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Ap literature terms Flashcards

14513689995	Allegory	a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.	0
14513689996	Allusion	A reference to another work of literature, person, or event	1
14513689997	Genre	a major category or type of literature	2
14513689998	Tone	Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character	3
14513689999	Voice	A writers distinctive use of language	4
14513690000	Characterization	the process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character	5
14513690001	direct presentation of character	author telling the reader how a character is and what actions it will do further in the story	6
14513690002	dynamic character	A character who grows, learns, or changes as a result of the story's action	7
14513690003	flat character	A character who embodies a single quality and who does not develop in the course of a story	8
14513690004	indirect presentation of character	the personality of a character is revealed by what he or she does or says	9
14513690005	Diction	A writer's or speaker's choice of words	10
14513690006	Irony	the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.	11
14513690007	linear structure	something changes or progresses straight from one stage to another, and has a starting point and an ending point	12
14513690008	omniscient point of view	The point of view where the narrator knows everything about the characters and their problems - told in the 3rd person.	13
14513690009	Narrator	the person who tells the story	14
14513690010	Nonlinear structure	when the plot is presented in a non-causal order, with events presented in a random series jumping to and from the main plot with flashbacks or flashforwards; or in any other manner that is either not chronological or not cause and effect, for example, in medias res.	15
14513690011	Paradox	a statement that seems contradictory but is actually true	16
14513690012	plot manipulation	A situation in which an author gives the plot a twist or turn unjustified by preceding action or by the characters involved	17
14513690013	suspension of disbelief	a willingness to suspend one's critical faculties and believe the unbelievable; sacrifice of realism and logic for the sake of enjoyment	18
14513690014	Satire	A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.	19
14513690015	Connotation	an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.	20
14513690016	extended figure	A figure of speech sustained or developed through a considerable number of lines or through a whole poem.	21
14513690017	Denotation	the literal meaning of a word	22

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AP Literature Flashcards

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12406889366	Archetype	A pattern or model of an action, a character type, or an image that recurs consistently enough in life and literature to be considered universal. Ex: the quest story, the wise old man, the witch, the seductress	0
12406889367	Characterization	The method by which an author creates the appearance and personality of imaginary persons. The author may choose to tell the reader what a character is like through narration, show what a character is like through actions and dialogue, or have the character reveal him/herself through inner thoughts.	1
12406889368	Confidant (male)/ Confidante (female)	Someone with whom the protagonist (main character) talks, enabling the audience or reader to become aware of the protagonist's motivation. Dori is Nemo's confidante in Finding Nemo.	2
12406889369	Dystopia	An undesirable imaginary society. Orwell's 1984 or Huxley's Brave New World. Oh, and The Hunger Games, The Divergent series, etc.	3
12406889370	flat character	A character who can be summed up with one or two traits.	4
12406889371	intrusive narrator	A storyteller who keeps interrupting the story to address the reader (Michael in the television series "The Office.")	5
12406889372	Motif	A recurring image, word, phrase, action, idea, object, or situation that appears throughout a work. Example: water in A Separate Peace, numbers in Life of Pi	6
12406889373	Motivation	The psychological and moral impulses and external circumstances that cause a character to act, think, or feel a certain way.	7
12406889374	Naïve narrator	The teller of the story is uncomprehending (a child or simple-minded adult) who tells a story without revealing its true implications. Scout from To Kill a Mockingbird. Candide in Candide.	8
12406889375	narrative voice	The attitude, personality or character of the storyteller or narrator (NOT the author) as it is revealed through dialogue or descriptive and narrative commentary. Ex: The narrator in Life of Pi happens to be the journalist. He comes to love Pi and learns from him.	9
12406889376	point of view	The vantage point, or stance, from which a story is told; the eye and mind through which the action is perceived and filtered, sometimes called narrative perspective.	10
12406889377	first person	the story is told by one of its characters, using the first person pronoun "I" which does not give the reader insight into other characters' motives or thoughts.	11
12406889378	third person objective	the author limits him/herself to reporting what the characters say or do; he or she does not interpret their behavior or tell us their private thoughts or feelings.	12
12406889379	third person omniscient	the author knows all (godlike) and is free to tell us anything, including what the characters are thinking or feeling and why they act as they do.	13
12406889380	Third person limited omniscient	the author limits him/herself to a complete knowledge of one character in the story and tells us only what that one character feels, thinks, sees or hears.	14
12406889381	Reliability	the extent to which a narrator can be trusted or believed. The closer the narrator is to the story, the more his or her judgment will be influenced by forces in the story. Ex: In Life of Pi, the Norwegian survival biscuits aren't really the "best in the world" or "amazingly good." His state of starvation makes it seem so.	15
12406889382	round character	a character whose personality is complex, realistic, and many-sided	16
12406889383	Subplot	a secondary series of events that are subordinate to the main story; a story within a story.	17
12406889384	Suspense	a quality that makes the reader or audience uncertain or tense about the outcome of events.	18
12406889385	suspension of disbelief	the demand made of an audience to provide some details with their imagination and to accept the limitations of reality and staging; also the acceptance of the incidents of a plot by a reader. Ex: The figure posing for photos at Disney with red shorts and big ears is not really Mickey Mouse. The people on stage during the musical Les Mis aren't really Cosette and Jean ValJean.	19
12406889386	Symbol	anything that stands for or represents something else beyond itself -- the mockingbird in To Kill a Mockingbird	20
12406889387	Theme	the statement made about life, human nature, or values in a work of literature	21
12406889388	Utopia	a desirable imaginary society -- El Dorado in Candide	22
12412325463	Ambiguity	A word, phrase or attitude that has double or even multiple meanings, resulting in multiple interpretations.	23
12412325464	Colloquialisms	words or phrases that are used in everyday conversation or informal writing which are usually considered inappropriate for a formal essay.	24
12412325465	Connotation	the range of further associations that a word or phrase suggests in addition to its straightforward dictionary meaning.	25
12412325466	Convention	a device of style or subject matter so often used that it becomes a recognized means of expression. For example, a conventional lover cannot eat or sleep. An author who mocks the convention might create an overweight lover who sleeps a lot.	26
12412325467	Denotation	the precise, literal meaning of a word, without emotional associations or overtones.	27
12412325468	Dialect	the version of a language spoken by people of a particular region or social group.	28
12412325469	Dialogue	The conversation of two or more people as represented in writing.	29
12412325470	diatribe	violently bitter verbal attack.	30
12412325471	Diction	the word choice (often a pattern of word choice) in a literary work that has a distinct effect on the text	31
12412325472	digression	A portion of a written work that interrupts or pauses the development of the theme or plot.	32
12412325473	Epigraph	the use of a quotation at the beginning of a work that hints at its theme.	33
12412325474	Existentialism	a philosophical movement that focuses on the individual human being's experience of, recognition of, and triumph over the meaninglessness of existence.	34
12412325475	Expressionism	presents life not as it appears on the surface, but as it is passionately felt to be by an author or character.	35
12412325476	Feminism	the view that women are inherently equal to men and deserve equal rights and opportunities.	36
12412325477	Flashback	a way of presenting scenes or incidents that took place before the opening scene.	37
12412325478	hedonism	the pursuit of pleasure above all else.	38
12412325479	Inference	a conclusion the reader can draw based upon details presented by the author.	39
12412325480	Irony	in its broadest sense, the incongruity, or difference, between reality (what is) and appearance (what seems to be).	40
12412325481	dramatic irony	a situation in which the audience knows more about a character's situation than the character does, foreseeing an outcome contrary to the character's expectations.	41
12412325482	situational irony	the contrast between what is intended or expected and what actually occurs.	42
12412325483	verbal irony	a contrast between what is said and what is actually meant.	43
12412325484	Jargon	the special language of a profession or group.	44
12412325485	Juxtaposition	the "side by side" comparison of two or more objects or ideals for the purpose of highlighting similarities or differences.	45
12412325486	malapropism	the comic substitution of one word for another similar in sound, but different in meaning. Functions to make characters look ignorant or amusingly uneducated. "I would have her instructed in geometry that she might know of contagious countries." - The Rivals by Sheridan	46
12412325487	narrative pace	the speed at which an author tells a story; the movement from one point or section to another.	47
12412325488	Naturalism	style of writing that rejects idealized portrayals of life and attempts complete accuracy, disinterested objectivity, and frankness in depicting life as a brutal struggle for survival.	48
12412325489	pseudonym	pen name, nom de plume, alias; a fictitious name assumed by a writer who wished to remain anonymous or who chooses not to use her/his real name professionally.	49
12412325490	Realism	an author's use of accuracy in the portrayal of life or reality.	50
12412325491	Sarcasm	harsh, cutting, personal remarks to or about someone, not necessarily ironic.	51
12412325492	Satire	any form of literature that blends ironic humor and wit with criticism directed at a particular folly, vice or stupidity. Satire seeks to correct, improve, or reform through ridicule.	52
12412325493	stream of consciousness	a technique that allows the reader to see the continuous, chaotic flow of half-formed and discontinuous thoughts, memories, sense impressions, random associations, images, feelings and re- flections that constitute a character's consciousness.	53
12412325494	Surrealism	employs illogical, dreamlike images and events to suggest the unconscious.	54
12412325495	Tone	the reflection in a work of the author's attitude toward his or her subject. Tone in writing is comparable to tone of voice in speech, and may be described as brusque, friendly, imperious, insinuating, teasing, etc.	55
12412325496	Unity	the quality of oneness in a literary work, in which all parts are related by some principle or organization so that they form an organic whole, complete and independent in itself.	56
12412325497	Wit	ingenuity in connecting amusingly incongruous ideas; intellect, humor.	57
12412325498	Allusion	an indirect or passing reference to an event, person, place or artistic work that the author assumes the reader will understand. "Grading papers is the albatross around Mrs. Aupperlee's neck," which alludes to Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner."	58
12412325499	anachronism	an event, object, custom, person or thing that is out of its natural order of time. A clock strikes in Julius Caesar.	59
12412325500	Analogy	a comparison of similar things, often to explain something unfamiliar with something familiar. (the branching of a river system is often explained using a tree and its branches.)	60
12412325501	Aphorism	A terse statement of a principal or truth; a maxim. A proverb with particularly good phrasing. ("Life is long, reasoning difficult.")	61
12412325502	Apostrophe	a rhetorical device in which the speaker addresses a dead or absent person, or an inanimate object or abstraction. The poem "Ode on a Grecian Urn," whose audience is the urn.	62
12412325503	Cliché	Any expression that has been used so often it has lost its freshness. (Sharp as a tack, the last straw, etc.)	63
12412325504	Euphemism	the substitution of a mild term for one more offensive or hurtful. Example: "passed away" instead of "died"	64
12412325505	figurative language	Figurative language - language that contains figures of speech, such as metaphor, simile, personification, etc.	65

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AP Literature and Composition Vocabulary Flashcards

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13740959147	abnegation	self-denial, rejection in favor of others	0
13740959148	acquiesce	to agree, to favor, to accept	1
13740959149	acrimony	sharp animosity, harshness, or bitterness	2
13740959150	acumen	superior mental qualities, keen insight	3
13740959151	aplomb	great poise, confident composure	4
13740959152	assuage	appease, satisfy, make less intense	5
13740959153	bedizen	ornament in a showy, gaudy, vulgar manner	6
13740959154	bucolic	pastoral, idyllically rural; of or relating to shepherds	7
13740959155	caliber	degree of merit, degree of mental capacity	8
13740959156	candid	frank, outspoken, sincere	9
13740959157	captious	fault-finding, exaggerating trivial defects	10
13740959158	charlatan	impostor, fraud	11
13740959159	cohort	companion, a group of warriors or soldiers	12
13740959160	credulity	gullibility, readiness to believe without evidence	13
13740959161	cupidity	greed, lust for wealth, excessive desire	14
13740959162	dilatory	delaying, procrastinating, inclined to waste time	15
13740959163	effusive	demonstrative, overflowing emotion	16
13740959164	elation	great joy or gladness, high spirits	17
13740959165	enjoin	direct someone to do something, to prohibit or forbid	18
13740959166	explicate	explain, make plain, make clear	19
13740959167	abrogate	abolish or treat as non-existent	20
13740959168	anachronistic	set in the wrong time, misdated	21
13740959169	ardor	fervor, zeal, passion	22
13740959170	auspicious	favorable, attended by good	23
13740959171	boorish	rude, unmannerly	24
13740959172	chastise	discipline, punish	25
13740959173	cogent	to the point, relevant	26
13740959174	conflagration	large, destructive fire or war	27
13740959175	coruscate	sparkle, gleam	28
13740959176	coterie	clique, select group of people	29
13740959177	decry	belittle, to condemn openly	30
13740959178	diatribe	tirade, criticism	31
13740959179	ebullient	high spirited, joyously unrestrained	32
13740959180	enervate	weaken, exhaust, deprive of strength	33
13740959181	erudite	learned, showing profound knowledge of	34
13740959182	exonerate	free from blame, relieve from responsibility	35
13740959183	fetid	stinking, having an offensive odor	36
13740959184	foment	instigate, attempt to stir up public opinion	37
13740959185	garrulous	wordy, rambling, excessively talkative	38
13740959186	gregarious	sociable, fond of company	39
13740959187	codicil	supplement to a will, a legal change to a will	40
13740959188	copious	abundant, plentiful	41
13740959189	diametrical	direct opposite, absolute reverse	42
13740959190	disburse	expend, distribute	43
13740959191	dolt	blockhead, stupid person	44
13740959192	duplicity	deceitfulness, deceptiveness	45
13740959193	effete	decadent, sterile, worn out	46
13740959194	equine	of, relating to, or resembling horses or the horse family	47
13740959195	exculpate	absolve, free from blame	48
13740959196	expedite	hasten, dispatch, quicken	49
13740959197	extemporize	to do in a makeshift way, to deliver impromptu	50
13740959198	fallible	liable to err, likely to fail or to make a mistake	51
13740959199	fatuous	inane, silly, unreal	52
13740959200	furtive	stealthy, sly, shifty	53
13740959201	gauche	awkward, tactless, lacking social grace	54
13740959202	germane	relevant, pertinent	55
13740959203	hone	sharpen, whet, file, grind	56
13740959204	immutable	unchangeable, unalterable	57
13740959205	iniquitous	sinful, wicked, vicious	58
13740959206	kudos	glory, a praising remark for exceptional achievement	59
13740959207	avarice	greed, cupidity	60
13740959208	calumny	slander, lies to damage another's reputation	61
13740959209	consonant	in agreement, in harmony	62
13740959210	dearth	scarcity, shortage, lack	63
13740959211	debacle	sudden collapse, a flood, a failure	64
13740959212	elan	dash, distinctive and stylish elegance	65
13740959213	elegy	a lament for the dead	66
13740959214	galvanize	startle into sudden activity, to coat with zinc	67
13740959215	histronics	acting, theatricals	68
13740959216	illicit	unlicensed, unlawful	69
13740959217	inane	pointless, silly, foolish	70
13740959218	intrinsic	innate, true, natural, inherent	71
13740959219	levity	lightness of character, excessive frivolity	72
13740959220	lucid	clear, bright, shining	73
13740959221	mercurial	active, lively, erratic	74
13740959222	paradox	seeming self-contradiction that's true, a statement opposing accepted opinion	75
13740959223	pathos	pity, evoking compassion	76
13740959224	pensive	reflective, meditative, dreamily thoughtful	77
13740959225	penurious	poor, impoverished	78
13740959226	plethora	excess, abundance, state of being overfull	79
13740959227	impolitic	unwise, injudicious	80
13740959228	incarnadine	blood-red, crimson, flesh color	81
13740959229	indigenous	native, natural, innate	82
13740959230	indigent	destitute, impoverished, needy	83
13740959231	ineffable	inexpressible, unutterable, indescribable, taboo	84
13740959232	inure	toughen, harden, habituate	85
13740959233	irascible	testy, touchy, irritable	86
13740959234	laud	praise, extol, acclaim, to glorify	87
13740959235	limpid	clear, transparent, lucid, serene	88
13740959236	lithe	pliant, flexible, supple	89
13740959237	loquacious	very talkative, garrulous	90
13740959238	ludricous	laughable, ridiculous, funny because of obvious absurdity	91
13740959239	lugubrious	mournful, dismal, gloomy, excessively sorrowful	92
13740959240	malfeasance	wrongdoing, official misconduct, illegal deed	93
13740959241	malign	defame, slander	94
13740959242	morass	marsh, bog, swamp	95
13740959243	mundane	common, ordinary, everyday	96
13740959244	pariah	outcast, Untouchable	97
13740959245	patrimony	heritage from one's father or other ancestor, legacy	98
13740959246	pecuniary	financial, monetary, relating to money	99
13740959247	abatement	the act of putting an end to, a deduction	100
13740959248	altruistic	unselfish concern for the welfare of others	101
13740959249	analogous	comparable, similar	102
13740959250	aquiline	hooked like an eagle's beak, having characteristics like an eagle	103
13740959251	austerity	strict economy, without adornment; a state of great self-denial	104
13740959252	brevity	shortness, conciseness, terseness	105
13740959253	castigate	criticize or punish severely	106
13740959254	deplorable	sad, pitiable, lamentable	107
13740959255	doddering	trembling, shaking with old age, to progress in a feeble manner	108
13740959256	ennui	boredom, weariness, dissatisfaction	109
13740959257	eyrie	nest of a bird of prey, a home	110
13740959258	jocularity	state of being playful, jesting, characterized by joking	111
13740959259	mandate	command, authorize, decree	112
13740959260	maudlin	mawkish, tearfully sentimental	113
13740959261	mete	dole, measure out, allot	114
13740959262	peregrination	travel from one place to another, journey	115
13740959263	prodigious	enormous, extraordinary in size or degree	116
13740959264	saturate	fill up completely	117
13740959265	temerity	foolish boldness, fearless, daring	118
13740959266	vacuous	stupidly blank or empty	119
13740959267	iconoclast	destroyer of images of idols, attacker of traditions	120
13740959268	impeccable	faultless, irreproachable	121
13740959269	inexorable	relentless, unyielding	122
13740959270	infer	conclude, to derive by reasoning, to guess, speculate	123
13740959271	insipid	pointless, flat, dull	124
13740959272	integral	entire, whole, essential	125
13740959273	invidious	offensive, obnoxious	126
13740959274	laconic	concise, expressing much in a few words	127
13740959275	lethargic	drowsy, sluggish, vagrant	128
13740959276	malignant	harmful, dangerous	129
13740959277	martial	warlike, pertaining to war	130
13740959278	misanthropy	hatred or dislike of mankind	131
13740959279	mollify	pacify, appease, reduce	132
13740959280	ominous	threatening, portentous	133
13740959281	omniscient	all-knowing, infinite awareness	134
13740959282	ostracism	banishment, exile, exclusion	135
13740959283	panegyric	formal eulogy, or commendation	136
13740959284	paradigm	model, pattern, standard	137
13740959285	parsimonious	stingy, excessively frugal.	138
13740959286	peripatetic	wandering, roving, vagrant	139
13740959287	affray	public fight or riot, quarrel, or brawl	140
13740959288	apothegm	short, pithy saying, terse remarks	141
13740959289	decrement	loss, decrease	142
13740959290	incongruous	lacking harmony or agreement	143
13740959291	salacious	lustful, lecherous, obscene	144
13740959292	sartorial	of or about tailors or tailoring	145
13740959293	soliloquy	talking as is alone; utterance by a person talking to himself	146
13740959294	sordid	dirty, vile	147
13740959295	stringent	strict, severe, exacting	148
13740959296	supplant	remove, replace, overthrow	149
13740959297	taciturn	uncommunicative, habitually silent	150
13740959298	tepid	lukewarm, moderately warm	151
13740959299	truculent	savage, cruel, fierce	152
13740959300	unctuous	suave, smug, excessively pious	153
13740959301	venal	mercenary, corruptible, able to be bribed	154
13740959302	verbose	wordy, loquacious, lack of incisiveness or precision	155
13740959303	vernacular	common, native language	156
13740959304	virago	a shrew; ill-tempered woman	157
13740959305	voracious	greedy, immoderate, insatiable	158
13740959306	tedium	boredom, ennui, dullness	159
13740959307	incite	provoke, arouse, goad	160
13740959308	insular	detached, isolated, having a narrow point of view	161
13740959309	intrepid	fearless, dauntless, fortitude	162
13740959310	manumission	freeing, release from slavery	163
13740959311	moribund	dying, stagnant, on the verge of extinction	164
13740959312	nescient	ignorant, agnostic, lack of knowledge	165
13740959313	obfuscate	confuse, cloud, make obscure	166
13740959314	placebo	substance having no pharmaceutical effect	167
13740959315	proliferation	excessive rapid spread	168
13740959316	pusillanimous	cowardly in spirit, fearful	169
13740959317	recondite	deep, difficult, profound, little known	170
13740959318	sanctimonious	hypocritical show of piety or righteousness	171
13740959319	similitude	likeness, resemblance, comparison	172
13740959320	soporific	of or about sleep, drowsy	173
13740959321	supine	inactive, passive, lying on the back	174
13740959322	tactile	tangible, perceptible to the touch	175
13740959323	temporal	secular, transitory of this world, limited by time	176
13740959324	ungulate	hoof like, of or about horses	177
13740959325	vapid	insipid, spiritless, inane	178
13740959326	zenith	acme, highest point	179
13740959327	antipathy	aversion, habitual repugnance	180
13740959328	wane	diminish, abate, decrease	181
13740959329	encomium	eulogy, formal expression of high praise	182
13740959330	cacophonous	harsh, discordant, unpleasant	183
13740959331	ambivalent	having opposing feelings or desires	184
13740959332	puissant	powerful, potent, mighty	185
13740959333	bellicose	pugnacious, ready to fight	186
13740959334	amenable	agreeable, answerable	187
13740959335	cavil	harp, nitpick, raise minor objections	188
13740959336	commodious	spacious, roomy	189
13740959337	desultory	disconnected, random, lacking in order	190
13740959338	discreet	judicious, tactful, diplomatic	191
13740959339	emanate	emit, send forth, flow out	192
13740959340	didactic	too inclined to teach, preach, or lecture	193
13740959341	ephemeral	transitory, short-lived, fleeting	194
13740959342	feckless	feeble, ineffective, worthless	195
13740959343	heinous	hateful, odious, abominable	196
13740959344	piquant	pungent, spicy, provocative	197
13740959345	obstreperous	unruly, uncontrolled, vociferous, clamorous	198
13740959346	discrete	separate, distinct, detached from others	199

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AP World History Chapter 19 Flashcards

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12622688081	Bosporus Strait	The only waterway linking the Aegean Sea with the Black Sea controlled by Istanbul	0
12622692501	Strait of Hormuz	A vital waterway between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman	1
12622692502	Ghazi ideal	a model for warrior life that blended the cooperative values of nomadic culture with the willingness to serve as a holy fighter for Islam	2
12622696451	Suleimani Mosque	Built by Suleiman and is a beautiful architectural site	3
12622696452	Coffeehouses	Cultural events or establishments where business deals were signed	4
12622698846	ulama	Scholars and experts in Islamic law	5
12622698847	Shariah law	Islamic law	6
12622700838	harem	"sacred place"; the private domain of an Ottoman sultan, where he and his wives resided	7
12622706164	miniature paintings	Paintings that were produced in workshops started by Mehmed II	8
12622706165	sikhism	Developed from Hinduism and may have been influenced by the Islamic mystic system Sufism	9
12622708976	sati	The Indian custom of a widow voluntarily throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband.	10
12622712088	Din-i-Ilahi	religion initiated by Akbar that blended elements of Islam and Hinduism; did not survive his death.	11
12622712089	Taj Mahal	A beautiful tomb built by the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan to honor his wife.	12
12622714898	gunpowder empires	large multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control their territories	13
12622714899	tamerlane	"Timur the Lame", a mongol-turkic ruler who set the stage for the rise of the Turkic empires.	14
12622717216	samarkand	an influential captial city, a wealthy trading center known for decorated mosques and tombs. (in modern day Uzbekistan)	15
12622717217	ottoman empire	The largest and most powerful Islamic empires; lasted for 600 years	16
12622720665	Mehmed II "The Conqueror"	Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire.	17
12622723279	Topkapi Palace	A royal residence of the sultans	18
12622726949	suleiman I	The Ottoman empire reached its peaked under this sultan	19
12622727011	Vienna	Capital of Austria	20
12622731264	Rhodes	Captured by Suleiman's navy in the eastern Mediterranean.	21
12622731265	Viziers	Strong advisers who came to occupy influential positions in government	22
12622735196	Battle of Lepanto	Spaniards and Venetians defeated the Ottomans	23
12622735197	Safavids	Located in Persia on the Arabia sea with no navy or natural barriers	24
12622737387	Ismail	A great Safavid ruler who, at the age of 14, conquered much of the territory that became the Safavid Empire (Persia). He was a religious tyrant who made Shi'ia the state religion.	25
12622737388	Shah	Persian word for king	26
12622740091	Shah Abbas I "Abbas the Great"	ruled 1587-1629; he ruled the Safavid Empire at its height; was a military oriented ruler	27
12622743850	Isfahan	Capital of the Safavid Empire.	28
12622743851	Akbar	The greatest of the Mughal Emperors; defeated Hindu armies; established an effiecient gov't system	29
12622748621	Babur	Descendant of Tamerlane who founded the Mughal empire	30
12622748622	Delhi	Capital of the Mugal empire	31
12622751182	Shah Jahan	Mughal ruler who built Taj Mahal	32
12622751183	Aurangzeb	son and successor of Shah Jahan; he banned music; unable to stop peasant revolts	33
12622754758	middlemen	handled goods in both directions and received profit	34
12622754759	trade agreements	signed commerce negotiations	35
12622757679	barbary pirates	Captured European slaves in the Mediterranean then sold them to sultans or other high ranking officials	36
12622757680	grand bazaar	a center of shops and trading in Istanbul	37
12622760625	devshirme	Christian boys were recruited by force to serve the Ottoman government (generally taken from the Balkan provinces, converted to Islam, and then passed through a series of examinations to determine their intelligence and capabilities).	38
12622760626	janissaries	formed elite forces in the Ottoman army	39
12622762874	impressed	forced into service	40
12622762875	zamindars	paid government officials in charge of specific duties, such as taxation, construction, and water supply	41
12622765326	castes	social groups into which people are born and cannot change in India	42

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AP Gov Chapter 5 Flashcards

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15349050008	Civil Liberties	Constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens that gov cannot abridge Place limitations on the power of the government to restrain or dictate one's actions	0
15349134448	legal privileges	Granted by the government and cab be subject to conditions or restrictions (like voting rights)	1
15349146088	Barron v. Baltimore	Bill of Rights does not apply to the states	2
15349159965	Gitlow v. New York	Incorporation doctrine established BOR looked at in application of the states Overturns Barron v Baltimore	3
15349200554	incorperation doctrine	requires that state and local government must also guarantee the rights stated in the bill of rights	4
15349219549	selective incorporation	A judicial doctrine whereby most but not all of the protections found in the Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment.	5
15349058058	Bill of Rights	The first ten amendments of the Constitution, largely guarantee specific rights and liberties	6
15349063756	Ninth Amendment	Part of the Bill of Rights that makes it clear that enumerating rights in the Constitution or Bill of Rights does not mean that others do not exist	7
15349068826	Tenth Amendment	The final part of the Bill of Rights that defines the basic principle of American federalism in stating that the powers not delegated to the national government are reserved to the states or to the people.	8
15349079286	Due Process Clause	Clause contained in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments; over the years, it has been construed to guarantee a variety of rights to individuals.	9
15349099228	substantive due process	Is the due process unjust Intent	10
15349107047	procedural due process	steps/procedures to take away rights	11
15349259458	Establishment Clause	no official tax supported religion	12
15349281438	wall of separation	Court says there needs to be a strict wall between state and religion, the state cannot benefit one religion even if it is benefitting all religions	13
15349290544	Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)	Lemon Test for Establishment Clause the law must have a secular purpose, can neither enhance or prohibit religion, it must avoid excessive entanglement	14
15349337805	Endorsement test	What would a reasonable person say is too much religion?	15
15349348570	Non preferential test	No preference, cannot favor a religion but does not prohibit aid to all religions	16
15349357707	Strict separation	Even indirect aid for religion crosses the line	17
15349364467	Engle v. Vitale (1962)	NY made kids say a non-denominational prayer every day, Supreme Court does not allow	18
15349374417	School District of Abington Township, PA v. Shempp (1963)	The PA law was requiring bible reading in school and then Supreme Court did not allow	19
15349391099	Free Exercise Clause	Practice whatever religion you want People can believe what they want, but the certain practices may run into trouble Congress shall make no law prohibiting religion	20
15349430155	Non-protected speech	Libel, obscenity, fighting words, and commercial speech, which are not entitled to constitutional protection in all circumstances.	21
15349430156	Libel	Written defamation of a person (lies)	22
15349438680	seditious libel	Criticism or advocating the over throw of government Proving actual malice (that someone said it and knew it was false) needed for prosecution	23
15349467236	Slander	spoken defamation	24
15349475162	Obscenity and pornography	not protected speech	25
15349497826	actual malice	NY Times v. Sullivan, if you know the information is false or you are trying to be malicious then you get in trouble	26
15349515163	symbolic speech	protected	27
15349528399	prior restraint NY Times v. US (1972)	not allowed The pentagon papers where Nixon tried to prevent the NY times from publishing Supreme Court says press cannot be stopped before publishing NY Times sued to publish	28
15349546059	press shield laws	Some states provided cover to reporters not to reveal their sources	29
15349560839	Sunshine laws	Broad term for which require government proceedings to be public	30
15349572030	Freedom of Information Act	Allows access to classified materials after 25 years	31
15349581346	time, place, and manner restrictions	regulations regarding when, where, or how expression may occur; must be content neutral Are allowed but these restrictions can be put on them Private property is protected	32
15349728556	unreasonable searches and seizures	Court has come to think this is seizing evidence in a random or haphazard manner	33
15349746757	search warrant	A court order allowing law enforcement officers to search a suspect's home or business and take specific items as evidence Must be signed by a magistrate (oath) Warrant must say what is being searched for, when they are going, have a "who"	34
15349794866	immunity	Exemption from prosecution in exchange for information/ testimony	35
15349808943	plea bargain	When one admits to something or gives up information to get a lesser sentence	36
15349815496	Miranda Rights	A list of rights that police in the United States must read to suspects in custody before questioning them, pursuant to the Supreme Court decision in Miranda v. Arizona.	37
15349821318	double jeopardy	Cannot be tried for the same crime twice	38
15349825708	petit jury	6-12 people who sit in court and decide on a case	39
15349833670	exclusionary rule	improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial Mapp v. Ohio	40
15349848005	Gideon v. Wainwright	Gideon says his rights were violated because he did not have an attorney States give attorneys to people who cannot afford them	41
15349855896	Griswold v. Connecticut	Established that there is an implied right to privacy in the U.S. Constitution CT banned birth control, but Supreme Court ruled against ban	42
15349864302	Roe v. Wade	legalized abortion	43
15349877340	Planned Parenthood v. Casey	PA required women under 18 getting an abortion to tell their parents and married women to tell their spouse; Planned Parenthood sues; Supreme Court rules that minors must tell their parents but married women do not have to tell their spouses	44
15349905937	Lawrence v. Texas	right to privacy applies to homosexuals	45
15349912331	Romer v. Evans	prevents states from discriminating against homosexuals	46
15349921155	Contract Clause	restricts states from retroactively modifying contracts	47
15349924589	eminent domain	Power of a government to take private property for public use.	48
15349931093	regulatory taking	A government regulation that effectively takes land by restricting its use, even if it remains in the owner's name.	49
15358352028	Affirmative Action	A policy designed to give special attention to or compensatory treatment for members of some previously disadvantaged group.	50
15358359014	natrualization	A legal process to obtain citizenship	51
15358363786	Right of expatriation	The right to renounce one's citizenship.	52
15358369234	alien	a citizen of another country; foreign, strange	53
15358373407	assylum	place of safety	54
15358378292	white primary	primary election in which Southern states allowed only whites to vote.	55
15358382976	Grandfather Clause	a clause exempting certain classes of people or things from the requirements of a piece of legislation affecting their previous rights, privileges, or practices.	56
15358388524	Plessy v. Ferguson	"separate but equal" doctrine supreme court upheld the constitutionally of jim crow laws	57
15358392328	Brown v. Board of Education	1954 case that overturned Separate but Equal standard of discrimination in education.	58
15358397824	Adarand Constructors v. Pena	Held that federal programs which discriminated people were unconstitutional.	59
15358407037	University of California v. Bakke	was a case involving an affirmative action program at a California medical school	60
15358413244	Americans with Disabilities Act	prohibits discrimination against the disabled	61
15358417444	Rehabilitation Act of 1973	Extended protection to those with physical or mental handicaps	62
15358423314	Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg	Argued that schools were integrated enough and busing as a tool for integration was complete.	63
15358427070	Title IX	No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance	64
15358433591	Equal Pay Act of 1963	Legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work	65
15358438229	Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975	Gave all children right to free public education	66
15358442821	Kormatsu v. United States	said that containment camps were legal	67
15358442824	Shaw v. Reno	No racial gerrymandering	68
15358451993	majority-minority districts	Drawing district boundaries to give a minority group a majority	69
15358459161	Voting Rights Act of 1965	a policy designed to reduce the barriers to voting for those suffering discrimination.	70
15358466339	Hear of Atlanta Motel v. US		71
15358473281	Commerce Clause	Clause stating that Congress can regulate interstate and international commerce.	72
15358473282	de facto segregation	Segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice.	73
15358477856	de jure segregation	segregation by law	74
15358483718	Restrictive Covenants	A statement written into a property deed that restricts the use of the land in some way; often used to prohibit certain groups of people from buying property	75
15358488385	Grutter v. Bollinger	Allowed the use of race as a general factor in law school admissions at University of Michigan	76
15358494542	rational basis test	A standard developed by the courts to test the constitutionality of a law; when applied, a law is constitutional as long as it meets a reasonable government interest.	77
15358498239	Gratz v. Bollinger	Struck down use of "bonus points" for race in undergrad admissions at University of Michigan.	78
15358502933	suspect classification	category or class, such as race, that triggers the highest standard of scrutiny from the Supreme Court	79
15358507997	Strict Scrutiny	A Supreme Court test to see if a law denies equal protection because it does not serve a compelling state interest and is not narrowly tailored to achieve that goal	80
15358511664	heightened scrutiny	Government must show the law has "important" governmental objectives and is related to governmental objectives. Burden of proof is on the government. Ex. gender issues	81
15358518331	Quasi-suspect classification	A classification that categorizes persons in questionable ways (illegitimacy or sex).	82

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AP Language & Composition: Cumulative Vocabulary Flashcards

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13753706233	disdainful tone	scornful and arrogant	0
13753706240	Apathetic tone	showing or feeling no interest, enthusiasm, or concern	1
13753706241	Equivocation	the use of ambiguous language to conceal the truth or to avoid committing oneself; prevarication	2
13753706242	ipso facto	by the fact itself	3
13753706243	Invocation	To call up	4
13753706244	active voice	the subject performs the action	5
13753706245	Hasty Generalization	A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.	6
13753706246	Colloquialism	informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing	7
13753706247	Demotic tone	conversational, colloquial	8
13753706248	Haughty tone	proud and vain to the point of arrogance	9
13753706249	Gothic	of the middle ages; of or relating to a mysterious, grotesque, and desolate style of fiction	10
13753706250	superfluous information	Unnecessary	11
13753706253	malapropism	a word humorously misused	12
13753706254	sanguineous tone	optimistic, cheerful	13
13753706257	Travesty	a grossly inferior imitation	14
13753706258	Slippery Slope	a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented	15
13753706259	Staccatto	Word.word.word	16
13753706260	round character	a well-developed character	17
13753706261	subjective tone	Opinionated	18
13753706262	imperative statement	A command statement with a verb phrase that indicates an operation to perform (example: "move forward")	19
13753706263	Impunity	freedom from punishment or harm	20
13753706264	Litote	A figure of speech that emphasizes its subject by conscious understatement(he is not that bad)	21
13753706265	tongue-in-cheek	expressing a thought in a way that appears to be sincere, but is actually joking	22
13753706268	dichotomy/dichotomous	having two conflicting sides, one person is divided.	23
13753706269	Semantics	Meaning of words and sentences	24
13753706270	stream of consciousness	a style of writing that portrays the inner (often chaotic) workings of a character's mind.	25
13753706271	flat character	Character without lots of info	26
13753706272	Flippant tone	lacking proper respect or seriousness	27
13753706273	obfuscation	confusing, making unclear	28
13753706274	Ominicent narrator	Knows all about characters	29
13753706275	Platonic Theory	Plato's phil ass	30
13753706276	Philosophical assumptions	the writer's basic beliefs about life	31
13753706277	Dirty Realism	stories are reduced to the barest elements; often a bleak quality; prominent in the UK	32
13753706278	altruism	unselfish concern for the welfare of others	33
13753706279	discourse	conversation	34
13753706280	Straw Man	A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea.	35
13753706281	Ambiguity	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	36
13753706282	stock character	a stereotypical character	37
13753706283	Structural device	devices used to construct the form of a composition	38
13753706284	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.	39
13753706285	dynamic character	A character that changes throughout the story	40
13753706286	Epistle	Fancy letters	41
13753706289	cyclical structure	material heard in one movement recurs in later movements; creates structural unity in a multi-movement work	42
13753706290	didacticism (tone)	when the writer addresses the readers as if they must learn something	43
13753706291	Ere	before	44
13753706292	Ergo	conj. therefore	45
13753706293	Erudite tone	having or showing profound knowledge /learned, polished, scholarly	46
13753706294	extended metaphor	A comparison between two unlike things that continues throughout a series of sentences in a paragraph or lines in a poem.	47
13753706295	Exsistentialism	a philosophical doctrine and literary and dramatic movement that insists on the existence of individual as basic and important	48
13753706296	Impudent tone/diction	arrogant, cocky, cheeky	49
13753706297	incongruity	nonconformity, disagreement, incompatibility	50
13753706298	independent variable	a variable (often denoted by x ) whose variation does not depend on that of another.	51
13753706299	Pedantic tone	Intellectually boring	52
13753706300	Polytheism	Belief in many gods	53
13753706304	Archetype	a perfect example; an original pattern or model	54
13753706305	Appositive	A noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it(an insect,a cockroach...)	55
13753706307	Assertion	a declaration or statement	56
13753706309	Cognizant diction	Knowledge of something usually out of personal experience	57
13753706310	code switching	Shifting back and forth between languages in the same conversation	58
13753706311	Cohesive	condition of sticking together	59
13753706312	didactic tone	intended to teach people a moral lesson	60
13753706313	dependent clause	A phrase that can't stand alone as a complete sentence.	61
13753706314	elevated diction	Talking about something spiritual or philosophical	62
13753706315	Elliptical structure	A sentence containing a deliberate omission of words to make it shorter w/o changing the meaning (I ate the apple;my brother, the orange)	63
13753706320	Anachronism	something out of place in time or sequence	64
13753706321	Anthropomorphism	the attribution of humanlike characteristics to inanimate objects, animals, or forces of nature	65
13754418810	Anon	soon, shortly	66
13754418811	antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.(Adeline but her lip) Adeline and her	67
13758375914	accoutrement	equipment; outfit	68
13758375915	ad hominem	a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute	69
13758375916	Allegory	a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.	70
13758375917	Alliteration	Repetition of initial consonant sounds (she sells sea shells)	71
13758375918	Allusion	A reference to another work of literature, person, or event	72
13758375919	Altruism	unselfish concern for the welfare of others	73
13758375920	ambivalent (tone)	indecisive	74
13758375921	Anadiplosis	repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause(strength through purity,purity through faith)	75
13758375922	Analogy	A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way	76
13758375923	Anaphora	the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses( good food. Good times. Good cheer)	77
13758375924	anomaly	The one that doesn't fit	78
13758375925	Antithesis	the direct opposite, a sharp contrast	79
13758375926	Apollonian perspective	Apollo	80
13758375927	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.	81
13758375928	Assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity(it made you feel real)	82
13758375929	Asyndeton	A construction in which elements are presented in a series without conjunctions(I came. I saw. I conquered)	83
13758375930	balanced sentence	a sentence in which words, phrases, or clauses are set off against each other to emphasize a contrast	84
13758375931	Bathos	insincere or overdone sentimentality	85
13758375932	begging the question	A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt.	86
13758375933	belletristic	written and regarded for aesthetic value rather than content	87
13758375934	Bellicose tone	argumentative	88
13758375935	Bildungsroman	A coming of age story	89
13758375936	Bombastic diction	high-sounding but with little meaning; inflated	90
13758375937	Bourgeoisie	upper class	91
13758375938	burlesque	A work of literature meant to ridicule a subject; a grotesque imitation.	92
13758375939	cacophony	A harsh, discordant mixture of sounds	93
13758375940	callous tone	unfeeling, insensitive to feelings of others	94
13758375941	candid (tone)	1. frank and sincere; 2. natural and unrehearsed	95
13758375942	casual relationship	Form of argumentation in which the writer claims that one thing results from another, often used as part of a logical argument.	96
13758375943	Chiasmus	xyyx	97
13758375944	circular reasoning	a fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence	98
13758375945	circumlocution	talking in circles	99
13758375946	Comic Juxtaposition	Linking things which do not normally go together to make a point	100
13758375947	complex sentence	A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause	101
13758375948	compound sentence	a sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions(I like tea, and he likes coffee)	102
13758375949	compound-complex sentence	at least one dependent clause and two or more independent clauses	103
13758375950	Connotation	an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.	104
13758375951	Consonance	Repetition of consonant sounds(the furrow followed free)	105
13758375952	contemptuous tone	showing or feeling that something is worthless or lacks respect	106
13758375953	cumulative sentence	sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on	107
13758375954	Dark Romanticism	Focused on the dark, evil aspects of human nature.	108
13758375955	deductive reasoning	reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)	109
13758375956	Denotation	the literal meaning of a word	110
13758375957	dependent clause	does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence	111
13758375958	dissonance	Unpleasant or unharmonious sound	112
13758375959	Dogma	Belief or theology	113
13758375960	dogmatism	Religious language	114
13758375961	dramatic irony	when a reader is aware of something that a character isn't	115
13758375962	dynamic character	A character that changes throughout the story	116
13758375963	Dystopia	imaginary place where living conditions are dreadful	117
13758375964	either/or reasoning	When the writer reduces an argument or issue to two polar opposites and ignores any alternatives.	118
13758375965	Elongated Sentence	An extended/lengthened sentence used to create an effect.	119
13758375966	emulation	effort or desire to equal or excel others	120
13758375967	Enthymeme	an argument in which one premise is not explicitly stated	121
13758375968	epic poetry	A long narrative poem about the adventures of an almost superhuman character	122
13758375969	epic simile	a detailed comparison in the form of a simile that is many lines in length	123
13758375970	epigram	witty comment	124
13758375971	Episodic Structure	made up of a series of chapters or stories linked together by the same character, place, or theme but held apart by their individual plot, purpose, and subtext.	125
13758375972	Epistrophe	the repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences(see no evil,feel no evil,speak no evil)	126
13758375973	epitome	a typical example	127
13758375974	Et al	others	128
13758375975	Ethos	Ethical appeal	129
13758375976	Euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant	130
13758375977	euphony	beautiful sound	131
13758375978	Exhorative tone	A. Offering advice	132
13758375979	exhortation	a communication intended to urge or persuade the recipients to take some action	133
13758375980	expository text	this type of text informs or instructs the reader. It is nonfiction.	134
13758375981	external conflict	A struggle between a character and an outside force	135
13758375982	False Dilemma	A fallacy of oversimplification that offers a limited number of options (usually two) when in fact more options are available.	136
13758375983	Faulty enthymeme	argument in which one of the premises or the conclusion is not explicitly stated.	137
13766081160	innocuous	Meaningless	138
13766081161	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts	139
13766081162	Literary Conceit	an extended metaphor, sometimes using apparent opposites to highlight an underlying truth.	140
13766081163	pathetic fallacy	faulty reasoning that inappropriately ascribes human feelings to nature or nonhuman objects	141
13766081164	Sic		142

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AP Chemistry unit 1 Flashcards

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10997708865	stoichiometry	the area of study that examines that quantities of substances involved in chemical reactions	0
10997714163	chemical reaction	a process by which one or more substances are converted to other substances	1
10997719173	chemical equations	use chemical formulas to symbolically represent chemical reactions	2
10997753847	balanced chemical equation	has an equal number of atoms of each element on each side of the arrow	3
10997793751	g,l,s,aq	are all symbols used to designate the physical state of each reactant and product	4
10997863834	decomposition reaction	one reactant changes to two or more products	5
10997881369	combustion reaction	involves oxygen, often from air, reacting with hydrocarbons or other organic molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.	6
10997927785	avogadro's number	6.02 X 10^23 of atoms in that element	7
10997937434	a mole	the amount of matter that contains 6.02 X 10^23 atoms, ions, molecules, or formula units	8
10997947705	molar mass	the mass in grams of one mole of that substance. to calculate: add the atomic mass of all the atoms in its formula	9
10997970166	molar road		10
10998021025	percentage composition	the percentage by man contributed by each element in the compound % composition= 100 x (molar mass of element x subscript for element) / (molar mass of substance)	11
10998047747	empirical forumla	expresses the simplest ratio of atoms in the formula. can be calculated from the percentage composition.	12
10998056819	molecular formula	tells exactly how many atoms are in one molecule of the compound	13
10998071957	ionic compounds	often form crystal structures called hydrates by acquiring one or more water molecules per formula unit	14
10998078972	stoichometry	the quantities of substances involved in chemical reactions	15
10998096767	limiting reactant	the reactant that is completely consumed in a chemical reaction. limits the amount of products formed	16
10998103432	excess reactant	some is left unreacted when the limiting reactant is completely consumed	17
10998114345	theoretical yield	the quantity of product that is calculated to form	18
10998119646	actual yield	the amount of product actually obtained and is usually less than the theoretical yield	19
10998126129	percent theoretical yield	related the actual to the theoretical yield percent theoretical yield= (actual yield) / (theoretical yield) x 100	20
10998145546	solution	a homogenous picture of two or more substances	21
10998148553	solvent	the dissolving medium, usually the substance present in the greatest quantity in a solution	22
10998153948	aqueous solution	solutions in which water is the solvent	23
10998164895	solutes	other substances in the solution	24
10998167736	electrolyte	a substance whose aqueous solution contains ions. the solution conducts electricity because the ions are free to migrate throughout the solution	25
10998180219	strong electrolyte	substances that exist in solution, completely ionized. ionic compounds and some molecular compounds called strong acids are strong electrolytes	26
10998194825	strong acids	can react readily with metals	27
10998198566	strong bases	dissociate completely	28
10998204391	weak electrolytes	exist mostly as molecules in solution. molecular compounds called weak acids and weak bases are weak electrolytes.	29
10998218517	ionic compounds	are always strong electrolytes if they're on the chart	30
10998226929	nonelectrolyte	a substance that does not form ions in solution and its solution does not conduct electricity. usually consists of a molecular compound, which when dissolved in water, usually consists of intact, un-ionized molecules.	31
10998255566	precipitate	an insoluble solid formed by a reaction in solution	32
10998292804	complete ionic equation	if the soluble strong electrolytes are shown as ions write it as a complete ionic equation	33
10998413576	spectator ions	ions that appear in identical form among both reactants and products of a complete ionic equation	34
10998455138	net ionic equation	omits spectator ions because they do not change from reactants to products	35
10998468171	the cations and anions that generally DO NOT form precipitates are	ammonium: NH4+ sodium: Na+ potassium: K+ nitrate: NO3-	36
10998485194	general rules for writing net ionic equations	1. write all the reactants that are indicated to be solids, liquids, or gasses 2. rewrite the formulas of the aqueous reactants, omitting the spectator ions (NH4+, Na+, K+, NO3-) 3. predict and write the product 4. if necessary, use ions to balance the mass and charge. then balance using coefficients. check to see if the charges are balanced.	37
10998541012	acids	substances that ionize in quests solution to form H+ ions	38
10998545703	bases	substances that react with H+ ions	39
10998554174	strong acids and strong bases are strong electrolytes	the completely ionize in solutions	40
10998727442	neutralization reaction	water is usually a product. because strong-acids and bases are strong electrolytes, their ions are usually spectator ions in acid-base reactions.	41
10999460821	ionic compounds	containing carbonate, sulfite, or sulfide ions produce gases when they react with acids	42
10999474863	metal carbonates and metal hydrogen carbonates	react with acids to produce carbon dioxide gas and water	43
10999488653	oxidation-reduction reactions	also called redox reactions are reactions that transfer electrons between reactants oxidation: losing negative charge and gaining positive charge reduction: gained negative charge and losing positive charge	44
10999527819	oxidation	is the loss of electrons, becomes more positive	45
10999537503	reduction	the gain of electrons, becomes more negative	46
10999587837	metals	also react with metal ions to exchange electrons	47
10999816431	activity series	a list of metals arranged in order of decreasing ease of oxidation	48
10999854984	oxidation state	also called oxidation number. A positive or negative whole number assigned to an element in a chemical formula based on set formal rules. used to track electron transfer in redox reactions.	49
10999914183	a solution	a homogeneous mixture consisting of a solvent and one or more solutes	50
10999927090	concentration	the amount solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent or solution	51
10999943552	molar concentration	also called molarity. the number of moles of solute dissolved in a liter of solution molarity= moles of solute/volume of solution in liters	52
10999993497	dilution	adding water to a solution decreases the molar concentration of each substance in the solution by a factor called the dilution factor. a ratio of the original volume to the new volume old volume/new volume	53
11000115769	solution stoichiometry	involved calculations that relate moles of reactants and products to the volumes of solutions of their molar concentrations.	54
11000150253	titration	an analytical technique used to determine the unknown concentration of a solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration called a standard solution. Equivalence point of the titration is the only point at which the moles of a substance dissolved in the unknown solution completely react with the moles of a substance in the standard solution.	55

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