Flashcards
AP Bio CH.8 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10806778473 | catabolic pathway | break molecules and release energy | 0 | |
| 10806788251 | anabolic pathway | make molecules and absorb energy | 1 | |
| 10806851906 | 1st law of thermodynamics | Energy cannot be created or destroyed | 2 | |
| 10806857653 | 2nd law of thermodynamics | Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. | 3 | |
| 10806861416 | delta S | entropy (disorder) | 4 | |
| 10806865029 | +delta S | disorder | 5 | |
| 10806867690 | -delta S | order | 6 | |
| 10806879057 | Delta G (Gibbs Free Energy) | tells how spontaneous rxn will be | 7 | |
| 10806929198 | Delta H | change in enthalpy | 8 | |
| 10806931923 | Enthalpy | total energy of a system | 9 | |
| 10806938451 | +Delta H | endothermic-energy absorbed (cold) | 10 | |
| 10806953783 | -Delta H | exothermic-energy released (heat) | 11 | |
| 10807019183 | spontaneous v non-spontaneous rxns | spontaneous: Delta G < 0, Delta S > 0 non-spontaneous: Delta G > 0, Delta S < 0 | 12 | |
| 10812124468 | -Delta G is | spontaneous, exergonic, energy is released to surroundings | 13 | |
| 10812131831 | +delta G | non-spontaneous, endergonic, energy is absorbed from surroundings | 14 | |
| 10812138268 | delta G of exergonic |  | 15 | |
| 10812152649 | Delta G of endergonic reactions |  | 16 | |
| 10812160567 | 3 main types of work a cell does | chemical, transport, mechanical | 17 | |
| 10812162362 | chemical | pushes non-spontaneous rxns to occur | 18 | |
| 10812171834 | transport | pumping out substances across the membrane | 19 | |
| 10812182229 | mechanical | more structures to accomplish tasks | 20 | |
| 10812187592 | ATP | adenosine triphosphate | 21 | |
| 10812190963 | What makes up ATP | 3 phosphate groups, ribose, and adenine | 22 | |
| 10812197004 | bonds broken with......releases energy | hydrolysis | 23 | |
| 10812202760 | _______+____________= ATP | ADP+Pi | 24 | |
| 10812208664 | activation energy | energy needed to start a reaction | 25 | |
| 10812216667 | Substrate | reactant enzyme acts on, binds to active site | 26 | |
| 10812229036 | bonds that hold enzyme in active site | hydrogen, ionic | 27 | |
| 10812243639 | cofactors | nonprotein enzyme helpers | 28 | |
| 10812253538 | inhibitors bind covalently to enzyme and are | irreversible | 29 | |
| 10812319652 | competitive inhibition | inhibitor binds to enzyme, reversible | 30 | |
| 10812330734 | non-competitive inhibition | inhibitor binds to site other than active site, irreversible, alters shape of enzyme and prevents substrates from binding to active site | 31 | |
| 10812341936 | allosteric regulation | The binding of a molecule to a protein that affects the function of the protein at a different site. | 32 | |
| 10812348273 | coopertivity | a type of allosteric activation in which a substrate can bind to the active site of a multisubunit enzyme | 33 | |
| 10812844785 | hemoglobin example | the binding of one substance to one of the active sites increases catalytic activity and increases affinity of other active sites for the substrates | 34 | |
| 10812855096 | feedback inhibition | metabolic pathway is switched off when a product of an enzyme binds to it, causing one pathway to stop | 35 | |
| 10813000316 | heat | speeds up reaction, dentures proteins and kills cells | 36 | |
| 10813005456 | When activator binds to site on enzyme..... | stabilizes enzymes size | 37 | |
| 10813007295 | When inhibitor binds to site..... | stabilizes inactive form of enzyme, makes all active sites inactive | 38 |
Unit 3 600-1450 AP World History Flashcards
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| 14972234583 | Silk Road | the most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the European, Indian, and Chinese; transmitted goods and ideas among civilizations |  | 0 |
| 14972234584 | Black Death | The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. |  | 1 |
| 14972234585 | Indian Ocean trading network | The world's largest sea-based system of comunication and exchange before 1500 C.E., Indian Ocean commerce stretched from southern China to eastern Africa and included not only the exchange of luxury and bulk goods but also the exchange of ideas and crops. |  | 2 |
| 14972234586 | Srivijaya | A Malay kingdom that dominated the Straits of Malacca between 600 and 1075 CE. A state based on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, between the seventh and eleventh centuries C.E. It amassed wealth and power by a combination of selective adaptation of Indian technologies and concepts, and control of trade routes. |  | 3 |
| 14972234587 | Angkor Wat | This place was first a Hindu (dedicated to the god Vishnu), then subsequently a Buddhist, temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world. |  | 4 |
| 14972234588 | Swahili civilization | an East African civilization that emerged in the 8th century ce from a blending of Bantu, Islamic, and other Indian Ocean trade elements |  | 5 |
| 14972234589 | Great Zimbabwe | City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. | 6 | |
| 14972234590 | Ghana, Mali, Songhay | Capitalizing on these new saharan trades Ghana mali and Songhay monarchies were established trading gold for salt and slaves |  | 7 |
| 14972234591 | Trans-Saharan slave trade | A fairly small-scale trade that developed in the twelfth century C.E., exporting West African slaves captured in raids across the Sahara for sale mostly as household servants in Islamic North Africa; the difficulty of travel across the desert limited the scope of this trade. | 8 | |
| 14972234592 | pochteca | Special merchant class in Aztec society, specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items | 9 | |
| 14972234593 | Sui dynasty | The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China |  | 10 |
| 14972234594 | Tang dynasty | 618-907 CE. Much like the Han using Confucianism. had the equal field system, a bureaucracy based on merit and a Confuciansim education system. Trained strong armies of almost a million troops to fight off nomadic powers from Asia. Made story cultural influence over Korea and Vietnam. |  | 11 |
| 14972234595 | Song dynasty | During this Chinese dynasty (960 - 1279 AD) China saw many important inventions. There was a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); paper money, gun powder; landscape black and white paintings |  | 12 |
| 14972234596 | foot binding | Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household. |  | 13 |
| 14972234597 | tribute system | Chinese method of dealing with foreign lands and people's that assumed the subordination of all non-Chinese authorities and required the payment of tribute --produce of value from their countries--to the Chinese emperor(although the Chines gifts given in return were often much more valuable). | 14 | |
| 14972234598 | Xiongnu | A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these 'barbarians,' as they called them, and dispersed them in 1st Century. (168) |  | 15 |
| 14972234599 | hangui | Korean written alphabet | 16 | |
| 14972234600 | Chinese Buddhism | China's only large-scale cultural borrowing before the 20th century. Buddhism entered China from India in the first and second centuries C.E but only became popular between 300-800 C.E through a series of cultural accommodations. At first supported by the state, Buddhism suffered persecution during the 9th century but continued to play a role in Chinese society. | 17 | |
| 14972234601 | Emperor Wendi | a Chinese general, who secured his Emperor position by killing 59 princes of the Zhou royal house, and founded the Sui Dynasty. Presented himself as a Buddhist Cakravartin King, that is, a monarch who uses military force to defend the Buddhist faith. | 18 | |
| 14972234602 | Quran | The holy book of Islam | 19 | |
| 14972234603 | umma | The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. | 20 | |
| 14972234604 | Pillars of Islam | The five core practices required of Muslims: a profession of faith, regular prayer, charitable giving, fasting during Ramadan, and a pilgrimage to Mecca (if physically and financially possible). | 21 | |
| 14972234605 | hijra | The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam |  | 22 |
| 14972234606 | sharia | Body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life | 23 | |
| 14972234607 | jizya | tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion | 24 | |
| 14972234608 | ulama | Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. | 25 | |
| 14972234609 | Umayyad Caliphate | (661-750 CE) The Islamic caliphate that established a capital at Damascus, conquered North Africa, the Iberian Pennisula, Southwest Asia, and Persia, and had a bureaucracy with only Arab Muslims able to be a part of it. |  | 26 |
| 14972234610 | Abbasid Caliphate | (750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Mulim could be a part of. |  | 27 |
| 14972234611 | Sufism | A branch of Islam, defined by adherents as the inner, mystical dimension of Islam; others contend that it is a perennial philosophy of existence that pre-dates religion, the expression of which flowered within Islam |  | 28 |
| 14972234612 | Ibn Battuta | (1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period. |  | 29 |
| 14972234613 | Timbuktu | Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning |  | 30 |
| 14972234614 | Mansa Musa | Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His extravagant pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. |  | 31 |
| 14972234615 | madrassas | Formal colleges for higher institutions in the teaching of Islam as well as in secular subjects founded throughout the Islamic world in beginning in the 11th century | 32 | |
| 14972234616 | Byzantine Empire | (330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. |  | 33 |
| 14972234617 | Constantinople | A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul | 34 | |
| 14972234618 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code |  | 35 |
| 14972234619 | Eastern Orthodox Christianity | Eastern branch of Christianity that evolved following the division of the Roman Empire and the subsequent development of the Byzantine Empire in the east and the medieval European society in the west. The church recognized the primacy of the patriarch of Constantinople | 36 | |
| 14972234620 | icons | A painting of Christ or another holy figure, used as an aid to devotion in the Byzantine and other Eastern Churches. | 37 | |
| 14972234621 | Prince Vladimir of Kiev | converted to Orthodox Christianity, and allowed Byzantine influence in his realm | 38 | |
| 14972234622 | Kievan Rus | A monarchy established in present day Russia in the 6th and 7th centuries. It was ruled through loosely organized alliances with regional aristocrats from. The Scandinavians coined the term "Russia". It was greatly influenced by Byzantine | 39 | |
| 14972234623 | Charlemagne | King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival. |  | 40 |
| 14972234624 | Holy Roman Empire | A medieval and early modern central European Germanic empire, which often consisted of hundreds of separate Germanic and Northern Italian states. In reality it was so decentralized that it played a role in perpetuating the fragmentation of central Europe. |  | 41 |
| 14972234625 | Roman Catholic church | One of three major branches of Christianity, together with the Eastern Orthodox Church, a second of the three major divisions of Christianity, arose out of the division of the Roman empire into four governmental regions. In 1054 CE Christianity was divided along that same line when the Eastern Orthodox, centered in Constantinople, and the ______ ______ ______, centered in Rome, split. | 42 | |
| 14972234626 | Western Christendom | Western Europe was on the margins of world history for most of the postclassical millennium; It was far removed from the growing world trade routes; European geography made political unity difficult; Coastlines and river systems facilitated internal exchange; | 43 | |
| 14972234627 | Crusades | Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. |  | 44 |
| 14972234628 | pastoralism | A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter. | 45 | |
| 14972234629 | Turks | 6th-10th centuries C.E. •Pastoral ethnic group that originated in northern Eurasia and spread into Central Asia and the Middle East •Had significant cultural and political interactions with China, Persia, Byzantium •Conversion to Islam 10th-14th centuries •Diffused Islam throughout Middle East, India, Anatolia(Turkey) | 46 | |
| 14972234630 | Temujin | leader of the largest Mongol clans; he unites them all(plans to conquer Asia); and receives title Genghis Khan(universal ruler) | 47 | |
| 14972234631 | the Mongol world | Eurasia, 13th-15th centuries •50-year period of Mongol conquests across Eurasia that created the Mongol empire •Subjected huge populations to Mongol rule •Military strength allowed for rapid conquest •Mongol rule created interactions between diverse groups •Served to diffuse technology, culture, political and economic systems |  | 48 |
| 14972234632 | Yuan Dynasty | (1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureuacrats. | 49 | |
| 14972234633 | Kublai Khan | (1215-1294) Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China. | 50 | |
| 14972234634 | Hulegu | Ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1257 | 51 | |
| 14972234635 | Ming Dynasty | Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China. |  | 52 |
| 14972234636 | European Renaissance | a "rebirth" of classical learning that is most often associated with the cultural blossoming of Italy is the period 1350-1500 and included Greek learning and growing secularism | 53 | |
| 14972234637 | Zheng He | An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. |  | 54 |
| 14972234638 | Ottoman Empire | Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe. |  | 55 |
| 14972234639 | seizure of Constantinople | Constantinople fell to army of Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" in 1453, marking end of Christian Byzantium | 56 | |
| 14972234640 | Safavid Empire | Turkish-ruled Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state. |  | 57 |
| 14972234641 | Songhay Empire | A state located in western Africa. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, it was one of the largest Islamic empires in history. | 58 | |
| 14972234642 | Mughal Empire | Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; a minority of Muslims ruled over a majority of Hindus. | 59 | |
| 14972234643 | Malacca | Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka. |  | 60 |
| 14972234644 | Aztec Empire | 1325-1500 CE. Also known as Mexica, the Aztecs created a powerful empire in central Mexico. Forced defeated people to provide goods and labor as tax. At its best had complex myth and religious traditions and reached amazing architectural and artistic accomplishments. |  | 61 |
| 14972234645 | Inca Empire | (1450-1572 CE), Largest Empire ever built in South America; territory extended 2,500 miles from north to south and embraced almost all of modern Peru, most of Ecuador, much of Bolivia, and parts of Chile and Argentina; maintained effective control from the early 15th century until the coming of Europeans in the early 16th century. As the most powerful people of Andean America, the Inca dominated Andean society until the coming of Europeans; was an extremely diverse culture cause it spanned north and south rather then east and west. |  | 62 |
| 14972234646 | Mecca | the holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace; Muslims must make pilgrimage to here |  | 63 |
| 14972234647 | Muhammad | Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam. |  | 64 |
| 14972234648 | Muslim | A follower of Islam; one who submits |  | 65 |
| 14972234649 | Islam | a religion based on the teachings of Muhammad; Submission to the will of God |  | 66 |
| 14972234650 | Medina | a city in western Saudi Arabia; a city where Muhammad preached | 67 | |
| 14972234651 | caliphate | the rule or reign of a caliph or chief Muslim ruler. |  | 68 |
| 14972234652 | Shi'ites | Muslims that believe that only direct descendants of Muhammad should become caliph |  | 69 |
| 14972234653 | Sunni | a branch of Islam that regards the first four successors of Muhammad as his rightful successors; Followers of Muhammad's example |  | 70 |
| 14972234654 | Mamluks | Arabic word for "owned", slave soldiers used by muslim caliphs and the ottoman empire | 71 | |
| 14972234655 | Hadith | The compiled work of the life and teachings of Muhammad. |  | 72 |
| 14972234656 | medieval | referring to the Middle Ages in Europe or the period of history between ancient and modern times; period between Rome and the Renaissance |  | 73 |
| 14972234657 | schism | permanent division in a church |  | 74 |
| 14972234658 | manor | a lord's estate in feudal Europe |  | 75 |
| 14972234659 | serf | A person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord |  | 76 |
| 14972234660 | fief | land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service |  | 77 |
| 14972234661 | vassal | A lord, or knight, who was granted land in exchange for service and loyalty to a greater lord |  | 78 |
| 14972234662 | papacy | The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. |  | 79 |
| 14972234663 | investiture controversy | struggle between popes and kings regarding control of church offices and appointments |  | 80 |
| 14972234664 | monasticism | practice of living the life of a monk |  | 81 |
| 14972234665 | horse collar | leather collar that rests around horses shoulders; allowed to carry more weight |  | 82 |
| 14972234666 | Uighurs | Turkic empire of the steppes; flourished in eighth century CE |  | 83 |
| 14972234667 | Tibet | home of the Dalai Lama; spiritual guide in Mahayana Buddhism |  | 84 |
| 14972234668 | junk | Chinese merchant ship |  | 85 |
| 14972234669 | gunpowder | invented by the Chinese-used for weapons and fireworks |  | 86 |
| 14972234670 | neo-Confucianism | a new form of the ideas of the philosopher Confucius; included Buddhist and Daoist beliefs |  | 87 |
| 14972234671 | Zen | the practice of meditation; a school of Buddhism in Japan |  | 88 |
| 14972234672 | movable type | individual characters that can be arranged to create a printing job and then be used over again |  | 89 |
| 14972234673 | Koryo | Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1259. | 90 | |
| 14972234674 | Fujiwara | Aristocratic family that dominated the Japanese imperial court between the 9th and 12th centuries | 91 | |
| 14972234675 | Kamakura Shogunate | The first of Japan's decentralized military governments. (1185-1333). |  | 92 |
| 14972234676 | Champa Rice | drought resistant crop, a gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase |  | 93 |
| 14972234677 | Teotihuacan | "The Place of the Gods"; first planned city in the Americas in the Valley of Mexico |  | 94 |
| 14972234678 | chinampas | Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. |  | 95 |
| 14972234679 | Maya | Ancient people of Mesoamerica, particularly the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico |  | 96 |
| 14972234680 | Toltecs | A group of American Indian people that flourished in Mexico before the Aztecs |  | 97 |
| 14972234681 | Tenochtitlan | The captial city of the Aztecs. |  | 98 |
| 14972234682 | Anasazi | An early Native American people who lived in the American Southwest; cliff dwellers |  | 99 |
| 14972234683 | chiefdom | a political economy that organizes regional populations through a hierarchy of the chiefs | 100 | |
| 14972234684 | khipu | Incan record keeping system using knots and beads on rope |  | 101 |
| 14972234685 | ayllu | Andean lineage group or kin-based community. |  | 102 |
| 14972234686 | mit'a | mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire |  | 103 |
| 14972234687 | Moche | Culture that flourished along the northern coast of Peru from around A.D. 100 to A.D. 700 |  | 104 |
| 14972234688 | Genghis Khan | One of the Mongol's greatest leaders and founder of the Mongol Empire. |  | 105 |
| 14972234689 | Il-khan | a khanate expanding through Armenia, Azerbaijan, Mesopotamia, and Iran, |  | 106 |
| 14972234690 | Golden Horde | A famous horde of the Mongol Empire that conquered the region of modern-day Russia. |  | 107 |
| 14972234691 | Timur | Turkic warrior, efforts to restore Mongol Empire devastated much of Persia, Russia, and India |  | 108 |
| 14972234692 | tsar | The Russian term for ruler or king; taken from the Roman word caesar. |  | 109 |
| 14972234693 | kamikaze | "divine wind" in Japan; blew the Mongols away from invading Japan | 110 | |
| 14972234694 | Monsoon | rainy season in southern Asia when the southwestern monsoon blows, bringing heavy rains |  | 111 |
| 14972234695 | Dehli Sultanate | (1206-1526) Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders. |  | 112 |
| 14972234696 | dhow | a ship with one or two masts, used in the Indian Ocean. |  | 113 |
| 14972234697 | Urdu | the official literary language of Pakistan, mix of Persian and Hindu writing | 114 | |
| 14972234698 | Latin West | territories of Europe that practiced Christianity and used the Latin language | 115 | |
| 14972234699 | three-field system | farmland divided into three equal-sized fields, in which crops were rotated; developed in medieval Europe |  | 116 |
| 14972234700 | water wheel | Mechanism in which flowing water turns a wheel to grind grain or power machinery | 117 | |
| 14972234701 | Hanseatic League | a group of Northern German cities and towns that worked together to promote and protect trade |  | 118 |
| 14972234702 | guild | A medieval organization of crafts workers or trades people. |  | 119 |
| 14972234703 | gothic cathedral | Stained glass windows, flying buttresses, and high arches are all parts of this style |  | 120 |
| 14972234704 | scholasticism | in medieval Europe, the school of thought that used logic and reason to support Christian belief |  | 121 |
| 14972234705 | humanists | European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities |  | 122 |
| 14972234706 | printing press | device that mechanically printed pages by pressing inked forms onto paper, invented around 1440; invented by Johann Gutenberg | 123 | |
| 14972234707 | Great Western Schism | the period form 1378-1417 when two men claimed to be pope at the same time in known as the |  | 124 |
| 14972234708 | Hundred Years War | Conflict between England and France that establishes each as a unified country (1337-1453) |  | 125 |
| 14972234709 | new monarchies | the reestablished states of Spain, England and France after the Hundred Years' War |  | 126 |
| 14972234710 | reconquest of Iberia | military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states (Spain and Portugal) to recapture territory taken by the Muslims |  | 127 |
Flashcards
IMF AP Chemistry Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13211957259 | nonpolar covalent bond | a symmetrical bond where electrons are shared equally, usually between identical atoms. | 0 | |
| 13211957260 | polar covalent bond | an asymmetrical bond where electrons are shared unequally, resulting in partial charges or a dipole | 1 | |
| 13211957261 | ionic bond | electrons are transferred between a metal and a nonmetal | 2 | |
| 13211957262 | intermolecular forces | forces of attraction between molecules | 3 | |
| 13211957263 | intramolecular forces | forces of attraction within molecules. | 4 | |
| 13211957272 | nonpolar covalent bond model |  | 5 | |
| 13211957273 | polar covalent bond model |  | 6 | |
| 13211957274 | ionic bond model |  | 7 | |
| 13211957264 | True or false: intermolecular forces between molecules are not as strong as intramolecular forces. | True | 8 | |
| 13211957265 | dipole-dipole forces | forces of attraction between the negative pole of one polar molecule and the positive pole of another polar molecule | 9 | |
| 13211957266 | The more polar the molecule... | the higher the boiling point | 10 | |
| 13211957267 | London dispersion forces | attractions between an instantaneous dipole and an induced dipole, present in all molecules | 11 | |
| 13211957268 | hydrogen bonds | a dipole-dipole bond between hydrogen and nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine, | 12 | |
| 13211957271 | arrange the following from strongest to weakest: hydrogen bonds, London dispersion forces, and dipole-dipole | hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole, and London dispersion | 13 | |
| 13211957275 | dipole-dipole forces model |  | 14 | |
| 13211957276 | London dispersion forces model |  | 15 | |
| 13211957277 | hydrogen bonds model |  | 16 |
Flashcards
Ap Language and Composition vocabulary Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14692028426 | Rhetoric | The act of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques. | 0 | |
| 14692028427 | argument | Establishing a claim or exchanging diverging or opposite views through the use of facts and logic. | 1 | |
| 14692028428 | Diction | The purposeful choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing | 2 | |
| 14692028429 | Syntax | The arrangement of words and phrases in a system of language | 3 | |
| 14692028430 | Persuasion | The act of convincing an audience to do something by mostly appealing to their emotions | 4 | |
| 14692028431 | Anarchy | A situation of confusion and wild behavior in which people are not controlled by rules or laws | 5 | |
| 14692028432 | Logos | In rhetoric a means of convincing someone through a system of logic | 6 | |
| 14692028433 | Corraborate | To support or help prove ; to make more certain | 7 | |
| 14692028434 | Trepidation | a feeling of fear that causes one to hesitate because one thinks something unpleasant is going to happen | 8 | |
| 14692028435 | Subservient | Very willing to obey someone else; less important to someone or something else | 9 |
AP Language and Composition Terms Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14691608313 | Allegory | The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human | 0 | |
| 14691608314 | Alliteration | Repetition of initial consonant sounds | 1 | |
| 14691610161 | Allusion | A reference to another work of literature, person, or event | 2 | |
| 14691610811 | Ambiguity | The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage. | 3 | |
| 14691610812 | Analogy | A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way | 4 | |
| 14691624753 | Anaphora | the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses | 5 | |
| 14691625589 | anecdote | a short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person | 6 | |
| 14691627184 | antecedent | The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. | 7 | |
| 14691628847 | Aphorism | A brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life. | 8 | |
| 14691634405 | Apostrophe | A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. | 9 | |
| 14691635256 | Asyndeton | omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words | 10 | |
| 14691636362 | atmosphere | The emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently, atmosphere foreshadows events. See mood. | 11 | |
| 14691639744 | colloquial/colloquialism | The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing | 12 | |
| 14691641044 | Conceit | A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. | 13 | |
| 14691650434 | Connotation | The nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes. | 14 | |
| 14691654289 | Denotation | The dictionary definition of a word | 15 | |
| 14691654308 | Diction | Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP exam, you should be able to describe an author's diction (for example, formal or informal, ornate or plain) and understand he ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style. Note: this term frequently appears in the essay question's wording. In your thesis avoid phrases such as, "The author uses diction..." Since diction, by definition, is word choice, this phrase really says, "The author chooses words to write..." which is as redundant (and silly) as claiming, "A painter uses paints to paint." At least try to put an adjective in front of the word "diction" to help describe it, such as "stark diction" or "flowery and soft diction." | 16 | |
| 14691659000 | Epistrophe | the repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences | 17 | |
| 14691664387 | Euphemism | An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant | 18 | |
| 14691667248 | extended metaphor | A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work. | 19 | |
| 14691679239 | figurative language | Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid. | 20 | |
| 14691680896 | figure of speech | a device used to produce figurative language | 21 | |
| 14691698418 | Hyperbole | exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally. | 22 | |
| 14691699511 | Imagery | Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste) | 23 | |
| 14691747723 | Irony/Ironic: | the contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant | 24 | |
| 14691749636 | Juxtaposition | Putting two different ideas, things, and/or images side-by-side to compare and contrast. The purpose of juxtaposition is often to reveal aspects of one thing by seeing the opposite. (example: In literature, juxtaposition is a useful device for writers to portray their characters in great detail to create suspense and achieve a rhetorical effect.) | 25 | |
| 14691997888 | Litotes | A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite | 26 | |
| 14691998882 | loose sentence | A type of sentence in which the main idea comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses | 27 | |
| 14692004294 | Metaphor | figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. Metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful. See simile. | 28 | |
| 14692005386 | Metonymy | A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," metonomy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. A news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using metonymy. | 29 | |
| 14692006355 | Mood | This term has two distinct technical meanings in English writing. The first meaning is grammatical and deals with verbal units and a speaker's attitude. The indicative mood is used only for factual sentences. For example, "Joe eats too quickly." The subjunctive mood is used for a doubtful or conditional attitude. For example, "If I were you, I'd get another job." The imperative mood is used for commands. For examples, "Shut the door!" The second meaning of mood is literary, meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. In this usage, mood is similar to tone and atmosphere. | 30 | |
| 14692009823 | Narrative | The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events. | 31 | |
| 14692010152 | Onomatopoeia | A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. | 32 | |
| 14692010870 | Oxymoron | From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," an oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." | 33 | |
| 14692012230 | Paradox | A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth. | 34 | |
| 14692014510 | Parallelism | Also referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this term come from Greek roots meaning "beside on another." It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to, repetition a grammatical element such as a preposition or a verbal phrase. A famous example of parallelism begins Charles Dickens' novel, A Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity...." The effects of parallelism are numerous, but frequently, they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm. | 35 | |
| 14692017105 | Parody | A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. | 36 | |
| 14692020196 | periodic sentence | A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. For example, "Ecstatic with my AP scores, I let out a loud shout of joy!" The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety. Note how it differs from loose sentence. | 37 | |
| 14692031090 | Personification | A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes | 38 | |
| 14692031795 | point of view | In literature, the perspective from which a story is told. There are two general divisions of point of view and many subdivisions within those. 1. The first-person narrator tells the story with the first-person pronoun, "I," and is a character in the story. This narrator can be the protagonist (the hero or heroine), a participant (a character in a secondary role), or an observer (a character who merely watches the action). 2. The second-person narrator is when the narrator tells the story to another character using the word "you." It works to place the reader inside the story as if he/she is a character in the story. This point of view is very rarely used. 3. The third-person narrator relates the events with the third-person pronouns, "he," "she," and "it." There are two main subdivisions to be aware of: omniscient and limited omniscient. In the "third-person omniscient" point of view, the narrator, with godlike knowledge, presents the thoughts and actions of any or all characters. This all-knowing narrator can reveal what each character feels and thinks at any given moment. The "third-person limited omniscient" point of view, as its name implies, presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character, presenting only the actions of all remaining characters. This definition applies in questions in the multiple-choice section. However, on the essay portion of the exam, the term "point of view" carries a different meaning. When you're asked to analyze an author's point of view, the appropriate point for you to address is the author's attitude. | 39 | |
| 14692038510 | Polysyndeton | Deliberate use of many conjunctions | 40 | |
| 14692039894 | Prose | One of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms, because they are written in ordinary language and most closely resemble everyday speech. Technically, anything that isn't poetry or drama is prose. Therefore, all passages in the AP language exam are prose. Of course, prose writers often borrow poetic and dramatic elements. | 41 | |
| 14692041269 | Pun | A play on words | 42 | |
| 14692041913 | Rhetoric | From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively | 43 | |
| 14692043806 | Rhetorical Question | A question that is asked merely for effect and does not expect a reply or careful consideration by the audience because the answer is assumed. Rhetorical questions are often effective because the audience is pushed into agreeing with the speaker. | 44 | |
| 14692044432 | Sarcasm | From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic, that is, intending to ridicule. When well done, sarcasm can be witty and insightful; when poorly done, it's simply cruel. | 45 | |
| 14692055128 | Satire | A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. | 46 | |
| 14692057249 | Simile | An explicit comparison, normally using like, as, or if. For example, remember Robbie burns' famous lines, "O my love is like a red, red rose / That's newly sprung in June. / O, my love is like a melody, / That's sweetly played in tune." See metaphor. | 47 | |
| 14692057575 | Style | The consideration of style has two purposes: 1. An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. Some author's styles are so idiosyncratic that we can quickly recognize works by the same author (or writer emulating that author's style). Compare, for example, Jonathan Swift to George Orwell, or William Faulkner to Ernest Hemingway. We can analyze and describe an author's purpose. Styles can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, or laconic, to name only a few examples. 2. Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, one can see how an author's style reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance or the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental, or realist movement. | 48 | |
| 14692058296 | Syllogism: | From the Greek for "reckoning together," a syllogism (or syllogistic reasoning) is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises—the first one called "major" and the second "minor"—that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A frequently cited example proceeds as follows: ! Major premise: All men are mortal. ! Minor premise: Socrates is a man. ! Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal. A syllogism's conclusion is valid only if each of the two premises is valid. | 49 | |
| 14692059732 | Symbol/Symbolism: | Generally, anything that represents or stands for something else. Usually, a symbol is something concrete—such as an object, action, character, or scene—that represents something more abstract. However, symbols and symbolism can be much more complex. One system classifies symbols in three categories: 1. Natural symbols use objects and occurrences from nature to represent ideas commonly associated with them (dawn symbolizing hope or a new beginning, a rose symbolizing love, a tree symbolizing knowledge). 2. Conventional symbols are those that have been invested with meaning by a group (religious symbols, such as a cross or Star of David; national symbols, such as a flag or an eagle; or group symbols, such as skull and crossbones for pirates or the scales of justice for lawyers). 3. Literary symbols are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are generally recognized. However, a work's symbols may be more complicated as is the whale in Moby Dick and the jungle in Heart of Darkness. On the AP exam, try to determine what abstraction an object is a symbol for and to what extent it is successful in representing that abstraction. | 50 | |
| 14692060426 | Synecdoche: | A form of metonymy that's restricted to cases in which a part is used to signify the whole (example: "All hands on deck!") | 51 | |
| 14692062143 | Syntax: | The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is similar to diction, but you can differentiate the two by thinking of syntax as referring to groups of words, while diction refers to individual words. In the multiple-choice section of the AP language exam, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates syntax. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how syntax produces effects. When you are analyzing syntax, consider such elements as the length or brevity of sentences, unusual sentence constructions, the sentence patterns used, and the kinds of sentences the author uses. The writer may use questions, declarations, exclamation s, or rhetorical questions; sentences are also classified as periodic or loose, simple, compound, or complex sentences. Syntax can be tricky for students to analyze. First try to classify what kind of sentences the author uses, and then try to determine how the author's choices amplify meaning, in other words why they work well for the author's purpose. | 52 | |
| 14692064352 | Theme: | The central idea or message of a work, the insight offers into life. Usually, theme is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the theme may be directly stated, especially in expository or argumentative writing. | 53 | |
| 14692069861 | Tone: | Similar to mood, tone describes the author's attitude toward his or her material, the audience, or both. Tone is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if it were read aloud can help in identifying an author's tone. Some words describing tone are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, and somber. Some of the more difficult tone words that have appeared on previous exams include: 1. colloquial/colloquialism: The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialects. Evans & Yoshiyama 8 2. didactic: From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic works have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles. 3. objective: A description of a matter-of-fact, impersonal, or unbiased piece of writing. Conversely, a subjective tone is one where the author's bias and personal feelings clearly come through. 4. pedantic: An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish. | 54 | |
| 14692070724 | Understatement: | The ironic minimalizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole. | 55 |
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