Flashcards
AP Italian - Conversation phrases Flashcards
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| 8193654168 | Secondo me / a mio parere | In my opinion | 0 | |
| 8193654169 | La mia opinione è | My opinion is | 1 | |
| 8193654170 | Dovresti | You should | 2 | |
| 8193654171 | I vantaggi / svantaggi sono | The advantages / disadvantages are | 3 | |
| 8193654172 | Senti, Marco | Listen, Mark | 4 | |
| 8193654173 | Sarebbe meglio se | It would be better if | 5 | |
| 8193654174 | Direi che | I would say that | 6 | |
| 8193654175 | Preferirei andare | I would prefer to go | 7 | |
| 8193654176 | Mi piacerebbe uscire | I would like to go out | 8 | |
| 8193654177 | Mi dispiace sentirlo | I'm sorry to hear it | 9 | |
| 8193654178 | Dille / digli di non preoccuparsi | Tell her / him not to worry | 10 | |
| 8193654179 | Perché non le / gli regali / dai? | Why don't you give her / him? | 11 | |
| 8193654180 | Gli / Le puoi dire che | You can tell him / her | 12 | |
| 8193654181 | Forse possiamo andare insieme | Maybe we can go together | 13 | |
| 8193654182 | Mi pare che / Mi sembra che (+ CONG) | It seems that | 14 | |
| 8193654183 | Credo che / Penso che / Ritengo che (+ CONG) | I think that | 15 | |
| 8193654184 | È importante che (+ CONG) | It's important that | 16 | |
| 8193654185 | Temo che / Ho paura che (+ CONG) | I'm afraid that | 17 | |
| 8193654186 | Dubito che (+ CONG) | I doubt that | 18 | |
| 8193654187 | Pensano che sia bellissimo (+ CONG) | They think that it's really nice | 19 | |
| 8193654188 | Sono felicissimo che tu possa andare (+ CONG) | I'm so happy that you can go | 20 | |
| 8193654189 | Sono triste che lui non possa venire (+ CONG) | I'm sad that he is unable to come | 21 |
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AP world history vocab chapter 22 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13671705705 | Russian Revolution (1917) | Massive revolutionary upheaval in 1917 that overthrew the Romanov dynasty in Russia and ended with the seizure of power by communists under the leadership of Lenin. Significance: The Romanov dynasty had been in power for more than three centuries and this revolution ended that. This led to a massive social upheaval. | 0 | |
| 13671718536 | Bolsheviks/Lenin | Russian revolutionary party led by Vladimir Lenin and later renamed the Communist Party; its name means "the majority"//Adopted name of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (1870-1924), the main leader of Russia's communist revolution and head of the Soviet state from 1917 until his death. Significance: They called for the dissolution of the Provisional Government and a transfer of state power to the new Soviets | 1 | |
| 13671732876 | Guomindang | The Chinese Nationalist Party led by Chiang Kai-shek from 1928 until its overthrow by the communists in 1949. Significance: Promoted modern development, railroads, light industry, banking- The impact was limited to the cities, rural areas were still impoverished, little support | 2 | |
| 13671749421 | Chinese Revolution | Long revolutionary process in the period 1912-1949 that began with the overthrow of the Chinese imperial system and ended with the triumph of the Communist Party under the leadership of Mao Zedong. Significance: It lasted an incredibly long time and the ideas of Karl Marx weren't well known. Over time, many reforms were made (Mao zedong) | 3 | |
| 13671767937 | Mao Zedong | Chairman of China's Communist Party and de facto ruler of China from 1949 until his death in 1976. Significance: The communist party fought the Japanese and became successful under his ruling. He helped fight against the Guomindang | 4 | |
| 13671782545 | Building socialism | Euphemistic expression of the often-forcible transformation of society when a communist regime came to power in a state. Significance: Favored China. Faced daunting prospects with a large population and small industry. Chinese communists had to build a modern society from the ground up | 5 | |
| 13671802762 | Stalin | Name assumed by Joseph Vissarionovich Jugashvili (1878-1953), leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death; "Stalin" means "made of steel." Significance: He was the major leader to build socialism in the Soviet Union. He installed fully communist governments loyal to himself in many countries | 6 | |
| 13671815310 | Zhenotdel | Women's Department of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union from 1919 to 1930; Zhenotdel worked strongly to promote equality for women Significance: While it lasted, it was a remarkable experiment in women's liberation by means of state action with many new opportunities | 7 | |
| 13671824523 | Collectivization | Process of rural reform undertaken by the communist leadership of both the USSR and China in which private property rights were abolished and peasants were forced onto larger and more industrialized farms to work and share the proceeds as a community rather than as individuals. Significance: Led to a horrible famine with 5 million deaths | 8 | |
| 13671834399 | Cultural Revolution | a massive campaign launched by Mao Zedong in the mid-1960s to combat the capitalist tendencies that he believed reached into even the highest ranks of the Communist Party; the campaign threw China into chaos. Significance: Brought health care/education to the countryside and rural industrialization was now under local control | 9 | |
| 13671843820 | Great Purges/Terror | of the late 1930s were a massive attempt to cleanse the Soviet Union of supposed "enemies of the people"; nearly a million people were executed between 1936 and 1941, and 4 million or 5 million more were sentenced to forced labor in the gulag Significance: This led to the death of millions of falsely accused/innocent people and very hard times | 10 | |
| 13671857787 | Cuban Missile Crisis | Major standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962 over Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba; the confrontation ended in compromise, with the USSR removing its missiles in exchange for the United States agreeing not to invade Cuba. Significance: This war gave expression to the most novel and dangerous dimension of the Cold War nuclear weapons | 11 | |
| 13671869260 | Nikita Khrushchev | Leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 (Was the leader of the Soviet Union during the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis) Significance: He showed the world that Stalin was a criminal. He backed down in the Cuban Missile Crisis leading to the bitter resentment of the Chinese | 12 | |
| 13671889932 | Mikhail Gorbachev | Leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991 whose efforts to reform the USSR led to its collapse. Significance: His efforts exacerbated the country's many difficulties and led to the political disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 (end of communism) | 13 | |
| 13671901336 | Deng Xiaoping | Leader of China from 1976 to 1997 whose reforms essentially dismantled the communist elements of the Chinese economy Significance: He helped China to be led to substantial economic reforms, industrial reforms, and a large amount of economic growth | 14 | |
| 13671917088 | Perestroika/Glasnost | -Bold economic program launched in 1987 by Mikhail Gorbachev with the intention of freeing up Soviet industry and businesses. -Policy that allowed greater cultural and intellectual freedom and ended most censorship of the media Significance: The result of this policy of openness was a burst of awareness of the problems and corruption of the Soviet Union | 15 |
Biochemistry Flashcards
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| 14101331734 | primary structure | sequence of amino acids | 0 | |
| 14101331753 | secondary structure | H-bonding interactions form alpha helix and beta sheets | 1 | |
| 14101339561 | tertiary structure | further folding of the secondary structure of proteins involving interactions between R-groups hydrophilic/phobic, disulphide bridges | 2 | |
| 14101348388 | quaternary structure | Results from two or more polypeptide subunits. | 3 | |
| 14101356035 | steroids | lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings | 4 | |
| 14101358461 | Triglycerides | an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid. | 5 | |
| 14101360589 | Terpenes | repeating units of isoprene | 6 | |
| 14101369722 | Increasing fluidity of cell membrane | increasing the unsaturated FA's, increasing cholestrol, shorter FA chains | 7 | |
| 14101387545 | Competitive inhibitors effect on V-S | No change in Vmax, increase Km | 8 | |
| 14101394818 | Non competitive inhibitors effect on V-S | Lower Vmax, no change in Km | 9 | |
| 14101401699 | Uncompetitive inhibitors effect on V-S | Lower Vmax, decrease Km | 10 | |
| 14101417680 | Metabolic catalysis pathways of glucose | glycolysis, glycogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway | 11 | |
| 14101429468 | Metabolic anabolism of glucose | gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis | 12 | |
| 14101442050 | Use of Acetyl CoA | Krebs, ETC, ketogenesis, FA anabolism | 13 | |
| 14101449848 | Making Acetyl CoA | PDC, ketogenesis, beta-oxidation | 14 | |
| 14101460868 | Enzyme for glucose->G6P | hexokinase (HK) | 15 | |
| 14101465579 | Enzyme for F6P -> F1,6BP | phosphofructokinase (PFK) | 16 | |
| 14101472401 | Net energy from glycolysis | 2 ATP and 2 NADH | 17 | |
| 14101477210 | Enzyme for PEP -> Pyruvate | pyruvate kinase | 18 | |
| 14101657566 | products of fermentation | NAD+, and lactate or ethanol | 19 | |
| 14101670307 | PDC reactants | Pyruvate, CoA-SH, NAD+ | 20 | |
| 14101673815 | PDC products | Acetyl Co-A, NADH, CO2 | 21 | |
| 14101676860 | PDC location | mitochondrial matrix | 22 | |
| 14101680744 | Krebs cycle reactants | 2 Acetyl CoA | 23 | |
| 14101689990 | The Krebs cycle produces | 2 GTP, 6NADH, and 2FADH + OAA | 24 | |
| 14101696870 | electron transport chain | series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions | 25 | |
| 14101941584 | ATP yield for mitochondrial NADH | 2.5 ATP per NADH | 26 | |
| 14101945403 | ATP yield for cytoplasmic NADH | 1.5 ATP per NADH | 27 | |
| 14101950720 | ATP yield for FADH2 | 1.5 ATP per FADH2 | 28 | |
| 14101955181 | Enzyme for making ATP in ETC | ATP synthase | 29 | |
| 14101963009 | Net ATP of cellular respiration | 30 | 30 | |
| 14101969128 | Gluconeogenesis reaction | 2 pyruvate -> 1 glucose | 31 | |
| 14101975878 | 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 CO2 (gluconeogenesis step 1) | 2 OAA + 2 ADP (requires pyruvate carboxylase) | 32 | |
| 14101984273 | 2 OAA + 2 GTP (gluconeogenesis step 2) | 2 PEP + 2 CO2 + 2GDP (requires PEP carboxylkinase) | 33 | |
| 14102001706 | F1,6BP -> F6P enzyme in gluconeogenesis | F1,6BPase | 34 | |
| 14102008866 | G6P to Glucose enzyme | glucose-6-phosphatase | 35 | |
| 14102014673 | Glucose regulation: ATP | Inhibits PFK (glycolysis), activates F1,6BPase (GNG) | 36 | |
| 14102019658 | Glucose regulation: citrate | Inhibits PFK (glycolysis), activates F1,6BPase (GNG) | 37 | |
| 14102032330 | Glucose regulation: AMP | Inhibits F1,6BPase (GNG), activates PFK (glycolysis) | 38 | |
| 14102040050 | Glucose regulation: F2,6BP | Inhibits F1,6BPase (GNG), activates PFK (glycolysis) | 39 | |
| 14102046154 | Insulin glucose regulation | Increase glycolysis | 40 | |
| 14102050113 | Glucagon glucose regulation | Increase GNG | 41 | |
| 14102052061 | GNG location | liver | 42 | |
| 14102062145 | Glycogenesis G6P->GIP enzyme | phosphoglucomutase | 43 | |
| 14102067827 | Glycogenesis GIP+ UTP->UDP-glu enzyme | UDP-glu pyrophosphorylase | 44 | |
| 14102078804 | Glycogenesis UDP-glu -> glycogen enzyme | glycogen synthase | 45 | |
| 14102087900 | Glycogenolysis glycogen -> glycogen(n-1) +GIP enzyme | glycogen phosphorylase | 46 | |
| 14102094800 | Glycogenolysis GIP -> G6P enzyme | phosphoglucomutase | 47 | |
| 14102100560 | Glycogen regulation: insulin | Inhibits glycogen phosphorylase (lysis); activates glycogen synthase (genesis) | 48 | |
| 14102107737 | Glycogen regulation: glucagon | Inhibits glycogen synthase (genesis); activates glycogen phosphorylase (lysis) | 49 | |
| 14102114063 | Glycogen regulation: epinephrine | Inhibits glycogen synthase (genesis); activates glycogen phosphorylase (lysis) | 50 | |
| 14102121611 | Pentose Phosphate Pathway PPP goals | 1) produce ribose R5P + NADPH 2) support nt and FA synthesis by providing reducing E | 51 | |
| 14102146519 | Oxidative phase of PPP | Irreversible; G6P+ 2NADP+ -> R5P + 2 NADPH + CO2 | 52 | |
| 14102156557 | Oxidative phase of PPP enzyme | glyceraldehyde 6P dehydrogenase | 53 | |
| 14102175646 | Non-oxidative phase of PPP | Reversible; R5P -> metabolic intermediates: nucleotides or F6P, GAP | 54 | |
| 14102193280 | Enzyme to break down triglycerides | lipase | 55 | |
| 14102215113 | 3FA -> Fatty acyl co-A requirements | Acyl CoA synthase +CoA-SH+ATP | 56 | |
| 14102280845 | How does fatty acyl co-A enter mitochondrial matrix from cytoplasm? | Carnitine Shuttle | 57 | |
| 14102283687 | 4 steps of beta oxidation | 1. oxidation 2. hydration 3. oxidation 4. cleavage | 58 | |
| 14102297814 | Beta oxidation reactants | Fatty acyl CoA, FAD+, H2O, NAD+, CoA-SH | 59 | |
| 14102310335 | Beta oxidation products | Fatty acyl CoA, Acetyl coA (2C), FADH2, NADH | 60 | |
| 14102322100 | How many rounds of beta oxidation for n carbons in molecule? | carbons/2 -1 | 61 | |
| 14102327493 | Where does fat anabolism take place? | cytoplasm | 62 | |
| 14102337478 | first step fat anabolism + enzyme | acetyl coA + CO2; acetyl CoA carboxylase | 63 | |
| 14102347607 | Fat anabolism regulation: insulin | activates acetyl CoA carboxylase | 64 | |
| 14102350827 | Fat anabolism regulation: glucagon | inhibits acetyl CoA carboxylase | 65 | |
| 14102358684 | Fat anabolism steps (starting from malonyl coA) | 1) elongation 2) reduction 3) dehydration 4) reduction | 66 | |
| 14102383674 | Fat anabolism reactants (starting from malonyl coA) | FA chain + 2 NADPH | 67 | |
| 14102392564 | Fat anabolism products (starting from malonyl coA) | H2O + CO2 + 2 NADP+ | 68 | |
| 14102399468 | Ketogenesis purpose | provides E to crucial organs (FA can't cross blood-brain barrier) | 69 | |
| 14102411159 | Fate of amino acids | 1) new proteins 2) deamination a- NH3 goes to urea cycle b- C skeleton goes to acetyl coA or glucose | 70 |
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