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9473030568Bones that manubrium articulate with? What type of joints are they?Clavicle, 1st and 2nd paird of ribs. Synovial, Cartilaginous, Synovial0
9473040704Bones that the body of sternum articulate with?2nd to 7th pair of ribs Synovial1
9473047940What are these joint disorders? Osteoarthritis Rheomatoid Arthritis Gouty ArthritisWear and tear autoimmune uric acid2
9473087704Fibrous joint?Dense connective; immovable.3
9473089362Cartilaginous joint?Hyaline or fibrocartilage, immovable4
9473094818Synovial joint? (Most joints)Freely movable, hinge, pivot, ball and socket. Ulna-humerus, atlas-axis, Scapula-humerus5
9473099433Characteristics of synovial joints?Membrane, cavity, fluid, articular cartilage, ligament6
9473102875Flexion?Bending of limb or joint7
9473112975ExtensionStraightening (Opposite of flexion)8
9473125054AbductionMoving away from body9
9473128156AdductionMoving towards body10
9473128157DorsiflexionFoot going up11
9473130892Plantar flexionFoot going down12
9473133938InversionMovement towards the body13
9473135967EversionMovement away from the body14
9473168141Structure of sarcolemma?Plasma membrane15
9473169910Myoglobin?Store O216
9473169911GlycosomeGlycogen Granule17
9473171593SRStore Ca2+18
9473173102T Tubule?Continuous with sarcolemma; closely associate with SR19
9473179655Myofibril is made up of?Thin and thick filament, Z disc and M line20
9473182747What is the thin filament made up of?Actin, tropomyosin, troponin21
9473185390What is the thick filament made up of?Myosin and titin22
9473187821What does tropomyosin do?Block myosin binding sites23
9473189368What does troponin do?Bind to Ca2+ to unblock the myosin binding site24
9473190884What does titin do?Resists over-stretching25
9473192725What are the Z disc and M line?Protein networks26
9473232530What is the A band?Dark band of sarcomere27
9473336920I band?Pale band28
9473338425SarcomereContains the pale and dark band29
9473343472Neuromuscular junction?Interaction between motor neuron and skeletal muscle cell30
9473458211Neurotransmitter released at neuromusclar junction?ACh which is removed by acetylcholinesterase31
9473461692AP generation on sarcolemma?AP at axon terminal - Ca2+ influx - ACh exocytosis - ACh binds to receptor - Chemical gated Na+ channels open - Na+ influx - Depolarization - voltaged-gated Na+ channels open - Na+ influx - threshold potential - positive feedback - depolarized to AP - voltaged gated K+ channels open - K+ efflux - repolarization32
9473505258Cross bridge cycle1. AP goes along T tubule and opens Ca2+ channels in SR 2. Ca2+ enters cytosol and binds to troponin 3. Tropomyosin shifts position to expose binding sites 4. Myosin head binds to actin 5. Power stroke of myosin head causes sliding33
9473555994Function of ATP in cross bridge cycle?ATP allows myosin to detach from actin (rigormortis without ATP) Hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and P, provides energy: Low energy into higher energy state34
9473826956Does cross bridge cycle stop immediately after AP disappears?Not until Ca2+ returns to SR35
9473830164What is shortened during isotonic contraction?Sarcomere36
9473878693Structure of muscle sheath?Dense fibrous connective tissue37
9473881520Epimysium structure?Enclose the whole muscle38
9473881521Perimysium structure?Enclose each fascicle39
9474030912EndomysiumEncloses each muscle fiber40
9474032451Motor unit?Made up of motor neurons41
9476160286Muscle fatigueDecline in ability of a muscle to generate force42
9476177465Muscle toneContinuous and passive partial contraction of the muscles43
9476196577Isometric ContractionOf or involving muscular contraction against resistance in which the length of the muscle remains the same.44
9476208724Isotonic ContractionOf or involving muscular contraction against resistance in which the length of the muscle changes. Antonym is isometric. Isotonic movements are either concentric (working muscle shortens) or eccentric (working muscle lengthens).45
9476228182Name and describe three periods of muscle twitch?Latent - The latent period is the time from when the stimulus is delivered to the first indications of contraction in the muscle Contraction - The contraction period, or contraction time, is the time it takes the muscle to reach its peak contraction after the latent period. Relaxation - The relaxation period is the time the muscle takes to return to resting tension after reaching its peak contraction.46
9476268699Define wave summationSecond stimulus before relaxation causes increased force47
9476336988Fused tetanusSmooth, sustained contraction (under high frequency stimuli)48
9476381729How does the muscle respond to increased strength of stimulus?Recruitment of motor units (Subthreshold, threshold, maximal)49
9476506640How is ATP generated for muscle?CP Pathway (Donate p to ADP) Anaerobic glycolysis (produces lactic acid) Aerobic pathway (cellular respiration, produce the most ATP) 60% energy from ATP hydrolysis is wasted as heat50
9476516175What affects contraction force in a given muscle?Size of muscle fiber, recruitment, frequency of stiumli, optimal length51
9476535763Slow FibersRed, aerobic pathway, slow fatigue52
9476543236Fast fibersWhite, anaerobic glycolysis, fast fatigue. A muscle usually has mixed fiber types. Fibers in one motor unit are the same type53
9476547506What makes a given muscle contract fast?Less load, recruit more muscle fibers, more fast fibers (through resistance exercise)54
9476553542What makes a given muscle contract for longer duration?Less load, recruit more muscle fibers, more slow fibers (through endurance exercise)55
9476555763Why are some muscles more powerful than others?Contain more muscle fibers56
9476604452Smooth muscleNo T tubule, poor SR, Ca2+ mainly from outside Gap junctions; Use Less ATP Stimulation: by nerve (through varicosities); by chemicals.57
9476655165OriginThe fixed attachment (doesnt move)58
9476727744Insertion59
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AP Literature and Composition Literary Theory Flashcards

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7839613224Literary theoryA preset mode of interpretation Determines the details you focus on to create meaning. Called "lenses."0
7839613225FormalismFocuses on form as the most significant aspect1
7839613226FormalismConsiders literature in isolation, no influencing factors.2
7839613227FormalismDevelops a unified reading: Theme3
7839613228Formalism: Questions-Who does imagery develop in the text? -How are the various parts interconnected? -What does the form of the text say about its context? -Is there a central passage that can sum up the entirety of the work? -How does _________ work in the text?4
7839613229Archetypal TheoryAssumes that humanity shares a collective consciousness which is built upon mythic models.5
7839613230Archetypal TheoryBasic patterns are found in life- baptism, quests, temptation, villains-6
7839613231Archetypal TheoryRecognizes the notion of literature existing in a vacuum as false.7
7839613232Archetypal Theory: Questions-How do the characters mirror archetypal figures? -How symbolic is the imagery in the text? -Does the "hero" embark on a journey in either the physician or spiritual sense? -Is there a journey to the underworld (where things are different) or the land of the dead? -What trials and ordeals does the protagonist face? Is there a reward for overcoming them?8
7839613233New HistoricismLiterature cannot be discussed apart from the culture that gave it rise, so criticism cannot be esperarte from the work's place and time.9
7839613234New HistoricismRelates a text to the historical and cultural contexts of the period in which literature was evaluated10
7839613235New HistoricismBelieve a thoroughly objective reading of a text is impossible. Acknowledges how the critic's context influences interpretations of literature.11
7839613236New Historicism: Questions-What language, characters, and events present in the work reflect the current events of the author's day? -How are events' interpretation and presentation a product of the culture of the author? -Does the text's presentation support or condemn the event? Can it be seen to do both? -How does the text function with other tests from the same period? -How does consider traditionally marginalized populations?12
7839613237Post ColonialismAscertains that "history is written by the victors."13
7839613238Post ColonialismExamines the issues of power, economics, politics, religion, and culture in relation to western colonizer controlling the colonized.14
7839613239Post ColonialismQuestions western literature and history as dominant forms of knowledge and creation (Maps and the Indians).15
7839613240Post ColonialismConcerned with who speaks for whom and how that affects identity formation. (Marlow can call them savages as it is from his point of view.)16
7839613241Post Colonialism Questions?-How does the text explicitly or allegorically represent various aspects of colonial oppression? -What person(s) or groups does the text identify as the "other" or stranger? -How are such persons/ groups describer and treated? -How does the text respond or comment on colonial characters, themes, or assumptions? -What does the text reveal about cultural differences shaping perceptions of ourselves, others, and the world in which we live?17
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AP World History Period 1 Flashcards

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13389164992PatriarchyA form of society where men took charge0
13389164993MatriarchyA form of society where women took charge1
13389166604ClanA group of relatives2
13389166605TribeMultiple clans combined into larger units3
13389166606Caste SystemA social structure in where social classes are determined by birth4
13389168586TheocracyA form of government guided by religious purposes5
13389168587MonarchyA form of government rules by a king or queen "sent by god" to rule6
13389170450City-Stateindependent state with its own government7
13389170451VillageA community of people smaller than a town8
13389170452HierarchyPeople organized by rank of wealth or birth9
13389174551DeforestationThe process of cutting down massive amounts of trees for human consumption and land10
13389176287Desertificationthe process making land infertile11
13389176288BarterTo trade without using money12
13389176289PolytheismThe belief in multiple gods13
13389180891NaturalismThe beief that gods are represented through animals, nature and totems.14
13389180892AnimismThe belief that gods are repersented through animal groups.15
13389182647MonotheismThe belief in one god16
13389182648Zigguratstemples and altars in large stepped pyramids17
13389185194Ancestor Worship/VenerationRespect and honoring of the deceased18
13389187090Mandate of HeavenA just ruler's power was bestowed by the gods19
13389189483Fertile CrescentA crescent shaped region in the Middle East20
13389189484Epic of GilgameshAn epic poem about the Mesopotamian kingdoms. It is the oldest surving literary work that explains of chaos and gods in Mesopotamia.21
13389192789Hammurabi's CodeA set of 282 laws that dealt with almost every part of daily life; eye for an eye22
13389192790CuneiformA form of writing fond in the Sumerian Kingdom of Mesopotamia23
13389195488HieroglyphicsOne of the oldest forms of writing made up pictographs found in Egypt24
13389195489PapyrusA form of paper used in the Mediterranean society25
13389197212Paleolitic Age"Old Stone Age" 200 000 years ago; hunter-gatherers would work in small familiar groups26
13389197213Neolitic Age"New Stone Age" delopment of Metallurgy, broze and iron tools. People were able to settle in river valleys27
13389200506MetallurgyThe science of metals28
13389202689Surplus of FoodThe production of more food than what people needed. This allowed for population growth.29
13389204542Division of LaborPeople would specialize in certain tasks and jobs. This created class systems30
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AP world History FRQ Rubric Flashcards

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8434769870Thesis1 point Responds to prompt with a historically defensible thesis/claim that establishes a line of reasoning0
8434773086Contextualization1 point Describes a broader historical context relevant to the prompt1
8434782810Evidence from documents (DBQ)1 pt Uses the content of at least 3 documents to address the topic of the prompt 2 pts Supports an argument in response to the prompt using at least 6 documents2
8434826918Evidence Outside the documents1 pt Uses at least one additional piece of specific historical evidence (beyond found in the documents) relevant to an argument about the prompt3
8434846205Evidence (LEQ)1 pt Provides specific examples of evidence relevant to the topic of the prompt 2 pts Supports an argument in response to the prompt using specific and relevant examples of evidence4
8434866108Analysis and Reasoning (DBQ)1 pt For 3 docs, explains how/why the documents point of view, purpose, historical situation, and/or audience is relevant to an argument 1 pt Demonstrates complex understanding of historical development that is the focus of the prompt, using evidence to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument that addresses the question5
8434897734Analysis and Reasoning (LEQ)1 pt Uses historical reasoning (ex comparison, causation, CCOT) to frame or structure an argument that addresses the prompt 2 pts Demonstrates a complex understanding of historical development that is the focus of the prompt, using evidence to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument that addresses the question6
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AP Spanish Literature Vocabulary Flashcards

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14815320754acotaciónstage direction0
14815324289Alegoríaallegory-a metaphor in which a character, place or event is used to deliver a broader message1
14815332977alejandrinos14 syllable verse2
14815338477Aliteraciónalliteration-repetition of the same sound, usually initial, in two or more words3
14815345116alusiónallusion-when an object or circumstance refers to an unrelated circumstance either covertly or indirectly. The audience has to make the direct connection4
14815357488Anáforaanaphora-repetition of a word, usually at the beginning of successive clauses or phrases, for emphasis5
14815372739analogiaanalogy-making a comparison with the intent to show a similarity6
14815382729antagonista fidedignotrustworthy antagonist7
14815384823antífrasisthe use of a name that refers to a contrary characteristic of a person or a thing. Ej. calling Burlador de Sevilla "angelito"8
14815398212antihéroeantihero-a main character in a story who lacks conventional heroic qualities and attributes such as idealism, courage, and morality9
14815410408Antítesisantithesis-the juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas to give the feeling of balance10
14815432539aparteaside-a remark or passage in a play that is intended to be heard by the audience but unheard by the other characters in the play11
14815438134apologíaa speech or poem meant to defend or praise someone12
14815442075apóstrofeapostrophe-when a speaker breaks off from addressing one party and instead addresses a third party. This third party may be an individual, either present or absent in the scene. It can also be an inanimate object13
14815457536arte menor8 syllables or less14
14815460617arte mayor8 syllables or more15
14815463455asíndentonthe lack of conjunctions16
14815471707cesurais a break in a verse where one phrase ends and the following phrase begins17
14815477262cuartetoquatrain-a type of stanza, or a complete poem, consisting of four lines18
14815489710desdoblamientoa fold or split in personality or time19
14815496001dodecasílabos12 syllable verse20
14815502700elipsisellipsis-omission of one or more words necessary to the meaning. The author allows the reader to fill in the missing pieces21
14815512835encabalgamientoenjambment-the running over of a sentence from one verse or couplet into another so that closely related words fall in different lines22
14815521746endecasílabos11 syllable verse23
14815526478Enumeraciónlisting various ideas or concepts24
14815531351epíforathe repetition of the same word, usually at the end of successive clauses or phrases25
14815541576epítetoepithet-a device of emphasis in which the poet attributes some characteristic of a thing to another thing closely associated with it26
14815556194estribillorepetition of a stanza throughout the poem27
14815561497eufemismoeuphemism-an inoffensive expression that is used in place of one that is considered offensive28
14815571010fábulafable-a fictional story, in prose or verse, that features animals, mythical creatures, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature that are given human qualities29
14815585092falla trágicaa weakness or a fatal error made that leads to tragedy30
14815589460gradacióna list in an ordered scale either increasing or decreasing31
14815595937heptasílabo7 syllable verse32
14815600974hipérbatonchanging the natural or grammatical order of words33
14815604350hipérbolehyperbole-exaggeration for effect34
14815609775in media resstarting in the middle of the action35
14815612689ironíairony-the intentional use of words with a meaning contrary to the situation36
14815623108metáforametaphor-an implied comparison where the use of a word or words suggests a likeness between what is actually being described and something else37
14815632426metaficcióna form of literature that continually reminds the reader to be aware that they are reading or viewing a fictional work. It is frequently used as a form of parody or a tool to undermine literary conventions and explore the relationship between literature and reality, life, and art38
14815652610metonimiametonymy-use of one noun in place of another closely related noun to avoid common or prosaic words39
14815665164moralejathe lesson taught within a tale or story40
14815667535narradorfidedigno-trustworthy no fidedigno-not trustworthy testigo-witness omnisciente-all knowing41
14815679340octosílabo8 syllable verse42
14815684609narración epistolaruse of a series of real or imaginary events that are developed during a determined period of time43
14815700776onomatopeyaonomatopoeia-use of words whose sound suggests the meaning44
14815705606paradojaparadox-self-contradiction45
14815709146paralelismoparallelism-repeating the same or a similar word, phrase or structure in a text46
14815715786perífrasisroundabout, not getting to the point47
14815722682personificaciónpersonification-treatment of an inanimate objects as human48
14815732055perspectiva o punto de vistaperspective or point of view49
14815734646pleonasmopleonasm-use of unnecessary words50
14815737445polifoníavarying points of view and voices within a narration51
14815743767Poliptotonrepetition of a verb but in different forms (conjugations)52
14815748169polisíndetonpolysindeton-use of unnecessary conjunctions53
14815760881prefiguraciónforeshadowing what is to come54
14815766532prosopopeyaprosopopoeia-synonymous with personification55
14815770939redondillastanza form consisting of four lines, usually of eight syllables each, with a rhyme scheme of abba56
14815783228retruécanoplay with words, pun-changing the order of words in a phrase in order to form another which contrasts in meaning57
14815790768rima asonantethe rhyme includes only the vowel sounds58
14815794211rima consonantethe rhyme includes consonants and vowels59
14815796962símilsimile-an expressed comparison, introduced by the word such as como60
14815803016sinécdoquesynecdoche-use of the part for the whole to avoid common words or to focus attention on a particular part61
14815812360sinéresisto dipthong or bring together two syllables within the same word for poetic effect. Ej. To-a-lla->toa-lla62
14815826771sinestesiawhen you relate two images or sensations from different categories, for example, a white sound63
14815833348tercetoa type of stanza consisting of 3 lines64
14815836568versoblanco-poetry written with regular metrical but unrhymed lines libre-poetry that does not use consistent meter patterns, rhyme, or any musical pattern65
14815847745verosimilituda narration that is or appears to be credible. This is accomplished through genre and form66
14815856101Yuxtaposiciónjuxtaposition-the act of placing two elements close together or side by side in order to compare/contrast the two, to show similarities or differences67
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Unit 1 AP World History Flashcards

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15555807344Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age)The Old Stone Age ending in 12000 BCE; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence0
15555817257Neolithic Era (New Stone Age)The period of human history from about 8,000 BC to 4,000 BC when human beings began to develop agriculture and use tools and weapons made from shaped and polished stone1
15555843658Ice Ageany period of time during which glaciers covered a large part of the earth's surface2
15555846655civilizationA society with cities, a central government, job specialization, and social classes3
15555857521Neolithic Revolution(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.4
15555875314Cultural DiffusionThe expansion and adoption of a cultural element, from its place of origin to a wider area.5
15555927278Specialization of LaborThe division of labor that aids the development of skills in a particular type of work6
15555938548Fertile CrescentA geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates7
15555946603GilgameshA legendary Sumerian king who was the hero of an epic collection of mythic stories8
15555950835Hammurabi's Law CodeA proclamation issued by Babylonian king Hammurabi to establish laws regulating many aspects of life.9
15555975692EgyptThis early empire has its home along Africa's longest river, with a detailed form of writing.10
15555975693Egyptian Book of the Deadtexts (circa 1600 BCE) that described the proper conduct needed for a happy afterlife11
15555998486PyramidsHuge stone tombs with four triangle-shaped walls that met in a point on top12
15556002838HieroglyphicsAn ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds13
15556068892Indus Valley Civilizationan early civilization, known for its advanced culture, that developed in the Indus River valley in India14
15556071787Early ChinaXia, Shang, Zhou, Warring States Period, Qin, Han15
15556104479CeltsPeoples sharing a common language and culture that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E.. After 500 B.C.E. they spread as far as Anatolia in the east, Spain and the British Isles in the west. Conquered by Romans and displaced by Germans and other groups, today they are found in some corners of the British Isles.16
15556110051Persian EmpireMesopotamian empire that conquered the existing Median, Lydian, and Babylonian empires, as well as Egypt and many others. Also known as the Achaemenid Empire.17
15556113176The Hebrews and monotheismdescendants of biblical Patriarch Eber; were people who lived in the Levant, which was politically Canaan when they first arrived in the area. First monotheistic group; Yahweh.18
15556118689The Lydian's and coinageancient kingdom of Asia Minor, first to mint coins.19
15556137155Greek city-statesregion controlled exclusively by Greek, and usually having sovereignty. Ex. Crete20
15556243251Persian WarsA series of wars between the Greeks (mainly Athens) and the Persians in which the Greeks were usually victorious.21
15556259614Peloponnesian War(431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north.22
15556259615Alexander the GreatKing of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia23
15556267498HellenismGreek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam.24
15556267499Socrates and Platotwo philosophers from ancient Greece (teacher & student); believed knowledge to be innate and that the mind & body are distinct25
15556287419AristotleA Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato26
15556290598Western scientific thoughtSystematic apporach of observation, hypothesis formation, hypothesis testing and hypothesis evaluation that forms the basis for modern science.27
15556307328cultural diffusion versus independent innovationspread through cultures vs. independent inventing28
15556312501AristocracyA government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility29
15556332332Parliamentary BodiesSenate and ......[peasant voting body]30
15556448561OligarchyA government ruled by a few powerful people31
15556465540Republicsa form of government in which citizens elect representatives to rule for them32
15556471266DemocracyA political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them33
15556481618TheocracyA government controlled by religious leaders34
15556488524Slavery vs. Serfdomwere not property themselves and could not be sold apart from the land which they worked. Serfdom is the forced labour of serfs, on the fields of the privileged land owners, in return for protection and the right to work on their leased fields.35
15556500219Trade RoutesWaterways, paths, and trails that traders used to move goods for exchange from one place to another.36
15556537481PolytheismBelief in many gods37
15556671221Zoroastrianismsystem of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster noun38
15556699247Ten CommandmentsA set of laws for responsible behavior, which, according to the Bible, were given to Moses by God.39
15557008626TorahThe first five books of Jewish Scripture, which they believe are by Moses, are called this40
15557010397TalmudThe collection of Jewish rabbinic discussion pertaining to law, ethics, and tradition consisting of the Mishnah and the Gemara.41
15557015698Samsara, Karma, DharmaSamsara- the Hindu cycle of death and rebirth (reincarnation) Karma- the belief that a person's actions determines their destiny in their next incarnation Dharma- a person's religious and moral duties42
15557018459Brahma, Vishnu, ShivaThe Creator, The Preserver, The Destroyer.43
15557059039Laws of Manurules and regulations of hindu social order authorized by the first human being44
15557247829BuddhismA religion based on the teachings of the Buddha.45
15557252496The Four Noble Truths1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hated and desire. 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirture. 4) The way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the Eightfold Path46
15557256090Eightfold PathIn Buddhism, the basic rules of behavior and belief leading to an end of suffering47
15557260199Nirvanaa condition of great peace or happiness48
15557264670Daosima Chinese philosophy concerned with obtaining long life and living in harmony with nature49
15557267195LaoziFounder of Daoism50
15557270646ConfucianismA philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.51
15557279097AnalectsThe book that Kong Fuzi wrote and that stresses the values and ideas of Confucianism.52
15557281097Kung Fu TzuFounder of Confucianism53
15557284455Mandate of Heavena political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source54
15557286835Judeo-Christian traditionbody of concepts and values which are thought to be held in common by Christianity and Judaism, and typically considered a fundamental basis for Western legal codes and moral values.55
15557288629Jesus of Nazaretha teacher and prophet born in bethlehem and active in nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity56
15557291848The Bible (Old and New Testament)holy text of Christianity57
15557294560Crucifixion and Resurrection (Easter)- Crucifixion: the son of God, Jesus, died on the cross in which all sins were forgiven / Good Friday - Resurrection: three days after the Crucifixion of Jesus, he rose again / Easter Sunday58
15557296560Constantine and the Edict of MilanThe persecution of Christians ended in 313 CE when emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan. He granted freedom of religion to all citizens. They also gave back property that was seized from Christians. Constantine was influenced to do this because his mother was a devout Christian59
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AP World History Chapter 21 Flashcards

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15529775647MelakaSoutheast Asian kingdom that was predominantly Islamic0
15529780891Marco Polo(1254-1324) Italian merchant whose account of his travels to China and other lands became legendary.1
15529813882Rabban SaumaNestorian Christian priest who was born in Mongol capital of Khanbaliq. The ilkhan of Persia sent him to Europe to enlist aid for the Mongol plans to attack Islamic lands in Western Asia.2
15529824084ShariaThe Islamic holy law, drawn up by theologians from the Quran and accounts of Muhammad's life.3
15529831113John of Montecorvino1247-1328 CE. Franciscan missionary who traveled to China in 1291 in order to win converts to Christianity; translated the new testament into Turkish to encourage Mongols to convert to Christianity.4
15529846929Bubonic PlagueDuring the 14th century, pandemic that is believed to have began in the Yunnan region of Southwest China; spread by rodents and fleas along trade routes.5
15529866880Little Ice AgePeriod beginning in about 1300 CE when global temperatures declined for about 500 years.6
15529880748HongwuEmperor who led a rebellion in China which toppled the Yuan Dynasty, established the Ming Dynasty (1368).7
15529894240MandarinsA special class of powerful officials sent out as emissaries of the central government to ensure that local officials implemented imperial laws.8
15529904670EunuchsMen who underwent castration; they were the personal servants of ruling elites and occasionally wielded enormous power and wealth because of their influence with rulers and their families.9
15529926240Qing DynastyChinese dynasty that followed the Ming Dynasty and was begun by the Manchus (1644-1911) reached its peak during the reigns of Kangxi and Qianlong.10
15529950493Yongle EncyclopediaThe second Ming emperor organized the preparation of vast collection of Chinese history, philosophy, and literature in an effort to preserve and glorify Chinese culture.11
15529961486Renaissance"rebirth" of interest in classical Greek and Roman artistic and intellectual creativity, began in Italy.12
15529974900MichelangeloPainter, sculptor, architect, and poet13
15529984175HumanistRenaissance scholars who studied the classic works of Greece and Rome; such as literature, history, and moral philosophy.14
15530006835Zheng HeChinese admiral and enuch who led seven large naval expeditions to the Indian Ocean; wanted to assert Chinese control of trade routes and establish a healthy respect for the Ming government.15
15530040092Prince Henry the Navigator(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.16
15530047614Bartolomeu DiasPortuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean.17
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