| 9900122177 | Gold, God, Glory | Three simplified main reasons as to why Europeans wanted to explore | | 0 |
| 9900127464 | Dias | Portuguese Explorer who rounded the Cape of Good Hope and stopped at the Indian Ocean, never making it to India | | 1 |
| 9900131144 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese Explorer who rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1497 and continued his voyage up Eastern Africa eventually making it to India. Gave Europeans access to the Asian spice market without having to cross Muslim territory | | 2 |
| 9900141975 | Christopher Columbus | Italian born explorer who sailed for Spain attempting to discover a western route to Asia, but ended up discovering the New World. Sponsored by Fredinand and Isabella claiming new territory for Spain | | 3 |
| 9900146944 | Magellan | First European to cross the Pacific Ocean (although he technically wasn't since he died in the Philippines, his crew was the first to circumnavigate the globe) | | 4 |
| 9900162588 | Manilla | Major Spanish port city established in 1571 that connected Asian trading markets with Spain | | 5 |
| 9900167363 | Mercantilism | Economic theory adopted by many European nations with the goal of maintaining a favorable trade balance where countries exports more than it imports. Rejected by Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations | | 6 |
| 9900176256 | Joint-stock Company | A commercial venture that spurred exploration by bringing together many investors in order to minimize the risks and costs of the investment. Was not funded by the government, two of the most profitable versions of these were the Dutch East India Company (monopoly on spice trade) and English East India Company | | 7 |
| 9900189382 | Cortes | Spanish explorer who arrived in Mexico in 15159 and conquered the Aztec Empire | | 8 |
| 9900191175 | Pizarro | Spanish explorer who arrived in 1522 and conquered the Inca Empire along the West coat of South America | | 9 |
| 9900199108 | Silver | Material which the Spanish traded with China frequently as China, under the Ming Dynasty, had an increasing demand of this material since it was required to pay taxes with | | 10 |
| 9900206577 | Columbia Exchange | Term used to describe the global exchange between the Old and New Worlds. Includes plants, people, resources, and diseases. Decimated Native populations of the Old World | | 11 |
| 9900216104 | Viceroy | "Governor" of oversea territories for the Spanish who were responsible for enforcing colonial policy | | 12 |
| 9900228537 | Syncretism | A blend of two religions, most predominately a mix of Native American culture and Christianity during the Colombian Exchange | | 13 |
| 9900240183 | Seven Years War | A series of conflicts fought on a global stage in 1756 to 1763. War reflected the intense commercial rivalries that developed from European exploration and Europeans' resulting desire to establish trading posts in the Americas and Asia. Set scene for French and Indian War and let Britain become a world leader in global trade | | 14 |
| 9900258214 | Encomienda System | Harsh feudal-like system that used forced labor established by the Spanish in the New World to ensure a cheap labor supply. Provided Native Americans with health and safety and encouragement to convert to Catholicism (although failed miserably, Natives were overworked) | | 15 |
| 9900270871 | Hacienda | Large agricultural estates in colonial Latin America. Self sufficient and not focused on making profits | | 16 |
| 9900281350 | Repartimiento System | System of forced labor in Latin America against native Indians who worked several months a year, generally on Spanish-owned plantations, in mines, or on public works projects | | 17 |
| 9900288411 | Sugar | Labor-intensive crop considered the most important crop in the Portuguese colony of Brazil, and its namesake mill (engenho) became the center of Brazilian colonial life. Did not find success in using Native as work force, so had to import many slaves | | 18 |
| 9900311468 | Indentured Labor | System of labor in which people from Europe promised to work for a certain amount of time in exchange for their paid passage to the New World | | 19 |
| 9900315357 | Songhay Empire | Islamic empire established in the 1400s - 1600s. Under an expansion campaign by Sunni Ali, the empire reached its height and included the city of Timbuktu. Had much control over the trans-Saharan trade route but fell to the Moroccan army in the late 1500s | | 20 |
| 9900330990 | Timbuktu | City located near the Niger River that was one of the wealthiest cities in West Africa. Trans-Saharan trade brought great wealth and culture to the city. Reached its height under the Songhay and had many mosques, schools, and libraries. Collapse of Songhay led to decline of this city | | 21 |
| 9900339628 | Kingdom of Kongo | Kingdom located in central Africa along its namesake River, where in the 1300s-1400s it became a strong centralized state. Encountered Portuguese in 1482 where they converted to Christianity and were abused by Portugal for slave, gold, and ivory due to Colombian Exchange | | 22 |
| 9900370894 | African Diaposra | During the Colombian Exchange, African slaves were combined with European culture and language to create new languages or dialects known as this act. Traditions blended with those in the Americas as well | | 23 |
| 9900384173 | Martin Luther | German monk often credited with sparkling the start of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. In 1517, he wrote the 95 Theses against the Roman Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences. Was excommunicated by made people question the power of the Catholic Church | | 24 |
| 9900396624 | Protestant Reformation | Martin Luther found support following the publication of his 95 Theses, and this namesake reformation followed to reform the Roman Catholic Church. Widespread across Germany and beyond. King Henry VIII established the Anglican Church, naming himself as the highest religious authority in the land in response, as did John Calvin in Switzerland with his own namesake community. | | 25 |
| 9900414438 | Counter-Reformationn | The Roman Catholic Church launched this namesake reformation aimed at reforming the church, stopping the spread of Protestant ideas, and possible winning back converts. Clergymen met at the Council of Trent in the mid 1500s where they pitched ideas to reform | | 26 |
| 9900429825 | Holy Roman Empire | Fragmented empire in modern-day Austria and Hungary controlled by the Hapsburg Family. Empire expanded through alliances of marriage but declined as a result of Ottomans and the Third Years War. Ottomans conquered Turkey in 1526 and Peace of Westphalia forced empire to reduce | | 27 |
| 9900441837 | Thirty Years War | Conflict centered in Europe and fought between 1618 and 1648 resulting from the attempts of the Holy Roman Emperor to force his subjects to return to the Roman Catholic faith. Peace of Westphalia negotiated at the end of the war left a weak Holy Roman Empire. Germany gained independence and Prussia quickly emerged as most powerful as did Switzerland | | 28 |
| 9900460799 | Absolutism | Political theory that monarchs have complete control over their subjects by Divine Right. Theory dominated Europe in the 16th and 17th century, exemplified by King Louis XIV of France when he revoked the Edict of Nantes and built his palace at Versailles. 18th century England became the first nation to challenge the this form of government. | | 29 |
| 9900472858 | King Henry VIII | This king of England established the Church of England, thus voiding the pope's authority in the country. The Act of Supremacy named the monarch head of the Anglican Church. Gained control of the church's wealth which increased the power of the monarchy and encouraged future monarchs to rule with Absolutism | | 30 |
| 9900483847 | King Louis XIV | "Sun King" who asserted his divine right to rule. Chief Minister, Cardinal Richelieu, helped build a centralized bureaucracy that ensured complete loyalty to this King. Made France one of the wealthiest nations yet many of the French were unhappy | | 31 |
| 9900499993 | Printing Press | Mechanical device invented in the 15th century in Europe by Johannes in Gutenburg. Printed his famous 42-line Bible and this invention helped allow the spread of new ideas from humanist thinkers such as as Erasmus and reformers such as Martin Luther | | 32 |
| 9900515631 | English Civil War | Conflict between supporters of the English monarchy and members of the English parliament, who sought a constitutional state. James I was an absolute monarch who, asserting the divine right, felt no obligation to meet with Parlimentn as did his son Charles I. In the end, his son, Charles II, agreed to the write of Habeas Corpus and William, his son-in-law, agreed to the English Bill of Rights | | 33 |
| 9900537375 | Scientific Revolution | Revolution beginning in the 17th century, these namesake people began to challenge the validity of classical ideas; the questioning spirit of the Renaissance and the Reformation reflected the growing secularization of European society | | 34 |
| 9900546981 | Copernicus | Scientist in the mid 1500s who argued in favor of a heliocentric theory, placing the sun at the center of the universe, and based his assertion on mathematical proof | | 35 |
| 9900553051 | Deism | Belief system that recognizes that a powerful god played a role in the creation of the universe but asserts that God simply oversees the world and allows it to function on the basis of natural laws; emerged at the wake of the Scientific Revolution. Influenced many people such as Thomas Jeffersonn | | 36 |
| 9900561257 | The Englightenment | "Age of Reason", application of natural laws and reasoning led to new thinking in regard to human behavior. 17th-18th century European thinkers began to reject traditional ideas. Included people such as John Locke, Montesquieu, and Voltaire which quested forms of government, most notably, Absolutism | | 37 |
| 9900574480 | John Locke | Englishman who believed in natural rights possessed by all human beings, including rights of life, liberty, and property. Said the governments had the responsibility to protect these rights and that if they failed to do so, the people had the right to revolt | | 38 |
| 9900583748 | Montesquieu | Thinker who believed in the separation of powers and argued that there should be 3 branches of government so that no one person or group would have too much power (checks and balances) | | 39 |
| 9900731971 | Matteo Rici | Jesuit scholar from Europe who journeyed to the Ming court in the last 1500s. Representative of Western efforts to bring Christianity to the East. Largely unsuccessful although was not shunned from China | | 40 |
| 9900888506 | Civil Service Exam | Revival of this namesake exam was encouraged under the scholar-bureaucrat class, which was responsible for much of the governance of the Ming Dynasty. The restoration of Confucian traditions encouraged the subordination of women, and in many ways women's live were even more tightly controlled than previously | | 41 |
| 9900910050 | Single Whip Tax System | Policy put forth by the Ming in the 1570s that required a single national tax paid in the form of Silver. Stimulated growth in economies from both Japan and Spain who reaped the benefits of silver trade | | 42 |
| 9900918840 | The Great Wall of China | This monument was built in Northern China in response to outside invaders. Began in the 4th century BCE (Shi Huangdi), it was completed under the Ming Dynasty influenced by the possibility of another Mongol attack | | 43 |
| 9900932055 | Forbidden City | This monument in Beijing was the capital of the Ming and Qing empires. This city contained hundreds of buildings, courtyards, and halls, Members of the imperial family and the emperor's concubines were the only people allowed to visits this cities inner courts | | 44 |
| 9900940326 | Qing Dynasty | This Dynasty succeeded the Ming Dynasty after Northern non-Han people (Manchus) invaded and claimed "Mandate of Heaven" | | 45 |
| 9900945434 | Qing Dynasty | Chinese Dynasty that followed the political example of the Ming and ruled through a highly centralized system of Scholar-bureaucrates. Great patrons of the arts and also were responsible for expanding the empire. Trade was increased and demand increased for Chinese goods maintaining a favorable balance of trade | | 46 |
| 9900958363 | Tokugawa Period | Period of isolation from the Japanese after the Portuguese attempted to introduce the Japanese to Christianity. Fearing the new religion would undermine authority, Japan became isolated except for the Dutch. Relatively peaceful and successful and led the establishment of a military government led by a shogun | | 47 |
| 9900984246 | Ottoman Empire | This empire in 1453 captured and sacked Constantinople from the Byzantines and renamed it Istanbul. Military success came from their command of gunpowder technology from China. Islamic empire quickly expanded as the Ottomans took control of much of the Middle East then extended their control to the Balkans and the Crimean Peninsula | | 48 |
| 9900998326 | Suleiman the Magnificent | Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520-1566 who expanded the empire into Southern Europe and created an efficient centralized bureaucracy. Modernized the Ottoman army and was known as the Lawgiver for improving the legal system based on Sharia. Great patron of the arts and religiously tolerant | | 49 |
| 9901008412 | Millet System | System that brought legally protected religious communities of non-Muslims. Composed of Greeks, Jews, and Armenians | | 50 |
| 9901014631 | Janissaries | Soldiers of the Ottoman Empire that trained to protect and serve the sultan, many of which were young Christian boys taken from the Balkan region. Forced to convert to Islams and pledge loyalty to the Sultan. Would eventually gain influence and control of the government | | 51 |
| 9901161223 | Safavid Empire | This Empire following the Battle of Chaldiran, fought against the Ottoman Turks in 1514 who consolidated their control over modern-day Iran until 1736. Established the Shiite sect of Islam and under Shah Abbas the Great, the capital was moved and the army was modernized, boosting long-distance trade | | 52 |
| 9901175533 | Mughal Empire | Islamic empire in India following the defeat of the Delhi Sultanate were an Islamic minority ruling the Hindu majority. Unified the subcontinent under the leadership of Akbar who established a strong centralized empire in the region. Under this empire, the Taj Mahal was built | | 53 |
| 9901185755 | Akbar the Great | Ruler of the Mughal Empire who clearly established the absolute authority of the emperor and a policy of tolerance toward many religions. Removed jizya and let Hindus rise to power in government. Modernized army and encouraged long-distance trade | | 54 |
| 9901193578 | Taj Mahal | Tomb built by Mughal emperor Shah Hahan in memory of his wife. Excellent example of Islamic and Hindu architecture | | 55 |
| 9901206331 | Sepoy Rebellion | Rebellion in which Hindus revolted against the British in 1857 which allowed the British government to take control to trade and replaced the Mughals in India | | 56 |
| 9901214798 | Ivan III | Grand prince of Moscow who developed a policy that encouraged Cossacks to settle in the lands that he had conquered. Claimed centralized authority and divine right, naming in Czar | | 57 |
| 9901220697 | Ivan IV | This Czar continued to expand the empire and to consolidate the czar's absolute authority. Eliminated opposition by killing boyars that were disloyal. Cruel and ensured no one would stand in his way | | 58 |
| 9901234463 | Romanov Dynasty | This dynasty in Russia followed a period of civil unrest and established this namesake family as the new royal family. Encouraged autocratic rule and allegiance to the Eastern Orthodox Church | | 59 |
| 9901272120 | Time of Troubles | Period of time between the Rurik dynasty and the establishment of the Romanov dynasty | | 60 |
| 9901277484 | Peter the Great | Russian czar best known for centralizing his authority and westernizing Russia. Traveled to the west and brought back new ideas about science and technology. Introduced many reforms to Westernize. Women were given more freedoms | | 61 |
| 9901291056 | Catherine the Great | Russian Czarina who continued the policy of modernization while ensuring the absolute authority of the monarch. Took land for the Ottomans and claimed Alaska. Known as an Enlightened despot who built schools and hospitals and was very compassionate and tolerant | | 62 |
