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Enlightenment Thinkers - AP World History Flashcards

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13989230681Nicholas CopernicusWrote "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres" and proclaimed that the sun was at the middle of the universe0
13989241172Johannes Keplerproclaimed that planets follow elliptical orbits, not perfect circles1
13989249278Galileoimproved the telescope and was sentenced to house arrest for contradicting the church2
13989260959Newtondiscovered the modern laws of motion and mechanics3
13989267320Giordano Brunoburned at the stake for proclaiming an infinite universe and many worlds4
13989275271Adam Smitheconomic laws5
13989283290John Lockewrote principles for constructing a constitutional government as a contract between rules and the ruled6
13989295471Voltaireperceived God as a clockmaker who set the world in motion, not as a personal and involved God7
13989307414Charles Darwintheories of evolution and extinction of humans and other animals through natural selection8
13989316407Karl Marxwrote theory that problems arose because of conflicting social classes9
13989326156Sigmund Freudbelieved that science applied to the human mind and emotions10
13989330469Marquis de Condorcetcalled for the destruction of gender prejudices in science11
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AP Histology Flashcards

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15305425992Histology (microscopic anatomy)the study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs0
15305425993cell junctionsThe connection between one cell and another (cell attachment)1
15305425994Cell junction typesgap junctions, tight junctions, desmosomes2
15305425995all cells except for what are anchored to each other or their matrix by intercellular junctionsblood3
15305425996Gap junctions (communicating junctions)binding of membrane permit chemical or electrical signals pass from cell to cell -HEART MUSCLE4
15305425997Tight junctionsFusion of outer layer, Fluid tight seal, Difficult to pass through; found in the GI (digestive) and urinary tracts5
15305425998Desmosomesheld together by network of filament, more like a snap on a pair of jeans6
153054259994 primary tissuesepithelial, connective, muscle, nervous7
15305426000epiabove8
15305426001simple epitheliumsingle layer of cells9
15305426002Stratified epitheliumseveral layers of cells10
15305426003Squamousthin and flat11
15305426004Cuboidalhexagonal12
15305426005Columnartall and slender13
15305426006Simple squamous epitheliumsingle layer of flat cells; rapid diffusion of substances; ALVEOLI (RESPIRATORY) ENDOTHELIUM (INNER LINING OF HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS)14
15305426007simple cuboidal epitheliumSingle row cube-shaped cells with microvilli; Absorption and secretion, mucus production; LIVER, THYROID GLAND, and KIDNEY TUBULES15
15305426008simple columnar epitheliumSingle row of tall narrow cells; absorption and secretion, mucus secretion; LINING OF DIGESTIVE TRACT16
15305426009Pseudostratified epitheliumSingle row of cells some not reaching free surface, gives layer stratified look; TRACHEA (RESPIRATORY)17
15305426010pseudofalse, fake18
15305426011Two kinds of stratified squamous epitheliakeratinized and nonkeratinized19
15305426012Keratinizedfound on skin surface, abrasion resistant20
15305426013nonkeratinizedlacks surface layer of dead cells21
15305426014keratinized stratified squamous -EPITHELIUMMultilayered epithelium covered with dead squamous cells, packed with keratin (epidermal layer of skin); delay water loss and barrier to organisms22
15305426015nonkeratinized stratified squamous-EPITHELIUMmultilayered without surface layers of dead cells; TONGUE ORAL MUCOSA ESOPHAGUS VAGINA23
15305426016stratified cuboidal epitheliumTwo or more cell layers(surface cells square) Secretes sweat, produces sperm and ovarian hormones; SWEAT GLAND DUCTS24
15305426017transitional epitheliumMultilayered epithelium surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched allows for filling of urinary tract URETER and bladder25
15305426018connective tissue divided into 3 classesfibrous connective tissue, supporting connective tissue, fluid connective tissue26
15305426019connective tissue consists ofcells, fibers, ground substance (fluid)27
15305426020connective tissue functions-connects organs -gives support and protection (physical and immune) -stores energy and produces heat -movement and transport of materials28
15305859541fibroblastsproduce fibers and ground substance29
15305859542Macrophagesactivate immune system30
15305859543Leukocyteswhite blood cells31
15305859544plasma cellsproduce antibodies32
15305859545mast cellsreleasing substances, including heparin and histamine33
15305859546herapinprevents blood clotting34
15305859547Histaminedilates blood vessels35
15305859548Adipocystesstore triglycerides36
15305859549collagen fiberswhite fibers; deep layer of the skin37
15305859550reticular fibersSPLEEN AND LYMPH NODES38
15305859551elastic fibers (yellow fibers)SKIN, LUNGS AND ARTERIES39
15305859552loose connective tissueareolar, adipose, reticular40
15305859553dense connective tissuedense regular and dense irregular41
15305859554areolar tissueLoose arrangement of fibers and cells in abundant ground substance, SURROUNDS BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVES42
15305859555reticular tissue-Loose network of reticular fibers and cells -Forms framework for lymphatic organs -Found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and bone marrow43
15305859556adipose tissue (fat)empty looking cells ; energy storage insulation and cushioning44
15305859557white fatmain type (only fat in adults)45
15305859558brown fatproduces heat46
15305859560dense regular connective tissue-Densely packed, parallel collagen fibers -Compressed fibroblast nuclei -Tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments hold bones together47
15325621476Dense irregular connective tissueDensely packed, randomly arranged, collagen fibers and few visible cells Locations: DERMIS (deep layer of skin)48
15325621477supportive connective tissue typescartilage and bone49
15325621478different types of cartilagehyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage50
15325621479hyaline cartilageclear, glassy appearance because of fineness of collagen fibers found in: ARTICULAR CARTILAGE (end of long bones), COSTAL CARTILAGE (ribs), TRACHEA, LARYNX, FETAL SKELETON51
15325621480elastic cartilageabundance of elastic fibers provides flexible elastic support EXTERNAL EAR and EPIGLOTTIS52
15325621481Fibrocartilagelarge coarse bundles of collagen fibers resists compression and absorbs shock found in: PUBIC SYMPHYSIS(pelvic), INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS (vertebrae)53
15325621482osseous tissuebone tissue; a calcifies connective tissue54
15325621483Two forms of osseous tissuespongy bone and compact bone55
15325621484spongy bonespongy in appearance56
15325621485compact bonesolid in appearance57
15325621486Bone Tissue (compact bone)Calcified matrix in lamellae around central canal ;Osteocytes in lacunae between lamellae FUNCTION: Skeletal support; leverage for muscles; mineral storage58
15325621487Fluid Connective Tissue: Bloodsome with nuclei; found in heart and blood vessels; variety of cells and cell fragments59
15325621488fluid portion of bloodplasma60
15325621489Erythrocytesred blood cells61
15325621490Plateletsblood clotting62
15325621491LeukocytesWBC; defense immune system63
15325621492nerve tissueSpecialized for communication by electrical and chemical signal64
15325621493neuronsnerve cells65
15325621494Neurogliaglial cells66
15325621495elongated cells that are Specialized to contract in response to stimulationmuscular tissue67
153256214963 types of muscle tissueskeletal, cardiac, smooth68
15325621497skeletal musclevoluntary, striated, long, unbranched cells with multiple peripheral nuclei; covers bones69
15325621498cardiac muscleInvoluntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.70
15325621499smooth muscleInvoluntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body; only 1 central nucleus71
15325621500exocrine glandsDucts that carry products OUT (EXITS) to the epithelial surface72
15325621501endocrine glandssecrete hormones directly into the bloodstream73
15325621502simple glandsunbranched duct74
15325621503compound glandsbranched duct75
15325621504Shape of glandacinar, tubuloacinar76
15325621505serous glandsproduce thin, watery secretions77
15325621506mucous glandssecrete mucins78
15325621507cytogenic glands release-whole cells -sperm and egg cells79
15325621508Three methods of secretionmerocrine, apocrine, holocrine80
15325621509Holocrinesecretory cells begin to burst and product released81
15325621510merocrine glandsrelease fluid by exocytosis82
15325621511apocrine glandsmerocrine glands with confusing appearance83
15325621512epithelial and connective tissues combine to form______ to cover and protect other structures and tissues in the bodymembranes84
153256215134 types of membranesmucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial85
15325621514tissue growthincreasing the number of cells or size of existing cells86
15325621515Hyperplasiaincrease in cell number87
15325621516hypertrophyincrease in cell size88
15325621517Neoplasiadevelopment of a tumor89
15325621518Metaplasiachanging from one type of mature tissue to another90
15325621519Tissue Shrinkage and Deathatrophy, necrosis91
15325621520tissue repairregeneration and fibrosis92
15325621521Changes in Tissue Typesdifferentiation and metaplasia * tissues can change types within certain limits*93
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AP World History - Strayer Chapter 4 Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Eurasian Empires
Chapter 4 - Eurasian Cultural Traditions

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10949469435LegalismA Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.0
10949469436Confucius (Kong Fuzi)The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.1
10949469437Ban ZhaoA major female Confucian author of Han dynasty China (45-116 C.E.) whose works give insight into the implication of Confucian thinking for women.2
10949469438DaoismA Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.3
10949469439UpanishadsIndian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.4
10949469440VedasThe earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.5
10949469441AristotleA Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.6
10949469442Theravada"The Teaching of the Elders," the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha was a wise teacher but not divine and which emphasizes practices rather than beliefs.7
10949469443Buddhisma religion, originated in India that believes life is full of suffering caused by desire and that the way to end this suffering is through enlightenment8
10949469444Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)The Indian prince who turned ascetic (ca. 566-486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.9
10949469445Mahayana"Great Vehicle," the popular development of Buddhism in the early centuries of the Common Era, which gives a much greater role to supernatural beings and proved to be more popular than original (Theravada) Buddhism.10
10949469446NirvanaThe end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity & great compassion.11
10949469447Bhagavad GitaA great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.12
10949469448ZoroastrianismPersian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.13
10949469449ZarathustraA Persian prophet, traditionally dated to sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism.14
10949469450JudaismThe monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh/YHWH) with concerns with social justice.15
10949469451IsaiahOne of the most important prophets of Judaism, whose teachings show the transformation of the religion in favor of compassion and social justice (eighth century B.C.E.)16
10949469452Greek rationalismA secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in Classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.17
10949469453SocratesThe first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.)18
10949469454PlatoA disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E.19
10949469455ConstantineRoman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.20
10949469456Paul of Tarsus (Saint Paul)The first great popularize of Christianity (10-65 C.E.)21
10949469459Church of the EastPlanted churches in Syria and Persia that were distinct in theology and practice from the Roman Church22
10949469460PerpetuaChristian martyr (one who was killed for their beliefs) from Carthage. Educated and wealthy, she died being fed to leopards.23
10949469457Jesus of NazarethThe prophet/god of Christianity (ca. 4 B.C.E.-30 B.C.E.).24
10949469458TheodosiusRoman emperor (r. 379-395 C.E.) who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman state, banning all polytheistic rituals.25
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AP Literature: Lesson 4 Vocabulary Flashcards

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11663640496approbation(n.) an expression of approval; praise (permission, consent, endorsement, support, sanction)0
11663640497benighted(adj.) existing in the state of moral, cultural, or intellectual darkness; unenlightened (uneducated, uncultured, uncivilized, primitive, ignorant, dark)1
11663640498bourgeois(n.) the middle class or a member of the middle class (common, conventional, materialistic, conservative, traditional)2
11663640499credo(n.) a strongly held belief; a guide to one's action (creed, philosophy, tenet, code)3
11663640500empirical(adj.) based on experience or observation as opposed to theory; capable of being confirmed (experimental, pragmatic, observed, factual, realistic)4
11663640501eschew(v.) to stay away from; to shun, especially on practical or moral grounds (abandon, avoid, renounce, abstain, refrain, evade)5
11663640502expatiate(v.) to speak or write about in great detail; to elaborate, usually used with on or upon (develop, dilate, enlarge, expound)6
11663640503iconoclast(n.) one who attacks established beliefs, customs, or institutions (critic, cynic, heretic, radical, rebel, sceptic, nonbeliever, non-conformist)7
11663640504indigence(n.) an extreme level of poverty (destitution, penury, deficit, famine, scarcity, hardship)8
11663640505laudable(adj.) praiseworthy (commendable, creditable, deserving, meritable, worthy)9
11663640506mandate(n.) a clear command or instruction (decree, directive, sanction, edict, imperative, warrant, authorization)10
11663640507ostensible(adj.) only seemingly so; apparent; stated or appearing to be true, but not necessarily so (plausible, avowed, purported, valid, alleged, conceivable)11
11663640508recalcitrant(adj.) unwilling to accept another's authority; stubbornly defiant (rebellious, unruly, resistant, opposing, insubmissive, withstanding, undisciplinable, wild)12
11663640509regurgitate(v.) to expel (partially digested food) from the stomach (eject, expel, emit, gag, hurl, puke, retch, spew)13
11663640510risible(adj.) provoking or causing laughter (comical, droll, amusing, funny, ludicrous, laughable)14
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