesia	Describing something by crossing the senses (touch, smell, taste, etc.)	77
14503659329	Synechdoche	a part of something represents the whole or it may use a whole to represent a part	78
14503659363	Thesis	A statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved	79
14503659364	Thesis Statement	A statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit	80
14503659330	Tone	The authors attitude toward the subject	81
14503659365	Trope	Artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech	82
14503659366	Topic Sentence	A sentence that expresses the main idea of the paragraph in which it occurs	83
14503659331	Understatement	Deliberately representing something as much less important than it really is	84
14503659332	Vernacular	The dialect of a region	85
14503659367	Voice	A writers distinctive use of language	86
14503659368	Zeugma	a figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses (I.e. John and his license expired last week; with weeping eyes and hearts)	87

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AP Language and Composition Vocabulary Flashcards

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14841658145	Abstract	Opposed to the concrete, not quantifiable	0
14841658146	Ad Hominem	"against the main;" attacking the arguer rather than the argument or issue	1
14841658147	Ad Populem	"to the people;" playing on the prejudices of the audience	2
14841658148	Aesthetic	the study or philosophy of beauty in art, literature, and nature	3
14841658149	Allegory	form of a metaphor, the meaning of a person, object, or action resides outside the story, the concrete is within the story	4
14841658150	Analogy	the comparison of two things alike in some respects	5
14841658151	Analysis	to separate into parts for inspection and evaluation	6
14841658152	Aphorism	a short witty statement; also, a statement or statements providing support for a claim	7
14841658153	Appeal to tradition	a process of reasoning and advancing proof about issues on which conflicting views may be held	8
14841658154	Apology	a written or spoken defense	9
14841658155	Argument	a statement put forth and supported by evidence; a process of reasoning and advancing proof about issues on which conflicting views may be held	10
14841658156	Aristotelian Argument	a diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience	11
14841658157	Assertion	an emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument	12
14841658158	Assumption	a belief or statement taken for granted without proof	13
14841658159	Attitude	the author's or speaker's feelings towards the subject, attend to distance when discussing attitude	14
14841658160	Audience	the intended receiver/s for a speaker or writer's message	15
14841658161	Authoritative Warrant	a warrant based on credibility of trustworthiness of the source	16
14841658162	Authority	a reliable, respected source of evidence	17
14841658163	Backing	the assurances upon which a warrant or assumption is held	18
14841658164	Begging the Question	a fallacy in reasoning which omits the minor premise and goes directly to the conclusion; assumes that the issue has already been decided	19
14841658165	Bias	prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue	20
14841658166	Cause and Effect	reasoning that assumes one event or condition can bring about another	21
14841658167	Chronological	in the order of time. First, second, third. The simplest way to structure a narrative.	22
14841658168	Claim	an assertion, usually supported by evidence	23
14841658169	Claim of Fact	reasoning that asserts something exists, has existed, or will exist, based on data that the audience will accept as objectively verfiable	24
14841658170	Claim of Policy	a claim asserting that specific courses of action should be instituted as solutions to problems	25
14841658171	Claim of Value	a claim that asserts some things are more or less desirable than others	26
14841658172	Cliche	a worn-out expression or idea, no longer capable of producing a visual, image provoking thought about a subject	27
14841658173	Colloquial	informal conversation, it differs in grammar, vocabulary, syntax, imagery, or connotation	28
14841658174	Common Ground	Shared beliefs, values, or positions	29
14841658175	Conceit	a type of metaphor that is strikingly odd and thoughtful, ex. Love compared to a motorcycle	30
14841658176	Concrete Detail	details used in a persuasive paper which attempt to convince the reader; proof or evidence; in contrast to abstract language	31
14841658177	Connotation	that which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning; the overtones that adhere to a word through its long usage	32
14841658178	Context	words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning	33
14841658179	Controlling Image	an image or metaphor which runs throughout the work	34
14841658180	Counterargument	a challenge to a position; an opposing argument	35
14841658181	Credibility	the audience's belief in the arguer's trustworthiness; see ethos	36
14841658182	Deductive	reasoning from the general of the specific; see syllogism	37
14841658183	Definition	an explanation of the meaning of a term, concept, or experience; may be used for clarification, especially that of a claim, or as means of developing argument	38
14841658184	Denotation	the literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition	39
14841658185	Devices	speech, syntax, diction. These stylistic elements collectively produce an effect	40
14841658186	Diction	word choice; denotation = dictionary definition, connotation = all the emotions the word brings	41
14841658187	Didactic	a teaching type of tone, usually lesson-like or boring in nature	42
14841658188	Digression	insertion of material not closely related to the work or subject	43
14841658189	Dilemma	two choices - both bad, or two choices either one producing a bad outcome	44
14841658190	Ethos	the qualities of character, intelligence and goodwill in an arguer that contribute to an audience's acceptance of the claim	45
14841658191	Euphenism	a device where being indirect replaces directness to avoid unpleasantness	46
14841658192	Evidence	facts or opinions that supports an issue or claim; may consists of statistics, reports or personal experience, or views of experts	47
14841658193	Expository	a mode of writing which is used to explain something	48
14841658194	Fact	something that is believed to have objective reality; a piece of information regarded as verifiable	49
14841658195	Factual Evidence	support consisting of data that is considered objectively verifiable by the audience	50
14841658196	Fallacy	an error of reasoning based on faulty use of evidence or incorrect inference	51
14841658197	False Analogy	assuming without sufficient proof that if objects or possesses are similar in some ways, then they are similar in other ways as well	52
14841658198	False Dilemma	simplifying a complex problem into an either/ or dichotomy	53
14841658199	Faulty Emotional Appeal	basing an argument on feelings, especially pity or fear - often to draw attention away from the real issues or to conceal another purpose	54
14841658200	Faulty Use of Authority	failing to acknowledge disagreement among experts or otherwise misrepresenting the trustworthiness of sources	55

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AP Language Vocabulary #1 Flashcards

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14873617337	abstruse	difficult to understand; obscure	0
14873617338	acrimonious	(adj.) stinging, bitter in temper or tone	1
14873617339	aesthetic	concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty	2
14873617340	affable	(adj.) courteous and pleasant, sociable, easy to speak to	3
14873617341	aloof	(adj.) withdrawn, standing apart from others (usually as a matter of choice)	4
14873617342	altruistic	unselfish, concerned with the welfare of others	5
14873617343	ambivalent	having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone	6
14873617344	ameliorate	to improve, make better, correct a flaw or shortcoming	7
14873617345	amenable	(adj.) willing to follow advice or authority, tractable, submissive; responsive; liable to be held responsible	8
14873617346	amorphous	(adj.) shapeless, without definite form; of no particular type or character; without organization, unity, or cohesion	9
14873617347	angular	sharp-cornered; having an angle; not rounded (body); bony; lean; gaunt; stiff in manner	10
14873617348	antiquated	obsolete, out of fashion, no longer usable	11
14873617349	Antithesis	the direct opposite, a sharp contrast	12
14908359228	Genre	a major category or type of literature	13
14908359229	generic conventions	This term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. On the AP language exam, try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.	14
14908359230	rhetoric appeals	ethos, pathos, logos	15
14908359231	Logos	an appeal based on logic or reason	16
14908359232	Ethos	credibility	17
14908397775	rhetorical modes (modes of discourse)	the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing.	18
14908397776	Exposition	to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion	19
14908397777	Argumentation	writing that attempts to prove the validity of a point of view or an idea by presenting reasoned arguments; persuasive writing is a form of argumentation that has the additional aim of urging some form of action.	20

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AP World Period 1 Flashcards

From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins

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12686605197	Hunting and Gathering	Means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization	0
12686605198	Civilization	Societies with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups	1
12686605199	Neolithic	The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished	2
12686605200	Nomads	Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies	3
12686605201	Culture	Combination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction	4
12686605202	Neolithic Revolution	(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.	5
12686605203	Pastoralism	A nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies	6
12686605204	Catal Huyuk	Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification	7
12686605205	Bronze Age	From 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing	8
12686605206	Mesopotamia	Literally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys	9
12686605207	Sumerians	People who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states	10
12686605208	Cuneiform	A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets	11
12686605209	City-state	A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king	12
12686605210	Ziggurats	Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections	13
12686605211	Babylonian Empire	Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.	14
12686605212	Hammurabi	The most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law	15
12686605213	Pharaoh	The term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; the term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs	16
12686605214	Pyramids	Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs	17
12686605215	Hieroglyphs	Form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform	18
12686605216	Kush	African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries	19
12686605217	Monotheism	The exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization	20
12686605218	Phoenicians	Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean	21
12686605219	Harappa and Mohenjo Daro	Major urban complexes of Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern	22
12686605220	Aryans	Indo-European nomadic, warlike, pastorialists who replaced Harappan civilization	23
12686605221	Huanghe (Yellow) River Basin	Site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China	24
12686605222	Shang	1st Chinese dynasty	25
12686605223	Oracles	Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpreting animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing	26
12686605224	Paleolithic	The period that ended about 3,000 years after the end of the last Ice Age, it lasted until about 10,000 years ago. (Old Stone Age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.	27
12686605225	Path of migration for humans during Paleolithic era	From Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas	28
12686605226	Egalitarian	Believing in the equality of all peoples	29
12686605227	Patriarchy	a system of society or government in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it.	30
12686605228	Permanent agricultural villages emerged first in the lands of the eastern Mediterranean, possibly as a response to what?	climatic change	31
12686605230	Codification	The act or process of rendering laws in written form	32
12686605231	Hammurabi's Code	first written code/set of laws that all were expected to obey.	33
12686605232	Polytheism	Belief in many gods	34
12686605233	First civilization	Mesopotamia	35

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AP Language Terminology Flashcards

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7959920755	Assonance	The sergeant asked him to bomb the lawn with hotpots. OR Try to light the fire	0
7959920756	Anaphora	This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle, This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars.	1
7959920757	Epistrophre	What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny compared to what lies within us.	2
7959920758	Anadiplosis	The love of wicked men converts to fear, That fear to hate, and hate turns one or both To worthy danger and deserved death.	3
7959920759	Parallelism	She tried to make her pastry fluffy, sweet, and delicate. OR Singing a song or writing a poem is joyous. OR Perch are inexpensive; cod are cheap; trout are abundant; but salmon are best.	4
7959920760	Zeugma	She looked at the object with suspicion and a magnifying glass.	5
7959920761	Antithesis	It can't be wrong if it feels so right.	6
7959920762	Antimetabole	Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, and knowledge without integrity is dangerous and dreadful.	7
7959920763	Anastrophe	He spoke of times past and future, and dreamt of things to be.	8
7959920764	Isocolon	That government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from the earth.	9
7959920765	Parenthesis	[I]n Calormen, story-telling (whether the stories are true or made up) is a thing you're taught, just as English boys and girls are taught essay-writing.	10
7959920766	Appositive	Maybe the Toronto Maple Leafs, Derek's favorite team, or the hometown junior league team, the Melfort Mustangs.	11
7959920767	Asyndeton	An empty stream, a great silence, an impenetrable forest. The air was thick, warm, heavy, sluggish.	12
7959920768	Polysyndeton	The dinner was so good; I ate the chicken, and the salad, and the turkey, and the wild rice, and the bread, and the mashed potatoes, and the cranberry sauce.	13
7959920769	Ellipsis	"I went to the mall on Monday, and she on Sunday."	14
7959920770	Synecdoche	Ask for her hand OR Lend me your eye	15
7959920771	Metonymy	The crown The press The white house	16
7959920772	Personification	The car sputtered and coughed before starting.	17
7959920773	Hyperbole	I'm so angry, I could kill him! OR I've asked you not to do that a thousand times.	18
7959920774	Litotes	He's not the friendliest person. OR It's not exactly a walk in the park.	19
7959920775	Situational Irony	Referring to WWI as "the war to end all wars"	20
7959920776	Dramatic Irony	The movie "The Truman Show", where only Truman doesn't know that he's being filmed at all times.	21
7959920777	Verbal Irony	Alanis Morissette when the man whose plane is going down says, "Well, isn't this nice."	22
7959920778	Oxymoron	"I am a deeply superficial person." OR Deafening silence	23
7959920779	Paradox	"Whatever you do will be insignificant, but it is very important that you do it."	24
7959920780	Motif	Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s uses "I have a dream" to unify various ideas	25
7959920781	Cliché	"It's not you, it's me" OR "Don't put all of your eggs in one basket"	26
7959920782	Imagery	The stench of sulfur rose from the chimneys, the stench of caustic lyes from the tanneries, and from the slaughterhouses came the stench of congealed blood.	27
7959920783	Simile	You are like a hurricane: there's calm in your eye, but I'm getting blown away	28
7959920784	Metaphor	For ever since that time you went away, I've been a rabbit burrowed in the wood OR Sly as a fox	29
7959920785	Alliteration	Why not waste a wild weekend at Westmore Water Park?	30
7959920786	Jargon	twizzles, toe-loops, salchows, and spirals	31
7959920787	Allusion	The phrase "Catch-22" has entered the English language as a situation that has no good solution, and is an allusion to Heller's novel.	32
7959920788	Analogy	GREEN : COLOR :: ORCHID : FLOWER OR As quiet as a mouse	33
7959920789	Euphemism	Gosh darn it; what the F; she's a piece of work;shoot, shut the front door, dang, fudge	34
7959920790	Symbol	Garden of Eden The serpent in this story represents wickedness and the apple is a symbol for knowledge.	35
7959920791	Rhetorical Question	Does it look like I care?	36

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AP Language Vocab #1 Flashcards

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14823301719	Audience	The listener, viewer, or reader of a text. Most texts are likely to have multiple audiences.	0
14823307892	Concession	an acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. In a strong argument, a concession is usually accompanied by a refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument.	1
14823320948	Connotation	Meetings or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition, or denotation. Connotations are are positive or negative, and they often greatly affect the author's tone.	2
14823357340	Context	The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text.	3
14823366598	Counterargument	An opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward. Rather than ignoring a counterargument, a strong writer will usually address it through the process of concession and refutation.	4
14823406484	Ethos	Greek for "character." Speakers appeal to ethos to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy to speak on a given topic. Ethos is established by both who you are and what you say.	5
14823432164	Pathos	Greek for "suffering" or "experience." Speakers to appeal to pathos to emotionally motivate their audience. More specific appeals to pathos might play on the audience's values, desires, and hopes, on the one hand, or fears and prejudices, on the other.	6
14823495751	Occasion	The time and place a speech is given or a piece is written.	7
14823502719	Persona	Greek for "mask." The face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience.	8

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AP Language and Composition Flashcards

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14664950550	Rhetoric	the art of using language effectively and persuasively	0
14664950551	Kairos	The opportune time and/or place to say or do the right/appropriate thing.	1
14664950552	Decorum	the use of a style that is appropriate to a subject, situation, speaker, and audience	2
14664951605	Audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.	3
14664951606	Ethos	the ethical appeal, means to convince an audience of the author's credibility or character.	4
14664951607	Pathos	Appeal to emotion	5
14664951608	Logos	an appeal based on logic or reason	6
14664951609	Alliteration	Repetition of initial consonant sounds	7
14664952533	Hyperbole	exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.	8
14664952534	Metonymy	substituting the name of one object for another object closely associated with it (e.g. the Redcoats of the UK)	9
14664952535	Parellelism	similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses	10
14664952536	Anaphora	repetition of a word or phrase in successive phrases, clauses, or lines (often at the beginning of each, but not always)	11
14664952537	Irony	A contrast between expectation and reality	12
14664953660	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase. (e.g. deafening silence)	13
14664953661	Rhetorical Question	A question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer	14
14664953662	Antithesis	opposites in clauses, phrases, words, etc (e.g. intro to A Tale of Two Cities)	15
14664953663	Litotes	A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite. (e.g. I'm not as young as I used to be)	16
14664954658	Paradox	a rhetorical device that is made up of two opposite things and seems impossible or untrue but is actually possible or true	17
14664954659	Synecdoche	a rhetorical device by which a part of something actually refers to the whole (e.g. Milwaukee beat the Lakers)	18

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