Flashcards
Flashcards
Ap Government Unit 1 Flashcards
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| 15230428004 | Elite-Class Theory | A belief that certain groups hold disproportionate power in a political system | 0 | |
| 15230428005 | Pluralist Theory | A theory of government and politics emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred policies. Because many groups compete, there is not an elite group that dominates. Compromise is common. | 1 | |
| 15230428006 | Articles of Confederation | 1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade) Each state retained sovereignty, the ability to act independently of the Confederation. Each state had equal representation in a unicameral (single house) legislature. | 2 | |
| 15230428007 | Shays' rebellion | Rebellion led by farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out. |  | 3 |
| 15230428008 | Checks and Balances | A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power | 4 | |
| 15230428009 | Separation of powers | A way of dividing the power of government among the legislative, executive, and judicial branch to prevent tyranny. | 5 | |
| 15230428010 | Popular sovereignty | A government in which the people rule by their own consent. | 6 | |
| 15230428011 | Bicameral | A legislature consisting of two parts, or houses with separate rules | 7 | |
| 15230428012 | Federalists | Those who favored a stronger national government and weaker state governments. Supported the ratification of the Constitution. | 8 | |
| 15230428013 | Anti-Federalist | Those who favored strong state governments and a weaker national government. Advocated for a bill of rights to formally address individual and state rights. Concerned about the concentration of power in a central government under the Constitution. | 9 | |
| 15230428014 | Federalism | A system of government in which power and responsibilty is divided between the federal and state governments | 10 | |
| 15230428015 | Supremacy clause | Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits. (ex. McCulloch v. Maryland) | 11 | |
| 15230428016 | Virginia Plan | Initial proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by the Virginia delegation for a strong central government with a bicameral legislature dominated by the big states. | 12 | |
| 15230428017 | New Jersey Plan | Proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by William Paterson of New Jersey for a central government with a single-house legislature in which each state would be represented equally. | 13 | |
| 15230428018 | Connecticut or Great Compromise | Compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators. | 14 | |
| 15230428019 | Republican Democracy | Format chosen by Founding Fathers. People vote for representatives who then make laws. People do not vote directly on legislation. | 15 | |
| 15230428020 | Three fifths clause | slave counted as 3/5 of a person for population counts to determine how many representatives. | 16 | |
| 15230428021 | Federalist Papers | A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail. | 17 | |
| 15230428022 | Bill of Rights | A formal statement of the fundamental rights of the people of the United States, incorporated in the Constitution as Amendments 1-10. Satisfied Anti-federalist concerns. | 18 | |
| 15230428023 | Elastic clause | AKA the "Necessary and Proper Clause" Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution. Has allowed the federal government to expand its power over time. | 19 | |
| 15230428024 | Commerce clause | The clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations. Has helped the Federal government expand its power over time- including the regulation of the environment and civil rights. | 20 | |
| 15230428025 | Concurrent powers | Powers held jointly by the national and state governments. For example, the powers to tax, pass laws and borrow funds | 21 | |
| 15230428026 | cooperative federalism | A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. Often referred to as "marble cake" | 22 | |
| 15230428027 | Dual Federalism | A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies. | 23 | |
| 15230428028 | Expressed Powers/Enumerated powers | Powers the Constitution specifically granted to one of the branches of the national government. Listed explicitly in the Constitution. Ex: right to coin money, declare war, regulate foreign and interstate trade, tax, etc. | 24 | |
| 15230428029 | Implied powers | Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution; Powers inferred from the express powers that allow Congress to carry out its functions. Has Constitutional basis in Necessary and Proper/Elastic Clause | 25 | |
| 15230428030 | Inherent powers | powers that exist for the national government because the government is sovereign. Ex: The Louisiana Purchase | 26 | |
| 15230428031 | Reserved Powers | belong to the states and the people; Powers not specifically granted to the federal government or denied to the states. Granted by the 10th Amendment. For example, regulating voting and administering elections at the state level. | 27 | |
| 15230428032 | Unitary System | A government that gives all key powers to the national or central government | 28 | |
| 15230428033 | Block grants | Federal money given to the states with limited spending guidelines. Allows the states power to decide how to spend funds within relatively loose guidelines. Ex: funds for transportation and state chooses how to allocate. | 29 | |
| 15230428034 | Categorical Grants | Federal money given to the states with specific spending guidelines. Gives the federal government the power to decide how funds are spent within the state. Ex: funds for highway repairs, cannot be used for other purposes. | 30 | |
| 15230428035 | Devolution | The transfer of power from a high level political office to a lower level; central government to regional, state, or local governments. Example-Welfare Reform Act of 1996 | 31 | |
| 15230428036 | The 10th Amendment | Reserves powers to the states. Has been used successfully by the states to get the federal courts to strike down federal laws that violate this principle. | 32 | |
| 15230428037 | federal mandate | An order given by the federal government that states must follow and pay for | 33 | |
| 15230428038 | formula grant | Type of categorical grant that is usually based on a state's population | 34 | |
| 15230428039 | Intrastate commerce | Commerce WITHIN A STATE commercial activity regulated at the state level | 35 | |
| 15230428040 | Interstate commerce | Commerce between different states, can be regulated by Congress. | 36 | |
| 15230428041 | Full Faith and Credit Clause | requires state courts to enforce that civil judgments of the courts of other states and accept their public records and acts as valid. | 37 | |
| 15230428042 | fiscal federalism | project grants, formula grants, block grants are all examples of | 38 | |
| 15230428043 | extradition | process of returning a fugitive from justice to the state in which the crime occured | 39 | |
| 15230428044 | exclusive powers | Powers that only the national government have | 40 | |
| 15230428045 | privileges and immunities clause | prevents a state from treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner. | 41 | |
| 15230428046 | project grant | type of categorical grant which requires a competitive application process | 42 | |
| 15230428047 | Federalist Paper #10 | Written by James Madison to convince people to support the ratification of the Constitution. Argued that factions were inevitable but were best controlled by a large republic that employed a Federalist structure. Argued that competition among factions would limit their negative impacts. | 43 | |
| 15230428048 | McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) | The court ruled that the states did not have the power to tax the national bank. Used the backing of the Supremacy Clause to argue that states could not interfere with legitimate federal laws | 44 |
AP Psychology Module 1 Flashcards
Module 1 of Psychology - Seventh Edition in Modules by David Myers for AP Psychology.
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| 13878145031 | Empiricism | The view that knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and science flourishes through observation and experiment. | 0 | |
| 13878145032 | Structuralism | An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind. | 1 | |
| 13878145033 | Functionalism | A school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish. | 2 | |
| 13878145034 | Psychology | The science of behavior and mental processes. | 3 | |
| 13878145035 | Nature-nurture issue | The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. | 4 | |
| 13878145036 | Natural selection | The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. | 5 | |
| 13878145037 | Basic research | Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base. | 6 | |
| 13878145038 | Applied research | Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems. | 7 | |
| 13878145039 | Clinical psychology | A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders. | 8 | |
| 13878145040 | Psychiatry | A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy. | 9 | |
| 13878145041 | Neuroscience perspective | How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences. | 10 | |
| 13878145042 | Evolutionary perspective | How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes. | 11 | |
| 13878145043 | Behavior genetics perspective | How much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences. | 12 | |
| 13878145044 | Psychodynamic perspective | How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts. | 13 | |
| 13878145045 | Behavioral perspective | How we learn observable responses. | 14 | |
| 13878145046 | Cognitive perspective | How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information. | 15 | |
| 13878145047 | Social-cultural perspective | How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures. | 16 | |
| 13878145048 | Hebrews, Aristotle, Augustine | They believed the mind and body are connected. | 17 | |
| 13878145049 | Socrates, Plato, Descartes | They believed the mind and body are distinct. | 18 | |
| 13878145050 | Socrates, Plato | They believed some ideas are inborn. | 19 | |
| 13878145051 | Aristotle, Locke | They believed the mind is a blank slate, altered by experience. | 20 | |
| 13878145052 | William Wundt | His 1879 experiment that aimed to measure the fasted and simplest mental processes was psychology's first experiment. | 21 | |
| 13878145053 | William James | founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment | 22 | |
| 13878145054 | Mary Calkins | Distinguished memory researcher and APA's first female president; student of William James | 23 | |
| 13878145055 | Margaret Washburn | First woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology an animal behaviorist developed a motor theory of speech | 24 | |
| 13878145056 | G. Stanley Hall | founder of american psych association (APA) working with William James | 25 | |
| 13878145057 | Max Wetheimer | A gestalt psychologist | 26 | |
| 13878145058 | Sigmund Freud | Austrian neurologist known for his work on the unconscious mind. Father of psychoanalysis. | 27 | |
| 13878145059 | John B. Watson | founder of behaviorism | 28 | |
| 13878145060 | Ivan Pavlov | Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditionin | 29 | |
| 13878145061 | B.F. Skinner | developed operant conditioning and studied behavioral perspective | 30 | |
| 13878145062 | Maslow | hierarchy of needs | 31 | |
| 13878145063 | Carls Rogers | Humanist | 32 | |
| 13878145064 | Charles Darwin | Evolutionary | 33 | |
| 13878145065 | Jean Piaget | child development 4 stages - sensory, motor, preamp, formal operational Cognitive Development |  | 34 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP World History Chapter 11 Flashcards
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| 8121350207 | What characteristics mark the Middle Ages/medieval period in European history? How did Europe develop from 550-900 and what made that development difficult? | Characteristics of medieval Europe included Christianity, feudalism, an increasing network of trade, advancing agriculture, and an increasing position in global roles. However, political and religious disunity and fragmentation made the unification of Europe difficult. | 0 | |
| 8121494036 | What is Manorialism and how did it affect relationships between rulers (landlords) and ruled (serfs)? What was life like for serfs? | Manorialism was a system of political and economic relations that became more prevalent after the decline of trade and lack of larger political structures. Rulers protected serfs or gave them in exchange for work on a manor (farm, basically). However, serfs worked very hard for little reward. | 1 | |
| 8121529282 | How did the Catholic Church wield both political and religious power? | The church appointed officials and regulated the doctrine that officials spread. They often used missionaries to compete with Orthodox Christianity. Politically, the Church also had power because of kings adopting the religion to gain prestige. The church also used monasteries to promote Christian unity and spread the religion. | 2 | |
| 8123830111 | How did early kings (like Clovis, Charles Martel, and Charlemagne) rise to power and consolidate their kingdoms? How did political disunity affect the unique development of Europe? | Early kings used Christianity as a tool to gain power. They fought in the name of religion and often temporarily united people under a Christian flag. However, political disunity meant that a large empire was impossible, and so unique regional kingdoms developed instead. | 3 | |
| 8123861876 | How do developments in European agriculture reflect the importance of new technology? What changes emerged? | It spurred new economic and cultural advancements. Better agricultural methods led to Europe making more money, loosening the bonds of serfdom, growing populations, and making city life more popular. | 4 | |
| 8123868671 | What is feudalism, including the relationships between lords and vassals? | Feudalism is defined as a system in which greater lords offer protection and land, or other benefits, to vassars, who repaid them in military service and loyalty. | 5 | |
| 8123871000 | How did feudalism develop and how did it help kings gain power? | Feudalism originally developed after the fall of Rome. It began very locally, with one lord only having a few supporters to carry out missions. However, the expansion of feudalism to include many more people allowed kings to have significant military forces and loyal followers. | 6 | |
| 8123883782 | How was the power of kings limited by feudalism and the church? | Feudalism did not allow for there to be large or very centralized empires because one lord could not provide so many resources or protections. The church limited political claims because it had a very organized hierarchical system, of which the pope headed. Feudalism also gave power to the wealthy aristocrats, who in turn limited the powers of the king. | 7 | |
| 8123908598 | What are three examples of expansionist impulses in Europe? What were the immediate effects of these impulses? | In Europe, Christians began to attack the Muslim government that held power in Spain. They also sailed across the Atlantic and instigated the Crusades to reclaim the holy (Muslim) lands. While some small military victories were won (and although the endeavor was mostly a failure), the Crusades portrayed the expansionist aggression of the West and introduced Middle Eastern culture to Europe. | 8 | |
| 8123917065 | How did the church go through periods of corruption and what were responses designed to purify the church? | Some figures in the church behaved like normal feudal lords and pursued money and power. In response, there was an upsurge of monastic activity, an insistence on the holiness of the priesthood, and an attempted ban on investiture in Germany. | 9 | |
| 8123926805 | How were medieval theologians influenced by the classical and Muslim worlds? To what extent was their work unique? How did it set the stage for Western philosophy and science? | The debates regarding how and whether to combine classical Mediterranean philosophies and scientific tradition was reflective of earlier Muslim debates. This knowledge originally came from classical and Arab knowledge. The logical methodology to solving theological issues set the stage for Western scientific and philosophical theory. | 10 | |
| 8123936872 | To what extent was medieval culture influenced by Christian morality? | Christian morality was not diligently followed in day to day life, although religious devotion was expressed through art, architecture, and literature. Medieval writings often reflected philosophy, law, or politics. | 11 | |
| 8123944923 | How did improvements in agriculture challenge the social structure of Europe, and lead to the rise of cities? | Improvements in agriculture led to an improvement in the lives of peasants. Landlord control and strict manorialism decreased. Gains in agriculture spurred larger changes in medieval economic life, and cities grew larger through rising trade. | 12 | |
| 8123952274 | What were the main differences between early European capitalism and the economic ethic of the guilds? | In early European capitalism, it was easier to gain and lose large amounts of money. The ways of obtaining these fortunes were often corrupt, and goods were frequently low quality. In economic guilds, monopolies on profits were actively discouraged and security was emphasized. | 13 | |
| 8123958873 | How did the growth of trade and banking affect Europe? | Trade and banking made capitalism prevalent in Western Europe. Rising trade between other regions, such as Asia, helped develop cities in Europe and advanced technology. Banking made organized commercial activity in Western Europe possible. | 14 | |
| 8125051666 | What were the basic shifts in Western European characteristics at the end of the postclassical period? Why did medievalism begin to break down? | Some key components of Western vitality disappeared, such as the inability of agriculture to keep up with population, which led to famine. The power of the aristocracy also diminished with new military technology, the balance between church and state shifted, and cultural life broke down. | 15 | |
| 8125055754 | Who is Clovis? | A Frankish king who converted the Franks to Christianity. | 16 | |
| 8125057364 | Who are the Carolingians/Charles Martel? | The royal house of Franks that defeated the European Muslim threat, thus stopping the arrival of Islam in Europe. | 17 | |
| 8125060383 | What is Charlemagne/Holy Roman emperors? | Emperors that claimed a holy mandate but did not develop a centralized monarchy. | 18 | |
| 8125062816 | What is the Magna Carta? | A charter given to King John of England confirming feudal rights against monarchial claims. | 19 | |
| 8125065254 | What is Reconquesta? | The "reconquering" of the Spanish peninsula from Muslim forces. | 20 | |
| 8125068893 | What is the Black Death? | Plague in Europe; reduced population and affected social structure. | 21 |
AP Spanish Language and Culture Exam: El Ensayo Persuasivo Formal Flashcards
Palabras clave (del texto AP Spanish -- José Díaz) que se recomiendan para los ensayos persuasivos. No se necesita memorizar todas para tener éxito en el examen AP, pero todas son útiles y ganarás confianza con memorizar unas nuevas.
Terms : Hide Images
| 9508767422 | las dos fuentes, ambas fuentes | both sources |  | 0 |
| 9508767423 | el artículo | the article |  | 1 |
| 9508767424 | la entrevista | the interview |  | 2 |
| 9508767425 | la (primera, segunda, tercera) fuente | the (first, second, third) source | 3 | |
| 9508767426 | la fuente auditiva | the audio source |  | 4 |
| 9508767427 | la grabación | the recording |  | 5 |
| 9508767428 | la gráfica | the graph, the chart |  | 6 |
| 9508767429 | el gráfico | the graph |  | 7 |
| 9508767430 | la tabla | the table, the chart |  | 8 |
| 9508767431 | Como afirma / dice la fuente... | As the source states ... | 9 | |
| 9508767432 | Con referencia a... | With reference to... | 10 | |
| 9508767433 | Con relación a... | With relation to... | 11 | |
| 9508767434 | Con respecto a... / En cuanto a... | With respect to... | 12 | |
| 9508767435 | De acuerdo con... / Según... | According to... | 13 | |
| 9508767436 | Referente a lo que dice / relata la fuente... | Referring to what the source says... | 14 | |
| 9508767437 | A mi parecer... / En mi opinión... | In my opinion... | 15 | |
| 9508767438 | A pesar de (que)... | In spite of... | 16 | |
| 9508767439 | Al analizar / examinar las fuentes, creo que... | Upon analyzing / examining the sources, I think that... | 17 | |
| 9508767440 | Dado que... | Given that... | 18 | |
| 9508767441 | En primer (segundo...) lugar | In first (second...) place | 19 | |
| 9508767442 | Considerando que... | Considering that... | 20 | |
| 9508767443 | Es cierto / evidente / obvio / seguro que... | It's true / evident / obvious / certain that... | 21 | |
| 9508767444 | La razón por la que... | The reason for which... | 22 | |
| 9508767445 | La verdad es (que)... | The truth is (that)... | 23 | |
| 9508767446 | Lo más importante es... | The most important (thing) is... | 24 | |
| 9508767447 | Los datos (los hechos) muestran... | The facts show... | 25 | |
| 9508767448 | No hay duda de que... | There is no doubt that... | 26 | |
| 9508767449 | Para ilustrar con un ejemplo... | To illustrate with an example... | 27 | |
| 9508767450 | Queda claro... | It remains clear... | 28 | |
| 9508767451 | Teniendo en cuenta que... | Taking into consideration that... | 29 | |
| 9508767452 | También hay que considerar... | It's also important to consider... | 30 | |
| 9508767453 | A diferencia de... | Unlike... | 31 | |
| 9508767454 | Al contrario... | To the contrary... | 32 | |
| 9508767455 | Así como / De igual modo | Just like / in the same way | 33 | |
| 9508767456 | De la misma manera... | In the same way... | 34 | |
| 9508767457 | De este modo... | In this way... | 35 | |
| 9508767458 | De otra manera / otro modo... | In another way... | 36 | |
| 9508767459 | En cambio / Por otra parte... | On the other hand... | 37 | |
| 9508767460 | Esta idea se diferencia de... | This idea is different from... | 38 | |
| 9508767461 | Está(n) relacionado(s) / relacionada(s) con... | It is / They are related to... | 39 | |
| 9508767462 | (La fuente) expresa la misma / otra idea... | (The source) expresses the same / another idea... | 40 | |
| 9508767463 | Igual que... | The same as... | 41 | |
| 9508767464 | Por un lado / Por otro lado... | On one hand... / On the other hand... | 42 | |
| 9508767465 | Sin embargo... | Nevertheless, However... | 43 | |
| 9508767466 | sino (que + verbo) | but rather | 44 | |
| 9508767467 | ....tanto...como... | ...as well as... | 45 | |
| 9508767468 | A fin de cuentas, En fin... | After all / Anyway... | 46 | |
| 9508767469 | Así que... | So / So that / this / therefore... | 47 | |
| 9508767470 | Como consecuencia | As a consequence | 48 | |
| 9508767471 | De todas formas / maneras | In any case | 49 | |
| 9508767472 | Debido a... | Due to... | 50 | |
| 9508767473 | En conclusión / resumen... | In conclusion / summary... | 51 | |
| 9508767475 | En todo caso... | In any case... | 52 | |
| 9508767476 | Esto demuestra que... | This shows that... | 53 | |
| 9508767477 | Finalmente... | Finally... | 54 | |
| 9508767478 | Para atar cabos... | To wrap up the loose ends... | 55 | |
| 9508767479 | Para concluir... | To conclude... | 56 | |
| 9508767480 | Como resultado... / Por consiguiente... | As a result... | 57 | |
| 9508767481 | Puesto que... / Ya que... | Since... | 58 | |
| 9508767482 | Resulta que... | It turns out that... | 59 | |
| 9508767483 | Sobre todo... | Above all... | 60 | |
| 9526518526 | Como describe la fuente.... | As the source describes... | 61 | |
| 9526518527 | Como indica la fuente.... | As the source states indicates... | 62 | |
| 9526518528 | Como muestra le fuente.... | As the source shows... | 63 | |
| 9526582664 | Para finalizar... | To finish... | 64 | |
| 9526585881 | Para resumir... | To summarize... | 65 |
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