Flashcards
Flashcards
Vocab Week 10 - AP Language Flashcards
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| 12099589277 | Synecdoche (sin-NECK-doh-key) | - a figure of speech in which a part or a feature is used to describe the whole - "Wheels" to refer to a car, "pigskin" to refer to football, "John Hancock" to refer to a signature | 0 | |
| 12099631627 | Isocolon (EYE-suh-koh-lin) | - a form of parallelism in which the clauses are similar length and structure - The higher the climb, the longer the fall. | 1 | |
| 12099655285 | Onomatopoeia (on-nuh-mahn-uh-PEE-uh) | - a word that sounds like its meaning - boom, click, piss, pop, bang | 2 | |
| 12099668411 | Allegory (noun) | - a metaphor that extends for an entire narrative - In George Orwell's "Animal Farm," the lives of the animal's on the farm are allegorical for the major players in the 1917 Russian Revolution. | 3 | |
| 12099720532 | Allusion (noun) | - a reference within one text to another text, usually with the assumption that all listeners will understand the reference - Patrick Henry refers to a "siren song" in his "Speech in the Virginia Assembly". | 4 | |
| 12099749875 | Anastrophe (ann-ASS-troh-fee) | - purposely inverting word order for effect - | 5 |
AP Biology Proteins & Enzymes Flashcards
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| 14767329086 | Antibodies | Defensive proteins | 0 | |
| 14767329087 | Peptide bonds | Bonds between amino acids in protein; formed between a carboxyl group and an amino group; with the loss of a water molecule |  | 1 |
| 14767329088 | Amino acid | contains NH₂ and COOH groups; proteins are polymers of amino acids |  | 2 |
| 14767329089 | Primary structure | The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein; sequence determined by DNA |  | 3 |
| 14767329090 | Secondary structure | protein structure formed by Hydrogen bonding between amino and carboxyl groups of nearby amino acids α helix - spiral structure β pleated sheet - folded structure |  | 4 |
| 14767329091 | Tertiary structure | Level of protein structure caused by hydrogen bonding, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic and ionic interactions of the R groups of amino acids |  | 5 |
| 14767329092 | Quaternary structure | Level of protein structure caused by the combination of two or more polypeptide chains, to form a complete unit |  | 6 |
| 14767329093 | Environmental conditions that affect protein structure | high temperature, pH, salt, toxins | 7 | |
| 14767329094 | Denaturation | Loss of activity of an enzyme as a result of structural changes caused by heat, pH, etc. |  | 8 |
| 14767329095 | Catalysts | A chemical substance that speeds up a reaction without itself being consumed in the overall course of the reaction; catalysts lower activation energy of a reaction | 9 | |
| 14767329096 | Activation energy | The energy required for a chemical reaction to occur |  | 10 |
| 14767329097 | Metabolism | Total of all the chemical reactions that occur in a biological system | 11 | |
| 14767329098 | Catabolism | The breakdown of substances; example hydrolysis |  | 12 |
| 14767329099 | Anabolism | The formation of new substances` example dehydration synthesis |  | 13 |
| 14767329100 | Enzymes | Globular proteins that act as catalysts (activators or accelerators) for metabolic reactions Substrate-specific Unchanged as a result of a reaction |  | 14 |
| 14767329101 | Substrate | The substance or substances upon which the enzyme acts; also called reactants |  | 15 |
| 14767329102 | Enzyme-substrate complex (ES) | An intermediate in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction; consists of the enzyme bound to its substrate |  | 16 |
| 14767329103 | Active site | The region on the surface of an enzyme where the substrate binds, and where the reaction occurs | | 17 |
| 14767329104 | Induced-fit model | Interaction of the reactants (substrate) and the enzyme causes the enzyme to change shape |  | 18 |
| 14767329105 | Two types of activators (co-factors & co-enzymes) | 1) Inorganic co-factors - Often metal ions, like Fe²⁺ and Mg²⁺, that assist enzymes 2) Coenzymes - organic molecules that an enzyme needs to catalyze a reaction |  | 19 |
| 14767329106 | Allosteric regulation | A non-substrate molecule binds or modifies a site other than the active site of an enzyme (the allosteric site), inducing the enzyme to change its shape |  | 20 |
| 14767329107 | Feedback inhibition | An end product of a series of reactions acts as an allosteric inhibitor, shutting down one of the enzymes catalyzing the reaction rates |  | 21 |
| 14767329108 | Competitive inhibition | A substance that inhibits an enzyme by occupying the active site |  | 22 |
| 14767329109 | Noncompetitive inhibition | A substance inhibits the action of an enzyme by binding to the enzyme at a location other than the active site (i.e. the allosteric one) |  | 23 |
| 14767329110 | -ase | common suffix (ending) for enzymes | 24 | |
| 14767329111 | lipase | enzyme that breaks down lipids | 25 | |
| 14767329112 | catalase | enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide in cells forming water and oxygen | 26 | |
| 14767329113 | Enzymes | catalytic proteins regulate the rate of chemical reactions | 27 | |
| 14767329114 | Receptor proteins | receive and respond to molecular signals from inside and outside the organism | 28 | |
| 14767329115 | Storage proteins | store chemical building blocks | 29 | |
| 14767329116 | Transport proteins | transport materials into and out of the cells | 30 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP US History Chapter 12 Flashcards
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| 7956366218 | Lower South | South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas grew increasingly dependent upon labor-intensive cotton production and slave labor opposed to the immediate abolition of slavery concerned about the possibility of an organized slave revolt | 0 | |
| 7956671532 | Middle South | Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas diversified agricultural economies and included large areas without slavery opposed to the immediate abolition of slavery | 1 | |
| 7956775216 | Upper South | Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri slavery began to decline by 1860 opposed to the immediate abolition of slavery | 2 | |
| 7965926010 | paternalism | a practice in the Upper South that incorporated slaves into the home some prohibited importation of more slaves some freed their slaves after they died | 3 | |
| 8016169452 | colonization | effort by the Upper South to transport slaves and free blacks to colonies in Africa | 4 | |
| 8016185858 | French-controlled Haiti | organized slave revolt occurred here | 5 | |
| 8016202416 | Baptist and Methodist | most popular religions in the South originally opposed slavery and welcomed blacks into the church allowed women to have religious roles switched from attacking slavery to defending it divine right sanctioned by the Bible | 6 | |
| 8016240783 | indigo | cash crop that died out when the demand was lost | 7 | |
| 8016243880 | rice | cash crop that required lots of special equipment and machinery left to the few farms that could afford it | 8 | |
| 8016740560 | sugar | cash crop that required a special machine to grind it left to farmers that could afford it required a tariff to support it so their was an anomaly in southern politics where sugar producers wanted a tariff | 9 | |
| 8016768253 | cotton | cash crop that outproduced every other crop in the South combined could be cultivated on small farms unlike other cash crops exhausted the soil | 10 | |
| 8016925672 | Old Southwest | Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas frontier areas of Tennessee, Kentucky, and Florida aggressive cultivation of farmlands here is one of the main reasons that cotton became so big very suitable for cotton | 11 | |
| 8016978366 | coffles | chained groups or slaves transported from plantations and slave markets farther west | 12 | |
| 8016994193 | black belt | fertile Alabama-Mississippi soil so called for the color of the soil part of the cotton belt | 13 | |
| 8017001553 | cotton belt | stretched from eastern North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia through the fertile Alabama-Mississippi black belt, Louisiana, on to Texas, and up the Mississippi River valley as far as southern Illinois | 14 | |
| 8017019793 | Robert Hayne | Senator in SC lamented that all of the "fields [were] abandoned; and hospitable mansions of our fathers deserted" | 15 | |
| 8017181556 | Tredegar Iron Works | factory in Richmond, VA by 1873 it had 1,200 workers | 16 | |
| 8017212526 | Karl Marx | co-author of The Communist Manifesto noted in 1846, "Without cotton you have no modern industry . . . without slavery, you have no cotton" economist | 17 | |
| 8017239947 | James Hammond | SC Senator gave a famous speech to the Senate in 1858 "You dare not make war on cotton. No power on earth dares make war upon it. Cotton is King" | 18 | |
| 8017262938 | planter | someone who owns at least twenty slaves one out of thirty whites in the South in 1860 very influential socially and politically | 19 | |
| 8017288342 | Mary Chestnut | her diary describing the Civil War was republished in 1981 and won the Pulitzer Prize complained that "there is no slave like a wife" | 20 | |
| 8017389931 | driver | the highest position a slave could get to was in charge of a gang of slaves | 21 | |
| 8017389932 | gang | a group of slaves | 22 | |
| 8017407390 | yeomen | most numerous white southerners small farmers lived in simple two-room cabins traded with neighbors more than they bought from stores owned a handful of slaves, but most had none dominated the social structure in back country regions of the South | 23 | |
| 8017439226 | Andrew Jackson's Democratic Party | most Southerners identified with this political party | 24 | |
| 8017458677 | poor whites | hard to distinguish between these and yeomen degraded class of rural poor people who owned no land or were relegated to the least desirable land often had seasonal employment as laborers on yeoman farms given over to hunting and fishing, to hound dogs and moonshine whiskey | 25 | |
| 8017479513 | lazy diseases | hookworm, malaria, and pellagra produced an lethargy | 26 | |
| 8017487719 | hookworm | lazy disease parasite | 27 | |
| 8017489204 | malaria | lazy disease mosquitoes | 28 | |
| 8017489205 | pellagra | lazy disease lack of niacin | 29 | |
| 8019114875 | gentlemen | men were obsessed with being this gambling masculine image was more important than anything "protecting women's purity" | 30 | |
| 8019125775 | dueling | outlawed in the North rarely enforced | 31 | |
| 8022608814 | Yarrow Mamout | an African Muslim slave purchased his freedom acquired property settled in Georgetown | 32 | |
| 8022635873 | manumitted | when slave owners freed their slaves | 33 | |
| 8022648596 | mulattoes | people of mixed racial ancestry | 34 | |
| 8022659627 | colored society | mulattoes a society in between white and black | 35 | |
| 8022665876 | Jehu Jones | mulatto proprietor of one of Charleston's best hotels | 36 | |
| 8022675086 | Cyprien Ricard | mulatto paid $250,000 for an estate that had ninety-one slaves | 37 | |
| 8022687414 | William Johnson | son of a white father and a mulatto mother, operated three barbershops owned 1,500 acres of land held several slaves. Natchez, Mississippi | 38 | |
| 8022703363 | black slaveholders | 2% of the total free black population most often bought their families so that they could free them | 39 | |
| 8022724540 | William Johnson | SC planter explained in 1815 that the "interest of the owner is to obtain from his slaves labor and increase | 40 | |
| 8022744946 | slave jails | built to house the shackled men, women, and children who were waiting to be sold to the highest bidder | 41 | |
| 8022757952 | Louisiana and Alabama | Only states to forbid separating a child younger than ten from his or her mother 1852 | 42 | |
| 8022788978 | peculiar institution | another term for slavery | 43 | |
| 8022805231 | Jack | daguerreotype of a man identified only as this a driver from Guinea on the plantation of B. F. Taylor of Columbia, SC 1850 |  | 44 |
| 8022819830 | Joseph Zealy | a photographer who took the daguerreotype of Jack photographed other slaves as well | 45 | |
| 8022855496 | hired out | slave owners would have their slaves sell goods in a city requiring that the owner got a percentage of the profits | 46 | |
| 8022879445 | sex-segregated gangs | separating the sexes allowed women to form very close bonds with each other | 47 | |
| 8022933986 | Celia | enslaved teen fourteen when she was purchased in 1850 raped many times by Robert Newsom had two children under him fell in love with a slave named George killed Newsom hanged | 48 | |
| 8022939581 | Robert Newsom | a prosperous, respected Missouri farmer told his daughters that he had bought Celia to work as their domestic servant bought her in 1850 after his wife died raped Celia many times | 49 | |
| 8023064443 | spirituals | encoded slave songs to share their frustrations with being enslaved | 50 | |
| 8023085906 | brush arbors | crude outdoor shelters used for religious gatherings made of saplings, branches, and brush so as to provide shelter from the sun and rain slaves and free African Americans | 51 | |
| 8023101776 | Creator/Supreme God | most Africans brought the belief of this with them to the Americas they could recognize in the Christian Jehovah reconciled their African beliefs with Christianity | 52 | |
| 8023260211 | Frederick Douglass | former slave stressed that "slaves sing most when they are most unhappy" and that spirituals offered them deliverance from their worldly woes | 53 | |
| 8023444555 | Lilburn and Isham Lewis | Thomas Jefferson's nephews tied a teenage slave named George to the floor of their Kentucky cabin and killed him with an axe in front of other slaves handed the axe to a slave and forced him to dismember the body the brothers murdered him because he had spoken out against slavery wanted "to set an example for any other uppity slaves" | 54 | |
| 8023834475 | Gabriel's slave rebellion | 1800 a slave blacksmith Richmond, VA planned to seize key points in the city and capture the governor, James Monroe it rained the day Gabriel launched his rebellion they were captured hanged | 55 | |
| 8023971620 | Charles Deslondes | leader of the largest slave revolt in American history trusted mixed-race slave overseer responsible for supervising the field hands | 56 | |
| 8034092238 | Denmark Vesey Plot | plan to assault the white population 1822 planned to seize ships in the harbor and burn the city never got off the ground | 57 | |
| 8034126075 | Thomas Gray | Nat Turner's lawyer published an account of Turner's rebellion | 58 | |
| 8034157036 | Turner's Rebellion | 1831 VA enslaved blacks greatly outnumbered free whites started with Turner's owners fifty-seven whites killed whites killed many blacks when putting it down terrified white southerners by making real the lurking fear that enslaved blacks might revolt VA legislature restricted the ability of slaves to learn and to gather for religious meetings other states followed suit | 59 | |
| 8034160933 | Nat Turner | lead Turner's Rebellion a trusted black overseer self-anointed preacher believed he had a divine mission in leading a slave rebellion hanged | 60 |
AP Psychology Unit 3 Flashcards
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| 15369243336 | biological psychology | scientific study of the links between biological (genes, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes. |  | 0 |
| 15369243337 | neuron | a nerve cell; basic building block of the nervous system |  | 1 |
| 15369243338 | dendrites | part of the neuron that receives messages and conducts impulses toward the cell body. |  | 2 |
| 15369243339 | axon | the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands. |  | 3 |
| 15369243340 | myelin sheath | a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one sausage-like node to the next. |  | 4 |
| 15369243341 | action potential | a neural impulse, a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. | 5 | |
| 15369243342 | refractory period | a period of inactivity after a neuron fires. | 6 | |
| 15369243343 | threshold | the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse | 7 | |
| 15369243344 | all-or-none response | a neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full strength response) or not firing. | 8 | |
| 15369243345 | synapse | the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. Tiny gap is known as the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft. |  | 9 |
| 15369243346 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gas between neurons. They travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse. | 10 | |
| 15369243347 | reuptake | a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron. | 11 | |
| 15369243348 | endorphins | "morphine within" natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure. "runner's high" |  | 12 |
| 15369243349 | agonist | a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response. | 13 | |
| 15369243350 | antagonist | a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response. | 14 | |
| 15369243351 | nervous system | the body's speedy; electrochemical communication network, holds all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system. |  | 15 |
| 15369243352 | Central nervous system (CNS) | brain and spinal cord. |  | 16 |
| 15369243353 | peripheral nervous system (PNS) | the sensory and motor neurons that connect to CNS. | 17 | |
| 15369243354 | nerves | bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the CNS with the muscles, glands, & sense organs. | 18 | |
| 15369243355 | sensory (afferent) neurons | neurons that carry information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord. (takes info from outside world) |  | 19 |
| 15369243356 | motor (efferent) neurons | neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands. | | 20 |
| 15369243357 | interneurons | neurons within the brain and spinal cord that talk internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs. |  | 21 |
| 15369243358 | somatic nervous system | the division of the PNS that controls the body's skeletal muscles. (what you are aware of. ex. moving your leg) | 22 | |
| 15369243359 | autonomic nervous system. (ANS) | part of the PNS that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). (automatic, things you aren't aware of working like your heart or bladder.) Contains sympathetic and parsympathetic nervous systems. |  | 23 |
| 15369243360 | sympathetic nervous system | division of the ANS that arouses our body, getting us ready to react in stressful situations. |  | 24 |
| 15369243361 | parasympathetic nervous system | the division of the ANS that calms the body, conserving its energy. |  | 25 |
| 15369243362 | reflex | a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response. |  | 26 |
| 15369243363 | endocrine system | a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. |  | 27 |
| 15369243364 | hormones | chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues. | 28 | |
| 15369243365 | adrenal glands | a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help the body respond in times of stress. |  | 29 |
| 15369243366 | pituitary gland | the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, it regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. | 30 |
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