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Flashcards

AP English Language & Composition Flashcards

14535920842	abash	to make ashamed; to embarrass	0
14535920843	abate	(v.) to make less in amount, degree, etc.; to subside, become less; to nullify; to deduct, omit	1
14535920844	abominable	Horrible or unpleasant	2
14553993962	abridge	to make shorter	3
14553993963	abstain	to choose not to do something	4
14553993964	abut	(v.) to join at one end or be next to; to support, prop up	5
14553993965	accentuate	to emphasize	6
14553993966	accost	to approach and speak to first; to confront in a challenging or aggressive way	7
14553993967	acquiesce	(v.) to accept without protest; to agree or submit	8
14553993968	acquisition	In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.	9
14553993969	adamant	unyielding; firm in opinion	10
14553993970	affable	friendly	11
14553993971	affinity	an attraction to	12
14553993972	affluent	wealthy	13
14553993973	Allegory	a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.	14
14553993974	alleviate	to relieve	15
14553993975	allure	(v.) to entice, tempt; to be attractive to; (n.) a strong attraction; the power to attract, charm	16
14553993976	altercation	an angry argument	17
14553993977	ambiguous	open to more than one interpretation	18
14553993978	ambivalent	Having mixed feelings	19
14553993979	anagram	a word or phrase formed from another word or phrase by changing the order of the letters	20
14553993980	anecdote	a short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person	21
14553993981	antagonize	to annoy or provoke to anger	22
14553993982	appraisal	an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus	23
14553993983	apprise	to inform	24
14553993984	arable	suitable for growing crops	25
14553993985	arbitrary	(adj.) unreasonable; based on one's wishes or whims without regard for reason or fairness	26
14553993986	archives	public records; place where public records are kept	27
14553993987	arduous	hard to do, requiring much effort	28
14553993988	array	A large group of people or things	29
14553993989	askew	twisted to one side, crooked; disapprovingly	30
14553993990	assail	attack	31
14553993991	assay	to test, analyze	32
14553993992	assertion	a declaration or statement	33
14553993993	attrition	a wearing down over time	34
14553993994	audacious	(adj.) bold, adventurous, recklessly daring	35
14553993995	augment	to make larger, increase	36
14553993996	auspicious	favorable	37
14553993997	austere	(adj.) severe or stern in manner; without adornment or luxury, simple, plain; harsh or sour in flavor	38
14553993998	autocrat	dictator	39
14553993999	baleful	harmful	40
14553994000	bandy	to exchange words; to discuss casually	41
14553994001	banter	teasing; playful conversation	42
14553994002	beleaguer	to besiege by encircling (as with an army); to harass	43
14553994003	beneficent	(adj.) performing acts of kindness or charity; conferring benefits, doing good	44
14553994004	bestow	to give as a gift	45
14553994005	betrothed	engaged to be married	46
14553994006	bilateral	both sides	47
14553994007	blithe	cheerful, lighthearted; casual, unconcerned	48
14553994008	bolster	to support	49
14553994009	brevity	shortness	50
14553994010	browbeat	to intimidate by a stern or overbearing manner; to bully	51
14553994011	brunt	(n.) the main impact, force, or burden	52
14553994012	brusque	(adj.) abrupt, blunt, with no formalities	53
14553994013	bulwark	a defensive wall	54
14553994014	bumptious	self-assertive	55
14553994015	Bureaucracy	A large, complex organization composed of appointed officials	56
14553994016	camaraderie	trust among friends	57
14553994017	Catharsis	a release of emotional tension	58
14553994018	cede	to go	59
14553994019	chagrin	embarrassment; a complete loss of courage	60
14553994020	cite	quote	61
14553994021	climactic	arranged in order of increasing force and interest	62
14553994022	coalition	a combination, union, or merger for some specific purpose	63
14553994023	coherent	(adj.) holding or sticking together; making a logical whole; comprehensible, meaningful	64
14553994024	comely	having a pleasing appearance	65
14553994025	comprehensive	thorough	66
14553994026	concerted	planned or performed in cooperation with others	67
14553994027	congenital	existing at birth	68
14553994028	conjecture	to guess	69
14553994029	Connotation	an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.	70
14553994030	consensus	general agreement	71
14553994031	consonant	harmonious agreement	72
14553994032	contraband	(n.) illegal traffic, smuggled goods; (adj.) illegal, prohibited	73
14553994033	contrition	deep regret for doing something wrong	74
14553994034	convivial	festive, sociable, having fun together, genial	75
14553994035	correlate	have a mutual relationship or connection	76
14553994036	credence	belief, mental acceptance	77
14553994037	debacle	a complete failure; a total collapse	78
14553994038	debonair	(adj.) pleasant, courteous, lighthearted; smooth and polished in manner and appearance	79
14553994039	decadence	(n.) decline, decay, or deterioration; a condition or period of decline or decay; excessive self-indulgence	80
14553994040	deference	to respect	81
14553994041	defile	to pollute; to corrupt	82
14553994042	degenerate	to break down; to deteriorate	83
14553994043	deign	to lower oneself before an inferior	84
14553994044	deluge	flood	85
14553994045	demeanor	behavior	86
14553994046	deprecate	to express disapproval of	87
14553994047	derogatory	showing a critical or disrespectful attitude	88
14553994048	despicable	(adj.) worthy of scorn, contemptible	89
14553994049	dissipate	(v.) to cause to disappear; to scatter, dispel; to spend foolishly, squander; to be extravagant in pursuit of pleasure	90
14553994050	dissolute	loose in one's morals or behavior	91
14553994051	diverge	to vary; go in different directions from the same point	92
14553994052	effete	worn out; barren	93
14553994053	efficacious	effective, producing results	94
14553994054	elation	Excited feelings of pride, triumph, or happiness	95
14553994055	embellish	to decorate	96
14553994056	emendation	a correction	97
14553994057	encroach	(v.) to advance beyond the usual or proper limits, trespass	98
14553994058	enormity	(n.) the quality of exceeding all moral bounds; an exceedingly evil act; huge size, immensity	99
14553994059	enthrall	(v.) to captivate, charm, hold spellbound; to enslave; to imprison	100
14553994060	entity	anything having existence, either physical or mystical	101
14553994061	entomology	study of insects	102
14553994075	entourage	group of attendants	103
14553994076	epicure	someone who appreciates good food and drink	104
14553994077	epilouge	a concluding section of a book or play, usually adressed to an audience	105
14553994078	Epithet	an adjective or descriptive phrase expressing a quality characteristic of the person or thing mentioned.	106
14553994079	equestrian	having to do with horseback riding	107
14553994080	erroneous	(adj.) incorrect, containing mistakes	108
14553994081	evasive	deliberately vague or ambiguous	109
14553994082	evoke	to summon forth	110
14553994083	exhaustive	thorough	111
14553994084	Exodus	a large-scale departure or flight	112
14553994085	exonerate	to free from blame	113
14553994086	expedite	to make easy, cause to progress faster	114
14553994087	expletive	an interjection to lend emphasis; sometimes, a profanity	115
14553994088	extemporaneous	made or delivered on the spur of the moment	116
14553994089	faction	A group with a distinct political interest	117
14553994090	factious	causing disagreement	118
14553994091	fallible	capable of error	119
14553994092	fastidious	Difficult to please	120
14553994093	felictious	(adj.) appropriate, apt, well chosen; marked by well-being or good fortune, happy	121
14553994094	Felony	A serious crime	122
14553994095	ferocity	savagery	123
14553994096	fidelity	faithfulness	124
14553994097	filial	of, relating to, or befitting a son or daughter	125
14553994098	finality	the quality or condition of being complete or settled; conclusiveness	126
14553994099	Fiord	a long, narrow inlet of the sea, with steep cliffs rising alongside	127
14553994100	flail	to strike out or swing wildly; to thrash about	128
14553994101	flaunt	to show off	129
14553994102	flay	to whip; to remove skin	130
14553994103	foreshadow	A narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader.	131
14553994104	forgo	(v.) to do without, abstain from, give up	132
14553994105	forte	loud	133
14553994106	frustrate	to prevent from accomplishing a purpose or fulfilling a desire; to cause feelings of discouragement	134
14553994107	fulminate	to loudly attack or denounce	135
14553994108	furor	an uproar; a state of great anger or excitement	136
14553994109	furtive	secretive	137
14553994110	garrulous	talkative	138
14553994111	gibe	to utter taunting words; an expression of scorn	139
14553994112	gird	to prepare for an event or an action	140
14553994113	goad	(v.) to drive or urge on; (n.) something used to drive or urge on	141
14553994114	gradation	process occurring by regular degrees or stages; variation in color	142
14553994115	grandoise	impressive; showy; magnificent	143
14553994116	guise	an external appearance, cover, mask	144
14553994117	haggard	(adj.) thin, pale, and careworn as a result of worry or suffering; wild-looking	145
14553994118	heinous	(adj.) very wicked, offensive, hateful	146
14553994119	hypercritical	overcritical	147
14553994120	hypochondriac	a person obsessed with health; having imaginary illnesses	148
14553994121	idiomatic	characteristic of a particular language	149
14553994122	idyll	a lyric poem or passage that describes a kind of ideal life or place	150
14553994123	imbibe	to drink	151
14553994124	immemorial	reaching back beyond the bounds of memory; extremely old	152
14553994125	imperious	(adj.) overbearing, arrogant; seeking to dominate; pressing, compelling	153
14553994126	impetuous	impulsive	154
14553994127	impromptu	without preparation	155
14553994128	impunity	freedom from punishment	156
14553994129	inane	(adj.) silly, empty of meaning or value	157
14553994130	incise	cut into	158
14553994131	incoherent	not able to be understood; nonsensical	159
14553994132	incongruous	out of place	160
14553994133	incredulous	disbelieving, skeptical	161
14553994134	indigenous	native	162
14553994135	indolence	laziness	163
14553994136	inexplicable	hard to explain or impossible to understand	164
14553994137	infer	to find out by reasoning; to arrive at a conclusion on the basis of thought; to hint, suggest, imply	165
14553994138	ingratiate	(v.) to make oneself agreeable and thus gain favor or acceptance by others (sometimes used in a critical or derogatory sense)	166
14553994139	inherent	Existing as a natural part	167
14553994140	innocuous	harmless	168
14553994141	insatiable	so great or demanding as not to be satisfied	169
14553994142	insidious	intended to deceive or entrap; sly, treacherous	170
14553994143	insular	(adj.) relating to, characteristic of, or situated on an island; narrow or isolated in outlook or experience	171
14553994144	intangible	not material	172
14553994145	integral	essential	173
14553994146	interminable	endless	174
14553994147	interpose	to step in between parties at variance; mediate	175
14553994148	intrepid	fearless	176
14553994149	Intricary	condition or state of being complex, involved, or detailed; elaborateness	177
14553994150	intrinsic	(adj.) belonging to someone or something by its very nature, essential, inherent; originating in a bodily organ or part	178
14553994151	introspective	contemplating one's own thoughts and feelings	179
14553994152	inure	(v.) to toughen, harden; to render used to something by long subjection or exposure	180
14553994153	invidious	offensive, hateful; tending to cause bitterness and resentment	181
14553994154	invoke	to call on for support	182
14553994155	irascible	easily angered	183
14553994156	laudable	worthy of praise	184
14553994157	lucid	easy to understand, clear; rational, sane	185
14553994158	lucrative	bringing in money; profitable	186
14554030754	malevolent	spiteful, showing ill will	187
14554030755	Martyr	A person who is killed because of their religious or other beliefs	188
14554030756	mercenary	a professional soldier hired by a foreign army	189
14554030757	microcosm	a miniature world or universe; a group or system viewed as the model of a larger group or system	190
14554030758	misanthrope	(n.) a person who hates or despises people	191
14554030759	miscreant	evil unbeliever	192
14554030760	noncommittal	not decisive or definite; unwilling to take a clear position or to say yes or no	193
14554030761	nostalgic	longing for the past	194
14554030762	novice	beginner	195
14554030763	nurture	(v.) to bring up, care for, train, nourish; (n.) rearing, training, upbringing	196
14554030764	omnivorous	eating every kind of food; eagerly taking in everything, having a wide variety of tastes	197
14554030765	oracular	prophetic; uttered as if with divine authority; mysterious or ambiguous	198
14554030766	orient	to locate	199
14554030767	oscillate	(v.) to swing back and forth with a steady rhythm; to fluctuate or waver	200
14554030768	ostentatious	showy	201
14554030769	palliate	to make less serious; ease	202
14554030770	panacea	a remedy for all ills; cure-all; an answer to all problems	203
14554030771	peripheral	on the edge, not important	204
14554030772	permeate	(v.) to spread through, penetrate, soak through	205
14554030773	pernicious	(adj.) extremely harmful; deadly, fatal	206
14554030774	perpetuate	to make permanent or long lasting	207
14554030775	Phalanx	A military formation of foot soldiers armed with spears and shields	208
14554030776	platitude	a commonplace, stale, or trite remark	209
14554030777	plebeian	(adj.) common, vulgar; belonging to the lower class; (n.) a common person, member of the lower class	210
14554030778	politic	(adj.) prudent, shrewdly conceived and developed; artful, expedient	211
14554030779	populace	common people	212
14554030780	precipitate	A solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction.	213
14554030781	predecessor	one who came before	214
14554030782	preemptory	to take the place of; displace, to have precedence or predominance over	215
14554030783	premeditated	considered beforehand, deliberately planned	216
14554030784	preseumptuous	failing to observe the limits of what is permitted or inappropriate	217
14554575893	pretentious	pompous, self-important	218
14554575894	proboscis	nose	219
14554575895	procrastinate	(v.) to delay, put off until later	220
14554575896	prodigy	A person with great talent; a young genius	221
14554575897	proficient	skilled, expert, or capable in any field or activity	222
14554575898	proletarian	member of the working class	223
14554575899	Prologue	A speech, passage, or event coming before the main speech or event	224
14554575900	propagate	reproduce	225
14554575901	protagainst	Main character in a story	226
14554575902	prototype	a mental image or best example of a category	227
14554575903	protract	to prolong	228
14554575904	provocation	causing aggravation or annoyance	229
14554575905	provocative	(adj.) tending to produce a strong feeling or response; arousing desire or appetite; irritating, annoying	230
14554575906	proxy	(n.) an agent, substitute; a written permission allowing one person to act in another's place	231
14554575907	purpot	(v.) - to present an intention that is often FALSE	232
14554575908	query	question	233
14554575909	quixotic	overly idealistic; impractical	234
14554575910	rapacious	greedy	235
14554575911	rationalize	to make an excuse for	236
14554575912	recalcitrant	stubbornly disobedient, resisting authority	237
14554575913	reciprocate	to give in return	238
14554575914	recrimination	an accusation in response to one from someone else	239
14554575915	redress	to set right, remedy; relief from wrong or injury	240
14554575916	reiterate	to say again, repeat	241
14554575917	relent	to become less severe; to give in	242
14554575918	remission	improvement or absence of signs of disease	243
14554575919	repartee	a quick, witty reply	244
14554575920	Repression	in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories	245
14554575921	repugnant	(adj.) offensive, disagreeable, distasteful	246
14554575922	resilient	(adj.) able to return to an original shape or form; able to recover quickly	247
14554575923	rhetorical	relating to speech that is used to persuade or have some effect; insincere in expression	248
14554575924	rigorous	strict; harsh; severe	249
14554575925	rudiment	a basic idea or principle	250
14554575926	sallow	yellowish	251
14554575927	sanction	authorize	252
14554575928	satitate	to satisfy completely	253
14554575929	scapegoat	(n.) a person or thing carrying the blame for others	254
14554575930	scrutinize	to examine closely	255
14554575931	Secular	Non-religious	256
14554575932	shibboleth	(n.) a word, expression, or custom that distinguishes a particular group of persons from all others; a commonplace saying or truism	257
14554575933	shrew	a mean, nagging woman	258
14554575934	sluice	to drain	259
14554575935	Solstice	Time when the Sun is farthest from the equator.	260
14554575936	somnolent	sleepy	261
14554575937	sortie	a sudden attack by troops from a defensive position; a single mission of a lone airplane against an enemy	262
14554575938	staunch	Firm and steadfast	263
14554575939	stereotype	A generalized belief about a group of people	264
14554575940	stigma	mark of disgrace	265
14554575941	stint	(v.) to limit, be sparing or frugal; (n.) a limit or restriction; a fixed share of work or duty; a period of activity	266
14554575942	stipend	fixed salary	267
14554575943	stoic	A person who can endure pain or hardship without showing their feelings or complaining.	268
14554575944	subservient	(adj.) subordinate in capacity or role; submissively obedient; serving to promote some end	269
14554575945	subside	wear off or die down	270
14554575946	subterfuge	an excuse or trick for escaping or hiding something	271
14554575947	supercilious	proud and contemptuous; showing scorn because of a feeling of superiority	272
14554575948	supplication	the action of asking or begging for something earnestly or humbly	273
14554575949	surmise	to guess	274
14554575950	symposium	conference	275
14554575951	synchronize	to cause to happen at the same time	276
14554575952	syndicate	a gathering of people with a common interest	277
14554575953	taint	(n.) a stain or spot; a mark of corruption or dishonor; (v.) to stain or contaminate	278
14554575954	tawdry	(adj.) showy and flashy but lacking in good taste	279
14554575955	tenacity	persistence	280
14554575956	tepid	lukewarm; unenthusiastic, marked by an absence of interest	281
14554575957	terse	brief and to the point	282
14554575958	thwart	(v.) to oppose successfully; to prevent, frustrate	283
14554575959	transient	(adj.) lasting only a short time, fleeting; (n.) one who stays only a short time	284
14554575960	ulterior	lying beyond what is evident, revealed, or claimed	285
14554575961	undermine	to weaken	286
14554575962	unremitting	(adj.) not stopping, maintained steadily, never letting up, relentless	287
14554575963	usurp	to seize and hold a position by force or without right	288
14554575964	vanquish	to defeat	289
14554575965	vegetate	lead a dull, inactive, useless life	290
14554575966	verbose	wordy	291
14554575967	Vernacular	Everyday language of ordinary people	292
14554575968	vilify	slander	293
14554575969	vivacious	lively	294
14554575970	vogue	prevailing fashion or practice	295
14554575971	waive	(v.) to do without, give up voluntarily; to put off temporarily, defer	296
14554575972	wily	(adj.) sly, shrewd, cunning	297
14554575973	wistful	having or showing a feeling of vague or regretful longing	298
14554575974	wrest	to take by force	299

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AP Language Rhetorical Terms Flashcards

Rhetorical Terms and Definitions for Mrs. Martenson's AP Language and Composition Class.

Terms : Hide Images

14010794611	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.	0
14010794612	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not used in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, and/or supply a musical sound.	1
14010794613	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical (like referring to Hitler), literary (like referring to Kurtz in Heart of Darkness), religious (like referring to Noah and the flood), or mythical 9like referring to Atlas). There are, of course, many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.	2
14010794614	Ambiguity	The Multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, or a word, phrase, sentence or passage.	3
14010794615	Anadiplosis	The repetition of a key word, especially the last one, at the beginning of the next sentence or clause. For example, "He gave his life; life was all he could give."	4
14010794616	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between tow different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.	5
14010794617	Anapestic	A foot in poetry with two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable.	6
14010794618	Anaphora	The rhetorical device of repeating a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences for emphasis and rhythm.	7
14010794619	Anathema	A thing or person accursed or damned; a thing or person greatly detested; a formal curse or condemnation excommunicating a person from a church or damning something; any strong curse.	8
14010794620	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long complex sentence or in a group of sentences.	9
14010794621	Anticlimax	Using a sequence of ideas that abruptly diminish in dignity or importance at the end of a sentence, generally for satirical effect.	10
14010794622	Antimetabole	Repeating words in reverse order for surprise and emphasis. Same as Chiasmus.	11
14010794623	Antithesis	A contrast or opposition of thoughts, usually in two phrases, clauses, or sentences. For example, You are going; I am staying. The exact opposite (Joy is the antithesis of sorrow).	12
14010794624	Aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb). An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point.	13
14010794625	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. William Wordsworth addresses John Milton as he writes, "Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour: England hath need of thee.	14
14010794626	Archetype	The original pattern, or model from which all other things of the same kind of thing are made; a perfect example of a type or group.	15
14010794627	Assonance	The repetition of vowel sounds in a series of words; e.g., the words "cry and "side" have the same vowel sound and so are said to be in assonance.	16
14010794628	Asyndeton	The practice of leaving out the usual conjunctions between coordinate sentence elements. For example: smile, shake hands, part.	17
14010794629	Atmosphere	The emotional mood created by the entirety of the literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently, atmosphere foreshadows events.	18
14010794630	Attitude	The position or posture assumed in connection with an action, feeling, mood. For example, to kneel in an attitude of prayer. Also a manner of acting, feeling or thinking that shows one's disposition, opinion or mental set, etc.	19
14010794631	Balanced Sentence	In a balanced sentence, the phrases or clauses balance each other by virtue of their likeness in structure, meaning, or length: e.g., He maketh me to lie down in green pastures; he leadeth me beside the still waters.	20
14010794632	Bathos	An abrupt change from the lofty to the ordinary or trivial in writing or speech; anticlimax.	21
14010794633	Blank Verse	Blank verse is poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. An iamb is a poetic foot consisting of one weak stress followed by one strong stress. A pentameter line is a line of five poetic feet.	22
14010794634	Cacophony	Harsh sounding, jarring sound; dissonance.	23
14010794635	Caesura	A pause or break in the middle of a line of poetry	24
14010794636	Chiasmus	Similar to antimetabole, but reversing the grammatical elements rather than just words, for emphasis.	25
14010794637	Clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate, clause cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. Examine this sample sentence: "Because I practiced hard, my AP scores were high." In this sentence, the independent clause is "my AP scores were high," and the dependent clause is "Because I practiced hard."	26
14010794638	Cliche	An overused, worn-out, hackneyed expression that used to be fresh but is no more. "Blushing bride" and "clinging vine" are clichés used to describe people.	27
14010794639	Climax	Arranging words, clauses, or sentences in the order of their importance, the least forcible coming first and the others rising in poser until the last.	28
14010794640	Colloquial	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local and regional dialects.	29
14010794641	Complex Sentence	A complex sentence contains two or more principal clauses and one or more subordinate clauses: e.g., You said that you would tell the truth.	30
14010794642	Compound Sentence	A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinate conjunction (and, but, or) or by a semicolon: e.g., The singer bowed to the audience, but she sang no encores.	31
14010794643	Compound-Complex Sentence	A compound-complex sentence contains two or more principal clauses and one or more subordinate clauses: e.g., The singer bowed while the audience applauded, but she sang no encores.	32
14010794644	Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. A conceit displays intellectual cleverness due to the unusual comparison made.	33
14010794645	Connotation	The nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes.	34
14010794646	Consonance	The repetition of a constant sound within a series of words to produce a harmonious effect: e.g., And each slow dusk a drawing-down of blinds. The "d" sound is in consonance. The "s" sound is also in consonance.	35
14010794647	Cumulative sentence	An independent clause followed by a series of subordinate constructions that gather details about a person, place, event, or idea	36
14010794648	Dactylic	A foot in poetry with one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables.	37
14010794649	Declarative Sentence	A sentence that makes a statement: e.g., The king is sick.	38
14010794650	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color.	39
14010794651	Device	A plan. Something used to gain an artistic effect.	40
14010794652	Diction	Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP exam, you should be able to describe an author's diction (for example, formal or informal, ornate or plain) and understand the ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices etc., creates the author's style.	41
14010794653	Didactic	From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic works have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.	42
14010794654	Dimeter	A verse written in two-foot lines.	43
14010794655	Dirge	A funeral hymn; a slow, sad song, poem, or musical composition expressing grief or mourning.	44
14010794656	Elegy	A poem or song of lament and praise for the dead.	45
14010794657	Ellipsis	The omission of a word or words necessary for complete grammatical construction but understood in the context. For example, "if possible" for "if it is possible." Also an intentional omission of words or letters or an abrupt change of thought, lapse of time, incomplete statement, etc.	46
14010794658	Enjambment	In poetry, the running on of a sentence from one line or couplet to the next with little or no pause.	47
14010794659	Epanalepsis	Opening and closing a sentence with the same word or praise for surprise and emphasis. For example, Buster is deeply concerned to promote the health and well being of Buster.	48
14010794660	Epic	A long narrative poem in a dignified style about the deeds of a tradition or historical hero or heroes.	49
14010794661	Epigram	A short poem with a witty or satirical point; any terse, witty, pointed statement, often antithetical. For example: "Experience is the name everyone gives to his mistakes."	50
14010794662	Epistles	An epistle, or literary letter, is a formal composition written in the form of a letter addressed to a distant person or group of people. Unlike common personal letters, which tend to be conversational and private compositions, epistles are carefully-crafted works of literature, intended for a general audience.	51
14010794663	Epitagh	An inscription on a tomb or gravestone in memory of the person buried there; short composition in prose or verse, written in attribute to a person.	52
14010794664	Euphemism	Form the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. The euphemism may be used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement. Saying "earthly remains" rather than "corpse" is an example of euphemism.	53
14010794665	Euphony	The quality of having a pleasant sound; pleasant combination of agreeable sounds.	54
14010794666	Extended Parallelism	The repetition of words or grammatical elements to achieve cumulative force and rhythm. For example, in a single sentence: I photographed the living things of the Mojave Desert: cactus flowers in yellow bloom , an indigo bush with dark blue flowers, kangaroo rats hopping frantically over the sand, a vulture circling overhead, a rattlesnake basking in the sun.	55
14010794667	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length , occurring frequently in or throughout a work.	56
14010794668	Fable	A brief history, usually with animal characters, that teaches a lesson or moral.	57
14010794669	Figurative Language	A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include, for example, apostrophe, hyperbole. Irony, metaphor, metonymy, onomatopoeia etc.	58
14010794670	Genre	Kinds of types of literature. For example, poetry, drama, novel, short story, nonfiction, etc.	59
14010794671	Homily	A solemn, moralizing talk or writing; a sermon ( especially a long, boring one.)	60
14010794672	Hortative Sentence	A sentence meant to encourage	61
14010794673	Hyperbole	An overstatement or exaggerated way of saying something. Example: "This book weighs a ton." In literature, hyperbole is classified a s a figure of speech.	62
14010794674	Iambic	A foot in poetry with one unstressed syllable, followed by one stressed syllable.	63
14010794675	Imagery	Anything in a literary work that calls up sensations of sight, taste, smell, touch, heat, pressure. In the expression, "My heart is like a singing bird", both the singing bird and the heart are images	64
14010794676	Infer/Inference	To conclude or decide from something known or assumed; derive by reasoning.	65
14010794677	Invective	A violent verbal attack; strong criticism, curses; an abusive term.	66
14010794678	Inverted order of a sentence	This involves constructing a sentence so the predicate comes before the subject: e.g., In California grow oranges. This is a device in which normal sentence patterns are reversed to create an emphatic or rhythmic effect.	67
14010794679	Imperative sentence	A sentence that commands	68
14010794680	Irony	General, irony is an implied contrast. In verbal irony the contrast is between what is said and what is intended, as when one says in disgust, "That's just great." In dramatic irony, a character in a play, short story, or novel expects one outcome of a situation that the audience knows will end a different way. In situational irony the opposite or something very different happens than what is expected.	69
14010794681	Juxtaposition	a poetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, creating an effect of surprise and wit: e.g., "The apparition of these face sin the crowd;/petals on a wet, black bough."	70
14010794682	Language	The entire body of words used in a text, not simply bits of isolated diction; for example: an invitation to a graduation might use formal language, where as a biology text would use scientific and clinical language.	71
14010794683	Literal/ Figurative	Literal is based on the actual words in the ordinary meaning. Figurative gives a more symbolic meaning or representing one concept in terms of another that may be thought of as analogous within sense of reference. In the words "screaming headlines," screaming is a figurative use. Litotes- Understatement employed for the purpose of enhancing the effect of the ideas expressed. Contains a negative.	72
14010794684	Litotes	Ironical understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary	73
14010794685	Loose Sentence	a loose sentence makes sense if brought to a close before the actual ending: e.g., We reached Edmonton/ that morning/ after a turbulent flight/ and some exciting experiences	74
14010794686	Lyric	A melodic poem that expresses the observations and feelings of a single speaker. Unlike a narrative poem, a lyric focuses on a single, united effect. Types of lyrics include elegy, the ode, and the sonnet. Among contemporary American poets, the lyrics is the most common poetic form.	75
14010794687	Metaphor	A comparison, like a simile but usually implied and without a comparative word such as like or as. Example: "My heart is a singing bird"; "He wolfed his food"	76
14010794688	Metonymy	The use of the name of one thing for that of another associated with or suggested by it. For example "the White House" of the "President."	77
14010794689	Mock Heroic	burlesquing or mocking heroic manner, action, or character.	78
14010794690	Monometer	A verse written in one-foot lines.	79
14010794691	Mood	The atmosphere of the literary work. In verbs, an expression of the manner in which the action is done. The three moods in English are indicative, the most common, which states the action is an actual fact ("Tony hit the ball"), imperative, stating a command ("Tony, hit the ball!"). A third mood, the subjunctive, is now rare in English. It is used to express a wish or a conditional statement: "If I were you...", "It is required that the applicant be under twenty-one."	80
14010794692	Motif	A main theme or subject.	81
14010794693	Myth	A fictional tale that explains the actions of gods or heroes or the causes of natural phenomena. Some myths are a kind of primitive science, explaining how and why natural phenomena came about. Other myths express the central values of the people who created them.	82
14010794694	Narrative	The telling of any story, or the story itself, the plot.	83
14010794695	Natural order of a sentence	This involves constructing a sentence so the subject comes before the predicate: e.g., Oranges grow in California.	84
14010794696	Novel	A fictional prose narrative, usually long enough to be published in a book by itself.	85
14010794697	Onomatopoeia	The use of words that sound like what they mean. Buzz, clang, and hiss are onomatopoeia.	86
14010794698	Oxymoron	A figure of speech in which opposite or contradictory ideas or terms are combined; for example: thunderous silence, sweet sorrow and jumbo shrimp are oxymorons.	87
14010794699	Parable	A parable is a brief story, usually with human characters, that teaches a moral lesson. The most famous parables are those told by Christ in the Bible.	88
14010794700	Paradox	a statement that seems contradictory, unbelievable, or absurd but that may actually be true in fact.	89
14010794701	Parellelism	refers to a grammatical or structural similarity between sentences or parts of a sentence. It involves an arrangement of words, phrase, sentences, and paragraphs so that elements of equal importance are equally developed and similarly phrased: e.g., He was walking, running, and jumping for joy. I learned to swim, to play tennis, and to ride a horse.	90
14010794702	Parody	A literary that imitates and makes fun of another type of work, or specific author.	91
14010794703	Pedantic	An unnecessary display of scholarship lacking in judgment or sense of proportion.	92
14010794704	Pentameter	A verse written in five-foot lines.	93
14010794705	Periodic Sentence	A periodic sentence makes sense only hen the end of the sentence is reached. E.g., that morning, after a turbulent flight and some exciting experiences, we reached Edmonton.	94
14010794706	Personification	The treatment of an object or an abstract idea as if it were a person, as in Tennyson's "Now sleeps the crimson petal, now the white," and Shakespeare's "Time's cruel hand."	95
14010794707	Point of View	In fiction, point of view is the person or intelligence the writer creates to tell the story to the reader. The point of view may be that of a character in the story or of an outside observer who is not part of the action.	96
14010794708	Prose	The ordinary form of written or spoken language, without rhyme or meter; speech or writing that is not poetry.	97
14010794709	Prosody	The science or art of versification, including the study of metrical structure, rhyme, stanza forms, etc.	98
14010794710	Pun	play on words that are identical or similar in sound but have sharply diverse meanings. Puns can have serious as well as humorous uses: e.g., When Mercutio is bleeding to death in Romeo and Juliet, he says to his friends, "Ask for me tomorrow, and you shall find me grave man."	99
14010794711	Repetition	A device in which words, sounds, and ideas are used more than once to enhance rhythm and create emphasis: e.g., "...government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall perish form the earth"	100
14010794712	Rhetoric	The skill of using spoken or written communication effectively. It is the art of guiding the reader or listener to agreement with the writer or speaker. Spoken rhetoric is called oratory.	101
14010794713	Rhetorical Modes	Narrative, descriptive, expository & argumentative.	102
14010794714	Rhetorical Question	a question that expects no answer. It is used to draw attention as a point and is generally stronger than the direct statement: e.g., "If Mr. Ferchoff is always fair, as you have said, why did he refuse to listen to Mr. Baldwing's arguments?"	103
14010794715	Rhyme Scheme	A rhyme scheme is a regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem. To describe rhyme scheme, one uses a letter of the alphabet to represent each rhyming sound in a poem or stanza.	104
14010794716	Romance	A story that presents a remote or imaginative incidents rather than ordinary, commonplace experiences. Although the events in a romance are improbable or impossible, the characters still reflect "truth of heart."	105
14010794717	Sarcasm	A taunting, sneering, cutting or caustic remark; gibe or jeer.	106
14010794718	Satire	A literary work that ridicules various aspects of human behavior. Its purpose is often to correct certain faults, but underneath the surface it is sometimes pure personal attack. Gulliver's Travels and Animal Farm and both satires.	107
14010794719	Scheme	Figures of speech that deal with word order, syntax, letters, and sounds	108
14010794720	Semantics	The nature, structure, development and changes of the meanings of speech forms with contextual meaning.	109
14010794721	Sentence Inversion	any sentence in which the normal word order is reversed, with the verb coming before the subject or the complete subject and predicate coming after another clause.	110
14010794722	Sentence Structure	How a speaker or author constructs a sentence affects what the audience understands. The inverted order of an interrogative sentence cues the reader or listener to a question and creates a tension between speaker and listener. Similarly short sentences ar e often emphatic, passionate or flippant, whereas longer sentences suggest the writer's thoughtful response.	111
14010794723	Shift	A change of feelings by the speaker from the beginning to the end, paying particular attention to the conclusion of the literature. (Progression)	112
14010794724	Simile	The comparison of two different things or ideas through the use of words like or as. It is a definitely stated comparison in which the poet says one thing is like another; e,g,, The warrior fought like a lion.	113
14010794725	Simple Sentence	a simple sentence contains one subject and one verb: e.g., The singer bowed to her adoring audience.	114
14010794726	Soliloquy	Lines in a drama in which a character reveals his thoughts to the audience, but not to the other characters, by speaking as if to himself.	115
14010794727	Sonnet	a fourteen-line lyric poem focused on a single theme. Sonnets have many variations, but are usually written in iambic pentameter, following one or two traditional patterns. The Petrarchan, or Italian, or the Shakespearean, or English.	116
14010794728	Split order of a sentence	This divides the predicate into two parts with the subject coming in the middle: e.g., In California oranges grow	117
14010794729	Stream of Conscioiusness	A narrative technique that presents thoughts as if they were coming directly from a character's mind. Instead of being arranged in chronological order, the events of the story are presented from the character's point of view, mixed in character's feelings and memories just as they might spontaneously occur in the mind of a real person.	118
14010794730	Style	a group of different aspects of writing that have to do with the writer's way of saying something. Diction, sentence structure, figurative language, and various sound patterns all enter into style.	119
14010794731	Syllogism	An argument or form of reasoning in which two statements or premises are made and a logical conclusion drawn form them. Example: All mammals are warm blooded. Whales are mammals. Therefore whales are warm blooded.	120
14010794732	Symbol/Symbolism	A thing or action that is made to mean more than itself. A rose, for instance, is used to symbolize love. Writers of ten use symbols to express ideas that are too complicated, too elusive, or too deep for words.	121
14010794733	Synecdoche	A from of a metaphor, In synecdoche , a part of something is used to signify the whole: e.g., All hands on deck. Also, the reverse, whereby the whole can represent a part, is synecdoche: e.g., Canada played the United States in the Olympic hockey finals. Another form of synecdoche involves the container representing the thing be contained: e.g., The pot is boiling. In one last form of synecdoche, the material from which an objects is made stands for the object itself: e.g., The quarterback tossed the pigskin. In metonymy, the name of one thing is applied to another thing with which is closely associated: e.g., I love Shakespeare.	122
14010794734	Synesthetic Imagery	Detail that moves from the simulation of one sense to a response by another sense, as a certain odor induces the visualization of a certain color. Here the act of reading, a visual stimulus, produces sound. e.g., "the cinnamon beat of the music," "yellow cocktail music," "the sparkling odor of jonquils," etc.	123
14010794735	Syntax	At its simplest level, syntax consists of sentence structure and word order, but analysis of style and meaning never relies on one concept alone. Syntax should not be studied in isolation, but rather it should be examined in conjunction with other stylistic techniques that work together to develop meaning.	124
14010794736	Tetrameter	A verse written in four lines.	125
14010794737	Theme	What the author is saying bout the subjects in his work.	126
14010794738	Tone	The writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject and the audience.	127
14010794739	Tragedy	A serious play typically dealing with the problems of a central character, leading to an unhappy or disastrous ending brought on as in ancient drama, by fate and a tragic flaw in this character, or, in modern drama, usually by moral weakness, psychological maladjustment, or social pressures.	128
14010794740	Trimeter	A verse written in three-foot lines.	129
14010794741	Trite	is applied to something, especially a n expression or idea which through repeated use or application has lost its origin freshness.	130
14010794742	Trope	A figurative or metaphorical use of a word or expression	131
14010794743	Trochaic	A foot in poetry with one stressed syllable followed by one unstressed syllable.	132
14010794744	Understatement (meiosis)	The opposite of hyperbole. It is a king of irony that deliberately represents something as being much less than it really is: e.g., I could probably manage to survive on a salary of two million dollars a year.	133
14010794745	Vernacular	Using the native language of a country or place; commonly spoken by the people of a particular country or place.	134
14010794746	Vignette	A short, delicate literary sketch.	135
14010794747	Zeugma	Figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses	136
14010794748	Rhetorical Strategies	methods of development	137
14010794749	Argument and persuasion	stating opinions and proposals	138
14010794750	Cause and Effect	asking why	139
14010794751	Classification	sorting into kinds	140
14010794752	Definition	tracing boundaries	141
14010794753	begging the question	Often called circular reasoning, occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim.	142
14010794754	ad hominem	In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "against the man."	143
14010794755	ad populum	This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do."	144
14010794756	Red Herring	A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion	145
14010794757	Complex Question Fallacy	A fallacy of form where a question is crafted to exclude any possible legitimate response - also known as a "loaded question." Something unstated is being assumed which causes a fallacy.	146
14010794758	Enthymeme	an argument in which one premise is not explicitly stated	147
14010794759	Enthymeme example	"He is a US citizen, so he is entitled to due process." (There is an unstated assumption that US citizens are entitled to due process.)	148
14010794760	Thesis	Focus statement of an essay; premise statement upon which the point of view or discussion in the essay is based.	149
14010794761	Antithesis	Direct opposite	150
14010794762	Synthesis	combining parts into a whole	151
14010794763	Synthesis Essay	Similar to argument essay, but uses given sources to argue a point	152