AP World History Flashcards
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| 13571872280 | Paleolithic/Old Stone Age | -Most of the 2 million plus years of our existence as a species. -When Homo erectus and Homo sapiens sapiens made their appearance. | 0 | |
| 13571885767 | Homo sapiens sapiens | Hunting and gathering species which originated in Africa and from which all modern humans are descended. | 1 | |
| 13571903646 | Mesolithic/Middle Stone Age | 12,000-8,000 B.C.E. It was when humans made more advanced tools, fought in more wars and increased their population considerably. | 2 | |
| 13571914668 | Neolithic/New Stone Age | 8,000-3,500 B.C.E. When some human societies experienced one of the most dramatic developments in human history (Neolithic Revolution). | 3 | |
| 13571932080 | Neolithic Revolution | -Began about 10,000 years ago in the Neolithic Age. -When hunting and gathering was replaced with agriculture. -Produced food surpluses and rising populations that made possible for the founding of cities and specialization of occupations. -Pastoral nomadism emerged. | 4 | |
| 13571974341 | The emergence of civilization brought in changes in __________, including the introduction of ________ _______. | technology, metal tools | 5 | |
| 13571977975 | Catal Huyuk | -One of first true cities in history, created in the Neolithic Era in 6500 to 5500 BC, from which were created agriculture, trading, temples, housing, and religions. -An important town in an early Neolithic civilization. -Each dwelling was added to an existing structure. | 6 | |
| 13572066359 | Copper Age | Copper was used from about 4,000 B.C.E. | 7 | |
| 13571992628 | Bronze Age | 3,000-1200 B.C.E. When copper and stone was replaced with bronze, a much harder metal. | 8 | |
| 13572041766 | Iron Age | 1,200-1000 B.C.E. The period following the Bronze Age; characterized by rapid spread of iron tools and weapons. | 9 | |
| 13572084006 | Indo-Europeans | -First historical group of nomads. -From about 1,500 B.C.E. they spread into the Middle East and India, and eventually into Europe. | 10 | |
| 13572108940 | Middle East | The area around the eastern Mediterranean. |  | 11 |
| 13572112900 | Central Asia | A region that includes the republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. |  | 12 |
| 13572114855 | South Asia | Consisting mainly of the Indian subcontinent. |  | 13 |
| 13572119488 | Southeast Asia | above Australia |  | 14 |
| 13572121787 | East Asia | Its core is China, Korea and Japan. |  | 15 |
| 13572455361 | The origins of civilization date round _____________. | 3500 B.C.E. | 16 | |
| 13572466425 | Mention the four river valley civilizations. | Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China | 17 | |
| 13572478366 | civilization | -Mesopotamia was the first. -They had common features including cities, writing, government, religion,trade and stratified classes. -River valley civilizations developed in the context of agricultural innovation. -Core civilizations developed in geographical and environmental settings where agriculture flourished. -First estates emerged within core civilizations. -Culture played a significant tole in unifying states. | 18 | |
| 13572508650 | Tigris-Euphrates Civilization | -First civilization in Mesopotamia between Tigris and Euphrates rivers. -Sumerians developed a civilization in this region about 3,500 B.C.E. -They used cuneiform, the first known writing system, and introduced astronomy, a number system and the first city-states. -Sumerian cities were dominated by ziggurats, religious and political centers. -Sumerians were conquered by the Akkadians in 2,400 B.C.E. -Babylonians (Akkadians) dominated it and their greatest ruler was Hammurabi, known for hi law code. | 19 | |
| 13572582092 | Egyptian Civilization | -Developed in Egypt, along the Nile River, around 3,000 B.C.E. -The power of Egyptian rules, the pharaohs, was displayed by the massive pyramids that marked their tombs. | 20 | |
| 13572614452 | Mention similarities and differences between Egypt and Mesopotamia. | similarities: -powerful priestly groups -similar architecture -development along river basins differences: -Egypt was more strongly centralized politically and demonstrated grater political stability -women had a higher status in Egypt -Egypt was self-sufficient while Mesopotamia was part of a large trading world | 21 | |
| 13572679903 | river valley civilization in India | -The Indus River gave birth to this civilization. -The most important city was Harappa, hence their civilization --> Harappan civilization. -Shared similarities with Egypt and Mesopotamia in trade, priestly power and centralized government, but developed their own traditions such as a writing system that hasn't been deciphered. -It was invaded by the Indo-Europeans, called Aryans, and adopted their farming culture. -The traditions of the Aryans were transmitted in the sacred Vedas, religious texts. | 22 | |
| 13572741305 | Epic Age | 1,000-600 B.C.E. Period in India named for the great epic poems which are the best sources of culture of this period: the Mahabharata and the Upanishads. | 23 | |
| 13572765843 | river civilization in China | -Developed along the Yellow River, the Huanghe. | 24 |
Flashcards
AP Biology [Practice AP Exam] Flashcards
Taken directly from an AP Bio Test Practice Material as well as answer key.
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| 9207112046 | [C] They Include compartments where hydrogen ions are concentrated. | [1] Which of the following is true of both mitochondria and chloroplasts? ----------------------------------------------- [A] They are found in the cells of eukaryotic autotrophs and heterotrophs. [B] They include stacks of membranes that absorb light. [C] They Include compartments where hydrogen ions are concentrated. [D] They produce sugars using energy harvested in the cytoplasm. [E] They break down sugar to produce ATP. | 0 | |
| 9207112047 | [D] interactions between amino acids present in the polypeptide. | [2] The tertiary structure and function of a polypeptide is principally determined by the: ----------------------------------------------- [A] length of the polypeptide. [B] number of nucleotides present in the polypeptide. [C] repeated units of glycerol making up the polypeptide. [D] interactions between amino acids present in the polypeptide. [E] number of introns within the polypeptide. | 1 | |
| 9207112048 | [B] Two | [3] In a species that has five different alleles for a gene at a particular locus, how many different alleles may be present in the somatic cells of one diploid individual? ----------------------------------------------- [A] One [B] Two [C] Three [D] Four [E] Five | 2 | |
| 9207112049 | [C] swell and lyse | [4] If red blood cells cultured in an isotonic medium are placed in distilled water, they will most likely: ----------------------------------------------- [A] remain unchanged [B] shrivel [C] swell and lyse [D] divide [E] become dormant | 3 | |
| 9207112050 | [C] DNA sequence comparisons | [5] The best evidence that the giant panda is more closely related to bears than is the racoonlike lesser panda involves: (Note from Matthew: I swear this is the wording on the test) ----------------------------------------------- [A] comparative anatomy [B] comparative embryology [C] DNA sequence comparisons [D] behavioral simliarities [E] fossil records | 4 | |
| 9207112051 | [D] Pulmonary vein | [6] Which of the following structures contains highly oxygenated blood? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Vena cava [B] Right ventricle [C] Pulmonary artery [D] Pulmonary vein [E] Jugular vein | 5 | |
| 9207112052 | [A] A triglyceride | [7] Metabolism of which the following molecules results in the greatest net usable energy per gram? ----------------------------------------------- [A] A triglyceride [B] A tripetide [C] An alpha-linked disaccharide [D] A beta-linked disaccharide [E] An anabolic steriod | 6 | |
| 9207112053 | [B] rough endoplasmic reticulum | [8] Cells that make up salivary glands would be expected to contain a relatively large amount of: ----------------------------------------------- [A] smooth endoplasmic reticulum [B] rough endoplasmic reticulum [C] genetic material [D] lipids [E] peroxisomes | 7 | |
| 9207112054 | [C] Prokaryotes are structurally less complex than eukaryotes are. | [9] Which of the following characteristics distinguishes prokaryotic organisms from eukaryotic organisms? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Prokaryotes are unicellular, while all eukaryotes are multicellular. [B] Prokaryotes are aquatic, while eukaryotes are terrestrial. [C] Prokaryotes are structurally less complex than eukaryotes are. [D] Prokaryotes require a host to replicate, while eukaryotes do not. [E] Prokaryotes lack a cell membrane, while eukaryotes do not. | 8 | |
| 9207112055 | [A] recycling of matter | [10] An important role of soil microbes in biological systems is the: ----------------------------------------------- [A] recycling of matter [B] creation of biomass [C] causing of disease [D] production of energy [E] degradation of energy | 9 | |
| 9207112056 | [B] Tay-Sachs disease | [11] Which of the following diseases is caused by the lack of a functional gene responsible for a specific enzyme? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Down Syndrome [B] Tay-Sachs disease [C] Ricketts [D] Malaria [E] Influenza | 10 | |
| 9207112057 | [D] 9 | [12] How many different genotypes are possible from the cross shown above? ----------------------------------------------- [A] 2 [B] 4 [C] 7 [D] 9 [E] 16 | 11 | |
| 9207112058 | [D] The bodies of organisms in a population change by use and disuse, and the changes are inherited by the next generation. | [13] All of the following statements concerning the theory of evolution by natural selection are true EXCEPT: ----------------------------------------------- [A] Organisms produce far more offspring than are required for replacement. [B] The individuals in a population show variation in survivability and in their ability to cope with enviromental stress. [C] The number of offspring that survive to reproduce varies among individuals. [D] The bodies of organisms in a population change by use and disuse, and the changes are inherited by the next generation. [E] Some of the variation in adaptation is the result of genetic differences that may be passed on to the next generation. | 12 | |
| 9207112059 | [D] Sporophyte --> meiosis --> gametophyte --> gametes --> fertilization --> zygote --> sporophyte | [14] Which of the following sequences best represents the life cycle of a typical angiosperm? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Gametophyte --> meiosis --> gametes --> fertilization --> sporophyte --> spores --> zygote --> gametophyte [B] Gametophyte --> gametes --> meiosis --> fertilization --> sporophyte --> spores --> zygote --> gametophyte [C] Sporophyte --> meiosis --> gametophyte --> spores --> fertilization --> zygote --> sporophyte [D] Sporophyte --> meiosis --> gametophyte --> gametes --> fertilization --> zygote --> sporophyte [E] Sporophyte --> spores --> gametophyte --> meiosis --> gametes --> fertilization --> zygote --> sporophyte | 13 | |
| 9207112060 | [E] trial-and-error learning | [15] Birds associating the bright colors of certain butterflies with an unpleasant taste is an example of: ----------------------------------------------- [A] instinct [B] habituation [C] imprinting [D] insight learning [E] trial-and-error learning | 14 | |
| 9207112061 | [C] The inhibitor binds to the enzyme but not at its active site. | [16] Which of the following best describes allosteric inhibition of an enzyme? ----------------------------------------------- [A] The inhibitor binds to the mRNA to prevent translation of the enzyme. [B] The inhibitor binds to the enzyme substrate. [C] The inhibitor binds to the enzyme but not at its active site. [D] The inhibitor binds to the enzyme at its active site. [E] the inhibitor binds to the gene that encodes for the enzyme. | 15 | |
| 9207112062 | [A] Lysosome . . lipid hydrolysis | [17] Which of the following organelles is correctly matched with its function? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Lysosome . . lipid hydrolysis [B] Nucleolus . . protein synthesis [C] Ribosome . . carbohydrate synthesis [D] Mitochondrion . . Calvin cycle [E] Endoplasmic reticulum . . transcription | 16 | |
| 9207112063 | [A] Autosomal dominant | [18] The occurence of particular genetic condition in a family is shown in the pedigree above. Which of the following is the most likely inheritance pattern for the individuals with the condition? Squares respresent males, circles respresent females, and shaded symbols respresent individuals who exhibit the condition. ----------------------------------------------- [A] Autosomal dominant [B] Sex-linked dominant [C] Y linked [D] Autosomal recessive [E] Sex-linked recessive |  | 17 |
| 9207112064 | [C] When new niches become available | [19] Rates of adaptive radiation typically are at their highest in which of the following situations? ----------------------------------------------- [A] When Earth is exposed to increased electromagnetic waves caused by Sun flares. [B] In very large, randomly mating populations. [C] When new niches become available [D] When many species are competing for the same limited resource. [E] When food is abundant. | 18 | |
| 9207112065 | [C] Cephalization of major sensory organs and the cerebrum. | [20] Which of the following led to the increased function of the invertebrate nervous system? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Development of an advanced cerebellum. [B] Evolution of a ventral nerve cord, thus increasing the ability to move. [C] Cephalization of major sensory organs and the cerebrum. [D] Specialization of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems within the nervous system. [E] Occurrence of highly developed olfactory loves in the invertebrate brain. | 19 | |
| 9207112066 | [A] The water's ability to hold oxygen decreases. | [21] Which of the following is the most direct result of the heating up of pond water during the summer? ----------------------------------------------- [A] The water's ability to hold oxygen decreases. [B] The water's ability to act as a buffer changes. [C] The viscosity of the water increases. [D] Hydrogen bonding at the surface of the water increases. [E] Less light penetrates the surface of the water. | 20 | |
| 9207112067 | [E] Rough endoplasmic reticulum --> Golgi complex --> vesicle --> plasma membrane | [22] A protein is synthesized in the cytoplasm and transported to the plasma membrane. Which of the following summarizes the protein's pathway in the cell? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Smooth endoplasmic reticulum --> nucleus --> vesicle --> plasma membrane [B] Plastid --> rough endoplasmic reticulum --> plasma membrane [C] Nucleus --> vesicle --> rough endoplasmic reticulum --> plasma membrane [D] Smooth endoplasmic reticulum --> microfilament --> vesicle --> plasma membrane [E] Rough endoplasmic reticulum --> Golgi complex --> vesicle --> plasma membrane | 21 | |
| 9207112068 | [E] | [23] |  | 22 |
| 9207112069 | [B] Cotyledon | [24] In most dicot seeds, which of the following structures is responsible for the storage of carbohydrates? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Seed coat [B] Cotyledon [C] Radicle [D] Plumule [E] Embryo | 23 | |
| 9207112070 | [D] Lactate | [25] In mammals, which of the following substances is produced in a muscle that operates anaerobically? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Acetyl CoA [B] Citrate [C] NADPH [D] Lactate [E] Oxygen | 24 | |
| 9207112071 | [C] Helper T cells | [26] Which of the following immune system cells is most severely depleted by HIV/AIDS? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Plasma B cells [B] Memory B cells [C] Helper T cells [D] Cytotoxic ("Killer") T cells [E] Memory T cells | 25 | |
| 9207112072 | [E] chemoautotrophic bacteria | [27] The primary producers of the deep sea communities associated with hot water vents are? ----------------------------------------------- [A] plants [B] tube worms [C] photosynthetic algae [D] cyanobacteria [E] chemoautotrophic bacteria | 26 | |
| 9207112073 | [A] Plant cell mitochondria consume oxygen by aerobic respiration. | [28] A scientist studying the oxygen concentration in sealed chambers containing cultured plant cells finds that when the chambers are illuminated, the concentration of oxygen increases. However, when the chambers are kept in the dark, the concentration of oxygen decreases. Why does the oxygen concentration decrease when the chamber is kept in the dark? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Plant cell mitochondria consume oxygen by aerobic respiration. [B] Plant cell chloroplasts run the photosynthetic pathways backward to consume oxygen. [C] Plant cell chloroplasts switch their structure and function and become mitochondria. [D] The chambers must not be properly sealed, so that oxygen is leaking out. [E] The cultures in the chambers must be contaminated with some animal cells, since only animal cells consume oxygen. | 27 | |
| 9207112074 | [E] uneven distribution of yolk | [29] The unequal division of the cytoplasm among frog embryo cells during early cleavage, as shown in the diagram, results from: ----------------------------------------------- [A] different amounts of DNA [B] gastrulation of the embryo [C] formation of the blastula [D] segregation of the maternal and paternal cells [E] uneven distribution of yolk |  | 28 |
| 9207112075 | [E] light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis | [30] Production of ATP occurs in all of the following processes EXCEPT: ----------------------------------------------- [A] glycolysis [B] Krebs cycle [C] electron transport system and chemiosmosis [D] light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis [E] light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis | 29 | |
| 9207112076 | [D] Atoms --> molecules --> cells --> organisms --> ecosystems | [31] Which of the following statements most correctly represents the organization of living systems from smallest to largest? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Molecules --> organs --> cells --> organisms [B] Cells --> tissues --> molecules --> ecosystems --> communities [C] Organisms --> molecules --> cells --> atoms [D] Atoms --> molecules --> cells --> organisms --> ecosystems [E] Organs --> plants --> animals --> cells | 30 | |
| 9207112077 | [B] analogy | [32] The functional similarity of the mandibles (hinged jaws) of insects and those of mammals is an example of: ----------------------------------------------- [A] homology [B] analogy [C] divergent evolution [D] adaptive radiation [E] punctuated equilibrium | 31 | |
| 9207112078 | [E] III and V | [33] Which of the following pairs of plants are most closely related? I. Broad bean (Vicia faba) II. Soybean (Glycine max) III. Kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) IV. Barley (Hordeum vulgaris) V. Scarlet runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus) ----------------------------------------------- [A] I and II [B] I and III [C] II and III [D] III and IV [E] III and V | 32 | |
| 9207112079 | [C] Bacteria produce lactic acid, which lowers the pH and denatures the milk proteins. | [34] Milk kept past the expiration date often spoils, tastes sour, and develops stringy curds. This can be explained by which of the following? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Fermentation produces ethanol and fibrous by-products [B] Yeasts from citric acid, which causes the yeast cells to form long chains. [C] Bacteria produce lactic acid, which lowers the pH and denatures the milk proteins. [D] The Krebs cycle is converted to the Calvin cycle. [E] The production of fatty acids raises the temperature and polymerizes lactose. | 33 | |
| 9207112080 | [B] Stabilizing selection | [35] A research study sampled populations of field mice annually over the course of 50 years. The population was categorized by coat color. Data from the beginning and end of the study are graphed above. What type of selection is represented by the change in data from 1955 to 2005? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Directional selection [B] Stabilizing selection [C] Bimodal selection [D] Disruptive selection [E] Sexual selection |  | 34 |
| 9207112081 | [D] ATP synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate. | [36] Which of the following occurs in both fermentation and aerobic cellular respiration? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Oxygen and carbon dioxide are consumed. [B] FAD is reduced, driving ATP synthesis. [C] Proton gradients are produced across membranes. [D] ATP synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate. [E] Most of the energy from glucose is released as carbon dioxide. | 35 | |
| 9207112082 | [E] Most taxa experience relatively short periods during which they undergo rapid change, followed by relatively long periods during which they undergo relatively little change. | [37] Which of the following best summarizes the theory of punctuated equilibrium? ----------------------------------------------- [A] After periods of directional selection, the allelic frequencies in a population will reach equilibrium and then undergo disruptive selection. [B] Most species evolve gradually, with discrete changes appearing in the fossil record at short, regular intervals. [C] Once one species achieves evolutionary dominance, all of the remaining species must compete among themselves for selective advantages; only then will the dominant species be challenged. [D] To ensure survival of the fittest, natural selection eliminates those species that disrupt the balance of nature. [E] Most taxa experience relatively short periods during which they undergo rapid change, followed by relatively long periods during which they undergo relatively little change. | 36 | |
| 9207112083 | [C] Annelids | [38] Which of the following organisms possesses both a system of blood vessels and digestive tract in which food travels in only one direction? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Sponges [B] Flatworms [C] Annelids [D] Roundworms [E] Sea anemones | 37 | |
| 9207112084 | [E] Gasses diffuse across a moist membrane. | [39] Which of the following features are common to all gas exchange systems in animals? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Active transport removes carbon dioxide from the respiratory structures. [B] Materials flow in one direction only. [C] An intake system is comprised of series of tubes. [D] Transfer is made by counter-current exchange. [E] Gasses diffuse across a moist membrane. | 38 | |
| 9207112085 | [D] An increase in glucose catabolism | [40] Which of the following occurs in the immediate fight-or-flight response to danger or fear? ----------------------------------------------- [A] An increase in glycogen synthesis [B] An increase in digestive activity [C] Release of ACTH from the pituitary [D] An increase in glucose catabolism [E] A decrease in noradrenaline | 39 | |
| 9207112086 | [A] CNS → hypothalamus → anterior pituitary → thyroid - thyroxin -> target cells. | [41] During the fall, a chipmunk experiences a sustained period of cold weather. The chipmunk's thyroid gland responds by Secreting a greater quantity of thyroxin. Which of the following represents the most accurate pathway from the central nervous system (CNS) to the target cells? ----------------------------------------------- [A] CNS → hypothalamus → anterior pituitary → thyroid - thyroxin -> target cells. [B] CNS --> adrenal medulla --> thyroid --> thyroxin --> target cells. [C] CNS --> motor neurons --> muscle cells --> thyroxin --> target cells. [D] CNS --> posterior pituitary --> oxytocin --> thyroid --> thyroxin --> target cells. [E] CNS --> pancreas --> insulin --> sugar into cells --> target cells. | 40 | |
| 9207112087 | [C] Potassium | [42] Which of the following ions is significantly involved in the opening and closing of the stomata? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Calcium [B] Nitrogen [C] Potassium [D] Magnesium [E] Iron | 41 | |
| 9207112088 | [B] Each species occupies a different niche. | [43] Which of the following best explains why many different species can live together within an ecosystem with limited resources? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Each species lives in a slightly different habitat. [B] Each species occupies a different niche. [C] Each species inhabits a different biome. [D] Each species makes up a different population. [E] Each species functions at a different trophic level. | 42 | |
| 9207112089 | [E] Beta cells in the pancreas release insulin. | [44] Which of the following occurs in response to a rise in the blood sugar level? ----------------------------------------------- [A] The gall bladder releases glucagon. [B] Glycogen is catabolized. [C] Alpha cells in the pancreas secrete glucagon. [D] Beta cells in the pancreas release amylase. [E] Beta cells in the pancreas release insulin. | 43 | |
| 9207112090 | [C] The one that leaves the greatest number of offspring that survive to reproduce. | [45] In evolutionary terms, which of the following organisms is the most successful? ----------------------------------------------- [A] The one that lives the longest. [B] The one that grows the most rapidly. [C] The one that leaves the greatest number of offspring that survive to reproduce. [D] The one that has the best characteristics for the current environment. [E] The one that has the biggest territory. | 44 | |
| 9207112091 | [E] Species S is more closely related to species T than to species R. | [46] Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the cladogram above? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Species Q and R make up a monophyletic group. [B] Species P and Q are equally related to species T. [C] Species P and T do not share a common ancestor. [D] Species S evolved from species R. [E] Species S is more closely related to species T than to species R. |  | 45 |
| 9207112092 | [A] Animals with closed circulatory systems usually have capillary beds associated with their excretory organs. | [47] Which of the following statements about the process of excretion in animals is correct? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Animals with closed circulatory systems usually have capillary beds associated with their excretory organs. [B] Aquatic animals usually secrete their nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid. [C] The contractile vacuole of a freshwater protozoan will become more active if the protozoan is placed in seawater. [D] Nephridia are found only in vertebrate animals. [E] In humans and other mammals, urea is produced in the kidneys. | 46 | |
| 9207112093 | [E] Materials synthesized in photosynthesis could be sent form the mesophyll cell to the companion cell. | [48] Which of the following is true about a specialized companion cell of the phloem that is connected to the palisade mesophyll cell by plasmodesmata? ----------------------------------------------- [A] The specialized companion cell and the palisade mesophyll cell have highly specialized unrelated functions. [B] The companion cell lacks a nucleus, and the palisade mesophyll cell has a nucleus at maturity. [C] Sieve plates would be found in the companion cell but not in the palisade mesophyll cell. [D] The companion cell would have a thicker secondary cell wall than the palisade mesophyll cell. [E] Materials synthesized in photosynthesis could be sent form the mesophyll cell to the companion cell. | 47 | |
| 9207112094 | [C] Population A may undergo instantaneous speciation by the doubling of its chromosome numbers (polyploidy). | [54] A large assemblage of land snails is subdivided into two populations (A and B) by a river that effectively isolates the two populations for an indefinitely long period. From an evolutionary standpoint, which of the following is the LEAST likely to occur in the two populations? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Populations A and B will eventually differ in their ecological requirements. [B] Population A may ultimately breed at a different time of the year than population B does. [C] Population A may undergo instantaneous speciation by the doubling of its chromosome numbers (polyploidy). [D] Under laboratory conditions, cross fertilizations between members of the two populations may be successful even after a long period of geographical separation. [E] The two populations may become morphologically very dissimilar. | 48 | |
| 9207112095 | [A] The Calvin cycle is confined to the bundle sheath cells. | [55] Which of the following is TRUE of C (subscript 4), plants such as corn? ----------------------------------------------- [A] The Calvin cycle is confined to the bundle sheath cells. [B] The plants are classified as cacti. [C] The stomates open at night rather than during the day. [D] They will not grow in climates where the temperature exceeds 70°F. [E] They have an anatomy that is found only in gymnosperms. | 49 | |
| 9207112096 | [B] Diffusion of positively charged ions across the cell membrane. | [56] Which of the following causes the rapid change of membrane polarity during an action potential? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Diffusion of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine. [B] Diffusion of positively charged ions across the cell membrane. [C] Release of electrons from inside the cell. [D] Release of protons from inside the cell. [E] Active transport of cations by the sodium potassium pump. | 50 | |
| 9207112097 | [D] Gall bladder | [57] Structure that stores lipid-emulsifying salts [Match] ----------------------------------------------- [A] Pancreas [B] Kidney [C] Liver [D] Gall bladder [E] Stomach | 51 | |
| 9207112098 | [E] Stomach | [58] Structure where pepsin hydrolyses proteins [Match] ----------------------------------------------- [A] Pancreas [B] Kidney [C] Liver [D] Gall bladder [E] Stomach | 52 | |
| 9207112099 | [A] Pancreas | [59] Structure that produces most of the hydrolytic enzymes that are active in the small intestine [Match] ----------------------------------------------- [A] Pancreas [B] Kidney [C] Liver [D] Gall bladder [E] Stomach | 53 | |
| 9207112100 | [C] Liver | [60] Structure where giycogen typically occurs in large quantities as a storage product [Match] ----------------------------------------------- [A] Pancreas [B] Kidney [C] Liver [D] Gall bladder [E] Stomach | 54 | |
| 9207112101 | [B] Chlorophyll | [61] Molecule contains a porphyrin ring with a central magnesium atom ----------------------------------------------- [A] Phytochrome [B] Chlorophyll [C] Ethylene [D] Auxin [E] Abscisic acid | 55 | |
| 9207112102 | [D] Auxin | [62] Causes plant shoots to bend toward light by stimulating cell elongation ----------------------------------------------- [A] Phytochrome [B] Chlorophyll [C] Ethylene [D] Auxin [E] Abscisic acid | 56 | |
| 9207112103 | [A] Phytochrome | [63] Regulates flowering in plants that are sensitive to the length of the photoperiod ----------------------------------------------- [A] Phytochrome [B] Chlorophyll [C] Ethylene [D] Auxin [E] Abscisic acid | 57 | |
| 9207112104 | [B] Chlorophyll | [64] Molecule that can absorb photons of light and release electrons to the primary electron acceptor ----------------------------------------------- [A] Phytochrome [B] Chlorophyll [C] Ethylene [D] Auxin [E] Abscisic acid | 58 | |
| 9207112105 | [A] Nonsense codon | [65] Protein synthesis termination triplet [Match] ----------------------------------------------- [A] Nonsense codon [B] Anticodon [C] Ribosome [D] Exon [E] Poly-A tail | 59 | |
| 9207112106 | [C] Ribosome | [66] Site of protein synthesis [Match] ----------------------------------------------- [A] Nonsense codon [B] Anticodon [C] Ribosome [D] Exon [E] Poly-A tail | 60 | |
| 9207112107 | [E] Poly-A tail | [67] Base sequence on messenger RNA that aids its transport across the nuclear envelope [Match] ----------------------------------------------- [A] Nonsense codon [B] Anticodon [C] Ribosome [D] Exon [E] Poly-A tail | 61 | |
| 9207112108 | [B] Anticodon | [68] Triplet on tPNA [Match] ----------------------------------------------- [A] Nonsense codon [B] Anticodon [C] Ribosome [D] Exon [E] Poly-A tail | 62 | |
| 9207112109 | [D] Circular chromosomes | [69] Typical of prokaryotic celis after fission [Match] ----------------------------------------------- [A] Unpaired unreplicated linear chromosomes [B] Unpaired replicated linear chromosomes [C] Paired replicated linear chromosomes [D] Circular chromosomes [E] Extra-chromosomal circular DNA | 63 | |
| 9207112110 | [B] Unpaired replicated linear chromosomes | [70] Eukaryotic cells at prophase of mitosis [Match] ----------------------------------------------- [A] Unpaired unreplicated linear chromosomes [B] Unpaired replicated linear chromosomes [C] Paired replicated linear chromosomes [D] Circular chromosomes [E] Extra-chromosomal circular DNA | 64 | |
| 9207112111 | [C] Paired replicated linear chromosomes | [71] Eukaryotic cells at metaphase I [Match] ----------------------------------------------- [A] Unpaired unreplicated linear chromosomes [B] Unpaired replicated linear chromosomes [C] Paired replicated linear chromosomes [D] Circular chromosomes [E] Extra-chromosomal circular DNA | 65 | |
| 9207112112 | [E] Extra-chromosomal circular DNA | [72] Plasmid exchanged by conjugating bacteria [Match] ----------------------------------------------- [A] Unpaired unreplicated linear chromosomes [B] Unpaired replicated linear chromosomes [C] Paired replicated linear chromosomes [D] Circular chromosomes [E] Extra-chromosomal circular DNA | 66 | |
| 9207112113 | [D] Protons | [49] The flow of which of the following into the mitochondrial matrix provides the chemiosmotic energy for the synthesis of ATP? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Inorganic phosphate [B] ADP [C] Glucose [D] Protons [E] Electrons | 67 | |
| 9207112114 | [B] It recycles dead plant material, thus nutrients become available. | [50] Fire has which of the following effects on a community? ----------------------------------------------- [A] It causes all of the plants and animals in the community to become dormant. [B] It recycles dead plant material, thus nutrients become available. [C] It prevents reestablishment of the prefire community. [D] It allows for increased mutation rates in the surviving species. [E] It forces predators to become omnivores. | 68 | |
| 9207112115 | [A] The sporophyte generation become more dominant than the gametophyte generation. | [51] As plants evolved from simple to more complex forms, which of the following occurred? ----------------------------------------------- [A] The sporophyte generation become more dominant than the gametophyte generation. [B] The haploid generation was lost. [C] The haploid generation become dominant. [D] The gametophyte generation become dominant over the sporophyte generation. [E] The gametophyte and the sporophyte generations gained equal prominence. | 69 | |
| 9207112116 | [C] They will be maintained at the same frequency. | [52] If a population is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following can be predicted for the recessive alleles in the population? ----------------------------------------------- [A] They will eventually disappear. [B] They will be selected against. [C] They will be maintained at the same frequency. [D] They will be expressed in the heterozygous condition. [E] They will become dominant. | 70 | |
| 9207112117 | [B] many stomates on the top leaf surface | [53] All of the following adaptations prevent dehydration in land plants EXCEPT: ----------------------------------------------- [A] many guard cells in the flaccid condition [B] many stomates on the top leaf surface [C] water-resistant cuticle [D] the presence of many epidermal hairs [E] recessed stomates | 71 | |
| 9207112118 | [E] | [73] [Match] Acetone contains this functional group. |  | 72 |
| 9207112119 | [D] | [74] [Match] Dopamine contains this functional group. | | 73 |
| 9207112120 | [B] | [75] [Match] Formaldehyde contains this functional group. | | 74 |
| 9207112121 | [A] | [76] [Match] Ethanol contains this functional group. | | 75 |
| 9207112122 | [B] 6 | [77] After 10 days, the distilled water culture dish has approximately how many duckweed plants? ----------------------------------------------- [A] 3 [B] 6 [C] 9 [D] 12 [E] 15 |  | 76 |
| 9207112123 | [C] 1 plant per 3 days | [78] In pond water, the duckweed population grows at an average rate of: ----------------------------------------------- [A] 1 plant per day [B] 2 plants per day [C] 1 plant per 3 days [D] 3 plants per day [E] 9 plants per 15 days | | 77 |
| 9207112124 | [E] N-P-K fertilizer solution | [79] Duckweed vegetatively reproduced at the fastest rate in: ----------------------------------------------- [A] pond water [B] nitrate-enriched distilled water [C] pond water with added chlorophyll [D] distilled water [E] N-P-K fertilizer solution | | 78 |
| 9207112125 | [D] An increase in light intensity | [80] Under which of the following additional conditions would the duckweed population be most likely to grow faster? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Oxygen gas bubbled through the culture dishes [B] The addition of an organism that eats duckweed [C] The addition of distilled water to every culture dish [D] An increase in light intensity [E] The addition of glucose to the culture medium | | 79 |
| 9207112126 | [C] The highest rate of carbon dioxide uptake occurs near the end of the dark period. | [81] Which of the following is consistent with the data? ----------------------------------------------- [A] The highest rate of carbon dioxide uptake occurs at the beginning of the light period. [B] The highest rate of carbon dioxide uptake occurs at the beginning of the dark period. [C] The highest rate of carbon dioxide uptake occurs near the end of the dark period. [D] The highest starch concentration occurs at the beginning of the light period. [E] The lowest starch concentration occurs at the end of the light period. |  | 80 |
| 9207112127 | [E] II and IV | [82] The photosynthetic pattern of this plant species is unusual for which of the following reasons? I. It has a higher rate of carbon dioxide uptake during the light period than during the dark period. II. It has a higher rate of carbon dioxide uptake during the dark period than during the light period. III. There is a positive correlation between the rate of carbon dioxide uptake and tissue starch concentration. IV. There is an inverse correlation between the rate of carbon dioxide uptake and tissue starch concentration. ----------------------------------------------- [A] I only [B] II only [C] IV only [D] I and III [E] II and IV | | 81 |
| 9207112128 | [D] I and II only | [83] A useful control for the experiment would have included which of the following? I. Expose the plant to 32 hours of continuous moderate light and measure rates of carbon dioxide uptake and tissue starch concentration. II. Expose the plant to 32 hours of continuous dark and measure rates of carbon dioxide uptake and tissue starch concentration. III. Measure the chlorophyll concentration in the plant's leaf tissue. ----------------------------------------------- [A] I only [B] II only [C] III only [D] I and II only [E] I, II, and III | | 82 |
| 9207112129 | [A] minimize water loss by taking up carbon dioxide at night | [84] The most likely adaptive significance of this photosynthetic mechanism is to: ----------------------------------------------- [A] minimize water loss by taking up carbon dioxide at night [B] maximize the production of starch at night [C] maximize the ability to use bright light to take up carbon dioxide [D] maximize water loss during the day so starch can be made [E] minimize starch production during the day | | 83 |
| 9207112130 | [E] DNA synthesis | [85] The cells found in the region of the graph labeled Q are involved in what major cell cycle activity? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Cell division [B] Active cell motility [C] Cell differentiation [D] Tetrad formation [E] DNA synthesis |  | 84 |
| 9207112131 | [A] G(subscript 1) | [86] The region on the graph labeled P represents cells in what stage of the cell cycle? ----------------------------------------------- [A] G(subscript 1) [B] S [C] G(subscript 2) [D] Mitosis [E] Cytokinesis | | 85 |
| 9207112132 | [C] R only | [87] Cells in which region of the graph are ready to enter mitosis as the next step in the cell cycle? ----------------------------------------------- [A] P only [B] Q only [C] R only [D] P and Q only [E] Q and R only | | 86 |
| 9207112133 | [D] Hair tufts protruding from ears | [88] Which of the following characters is unique to "Neomysticena"? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Naked (hairless) tail [B] Three toes on hindfeet [C] Enlarged incisors [D] Hair tufts protruding from ears [E] Body hair |  | 87 |
| 9207112134 | [C] | [89] Which of the following cladograms correctly represents the relationships among these species? (Options in Picture) |  | 88 |
| 9207112135 | [C] 4 | [90] The minimum number of trophic levels in a food chain ending with killer whales is: ----------------------------------------------- [A] 2 [B] 3 [C] 4 [D] 5 [E] 6 |  | 89 |
| 9207112136 | [A] I only | [91] Species that feed at only one trophic level include which of the following? I. Zooplankton II. Planktivorous fish III. Killer whales ----------------------------------------------- [A] I only [B] II only [C] III only [D] II and III only [E] I, II, and III | | 90 |
| 9207112137 | [E] Seals | [92] If a fat-soluble but poorly metabolized substance such as DDT gets into this ecosystem, the highest tissue concentrations will most likely occur in which of the following? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Phytoplankton [B] Zooplankton [C] Abalones [D] Sea otters [E] Seals | | 91 |
| 9207112138 | [B] Keystone species | [93] In similar rocky coastal ecosystems where sea otters have disappeared due to human harvesting or killer whale predation, the kelp forest also disappear and the species diversity of the community decreases drastically. In these ecosystems, the sea otter can best be described as a: ----------------------------------------------- [A] Top carnivore [B] Keystone species [C] Primary producer [D] Secondary herbivore [E] Dominant species | | 92 |
| 9207112139 | [C] The carrying capacity of the population | [94] The dotted line marked K indicates which of the following? ----------------------------------------------- [A] The annual reproductive rate [B] The proportion of a population that can be removed without destroying its ability to maintain a stable population size [C] The carrying capacity of the population [D] The maximum number of offspring that each pair of parents can produce in a single year [E] The intrinsic rate of reproductive increase of the population |  | 93 |
| 9207112140 | [E] III and IV | [95] In which region of the curve is population size most likely to exhibit regulation by availability of resources such as nutrients, nest sites, and places to hide from predators? ----------------------------------------------- [A] I only [B] II only [C] I and II [D] II and III [E] III and IV | | 94 |
| 9207112141 | [A] Obtain cells with saline mouthwash, boil, and chelate out any contaminating metals | [96] Which of the following is the most appropriate method to prepare a sample of cheek cells for PCR? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Obtain cells with saline mouthwash, boil, and chelate out any contaminating metals [B] Scrape cheek cells from inside the mouth; treat nucleases [C] Using sterile technique, obtain a small punch biopsy specimen and keep at room temperature [D] Use cheek cells obtained by rinsing the mouth with an antibacterial wash, and subject the cells in culture to a strong antibiotic [E] Use a swab to obtain cells from the outer surface of the cheek after carefully washing the area |  | 95 |
| 9207112142 | [B] Primers that correspond to the 5' and 3' ends of the sequence near the SNP sites | [97] In order to amplify the sequence with part of TAS2R38 gene, which of the following would be the appropriate primers to use? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Primers that complement the telomeric sequences of the chromosomes [B] Primers that correspond to the 5' and 3' ends of the sequence near the SNP sites [C] RNA primers that complement the cDNA of the sequence of the whole gene [D] Degenerate DNA primers that will amplify both wild-type and SNP sequences [E] DNA primers for the chromosome known to include the TAS2R38 gene | | 96 |
| 9207112143 | [A] The nontaster allele (t) will not be cut and will therefore generate a larger fragment. | [98] Why does digesting the DNA with enzyme X enable a prediction of the cell donor's ability to taste? ----------------------------------------------- [A] The nontaster allele (t) will not be cut and will therefore generate a larger fragment. [B] Tasters will have three cutting sites instead of one. [C] The taster allele (T) will produce a larger protein than the nontaster allele (t). [D] Nontasters lack recognition sites for any restriction enzymes. [E] Enzyme X will cut within the coding sequence of gene TAS2R38. | | 97 |
| 9207112144 | [D] 44, 177, and 221 | [99] Following amplification and restriction enzyme digestion, the presence of the T allele is recognized on the electrophoresis gel by two bands: one of 177 base pair (bp) and another of 44 bp. The heterozygote (Tt) will show three bands on the gel. Which of the following describes their sizes? ----------------------------------------------- [A] 44, 133, and 177 [B] 44, 89, and 133 [C] 44, 133, and 221 [D] 44, 177, and 221 [E] 89, 133, and 221 | | 98 |
| 9207112145 | [E] The ability to detect bitter taste must have some selection advantages for nonhuman primates. | [100] The students further studied DNA sequence data from various primates in order to explore the evolution of this gene sequence. The study revealed that each of the other primates has the same SNP pattern as human tasters. Which of the following is the most reasonable inference that can be made about the evolution of this gene sequence? ----------------------------------------------- [A] The ability to taste bitter foods gave humans a selective advantage over other primates. [B] Since the ability to taste is dominant, it had to have evolved first. [C] Ancestral humans must have acquired the nontaster SNPs from nonprimates. [D] Lack of the ability to taste must have a selective advantage for humans. [E] The ability to detect bitter taste must have some selection advantages for nonhuman primates. | | 99 |
AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13776322947 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 13776322948 | psychology's biggest question | Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture? | 1 | |
| 13776322949 | biopsychosocial perspective | biological, socio-cultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders | 2 | |
| 13776322950 | biological approach | genetics, close-relatives, body functions | 3 | |
| 13776322951 | evolutionary approach | species - helped with survival (ancestors) | 4 | |
| 13776322952 | psychodynamic approach | (Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes | 5 | |
| 13776322953 | behavioral approach | learning (classical and operant) observed | 6 | |
| 13776322954 | cognitive approach | thinking affects behavior | 7 | |
| 13776322955 | humanistic approach | becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) | 8 | |
| 13776322956 | social-cultural approach | cultural, family, environment | 9 | |
| 13776322957 | two reasons of why experiments are important | hindsight bias + overconfidence | 10 | |
| 13776322958 | types of research methods | descriptive, correlational, and experimental | 11 | |
| 13776322959 | descriptive methods | case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT) | 12 | |
| 13776322960 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 13 | |
| 13776322961 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 14 | |
| 13776322962 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 15 | |
| 13776322963 | correlational method | shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research | 16 | |
| 13776322964 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 17 | |
| 13776322965 | experimental method | does show cause and effect | 18 | |
| 13776322966 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 19 | |
| 13776322967 | sample | actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias) | 20 | |
| 13776322968 | random assignment | chance selection between experimental and control groups | 21 | |
| 13776322969 | control group | not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo | 22 | |
| 13776322970 | experimental group | receiving treatment/drug | 23 | |
| 13776322971 | independent variable | drug/procedure/treatment | 24 | |
| 13776322972 | dependent variable | outcome of using the drug/treatment | 25 | |
| 13776322973 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 26 | |
| 13776322974 | scientific method | theory hypothesis operational definition revision | 27 | |
| 13776322975 | theory | general idea being tested | 28 | |
| 13776322976 | hypothesis | measurable/specific | 29 | |
| 13776322977 | operational definition | procedures that explain components | 30 | |
| 13776322978 | mode | appears the most | 31 | |
| 13776322979 | mean | average | 32 | |
| 13776322980 | median | middle | 33 | |
| 13776322981 | range | highest - lowest | 34 | |
| 13776322982 | standard deviation | how scores vary around the mean | 35 | |
| 13776322983 | central tendency | single score that represents the whole | 36 | |
| 13776322984 | bell curve | (natural curve) |  | 37 |
| 13776322985 | ethics of testing on animals | need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans | 38 | |
| 13776322986 | ethics of testing on humans | consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality | 39 | |
| 13776322987 | sensory neurons | travel from sensory receptors to brain | 40 | |
| 13776322988 | motor neurons | travel from brain to "motor" workings | 41 | |
| 13776322989 | interneurons | (in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons | 42 | |
| 13776323181 | neuron |  | 43 | |
| 13776322990 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 44 | |
| 13776322991 | myelin sheath | protects the axon | 45 | |
| 13776322992 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 46 | |
| 13776322993 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers | 47 | |
| 13776322994 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 48 | |
| 13776322995 | excitatory charge | "Let's do it!" | 49 | |
| 13776322996 | inhibitory charge | "Let's not do it!" | 50 | |
| 13776322997 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 51 | |
| 13776322998 | peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system | 52 | |
| 13776322999 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 53 | |
| 13776323000 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) | 54 | |
| 13776323001 | sympathetic nervous system | arousing | 55 | |
| 13776323002 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming | 56 | |
| 13776323003 | neural networks | more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used | 57 | |
| 13776323004 | spinal cord | expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved | 58 | |
| 13776323005 | endocrine system | slow uses hormones in the blood system | 59 | |
| 13776323006 | master gland | pituitary gland | 60 | |
| 13776323007 | brainstem | extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival | 61 | |
| 13776323008 | reticular formation (if stimulated) | sleeping subject wakes up | 62 | |
| 13776323009 | reticular formation (if damaged) | coma | 63 | |
| 13776323010 | brainstem (if severed) | still move (without purpose) | 64 | |
| 13776323011 | thalamus | sensory switchboard (does not process smell) | 65 | |
| 13776323012 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 66 | |
| 13776323013 | cerebellum | nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 67 | |
| 13776323014 | cerebellum (if damaged) | difficulty walking and coordinating | 68 | |
| 13776323015 | amygdala | aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions | 69 | |
| 13776323016 | amygdala (if lesioned) | subject is mellow | 70 | |
| 13776323017 | amygdala (if stimulated) | aggressive | 71 | |
| 13776323018 | hippocampus | process new memory | 72 | |
| 13776323019 | cerebrum | two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing | 73 | |
| 13776323020 | cerebral cortex | only in higher life forms | 74 | |
| 13776323021 | association areas | integrate and interpret information | 75 | |
| 13776323022 | glial cells | provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons | 76 | |
| 13776323023 | frontal lobe | judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident) | 77 | |
| 13776323024 | parietal lobe | math and spatial reasoning | 78 | |
| 13776323025 | temporal lobe | audition and recognizing faces | 79 | |
| 13776323026 | occipital lobe | vision | 80 | |
| 13776323027 | corpus callosum | split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures) | 81 | |
| 13776323028 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory and hearing | 82 | |
| 13776323029 | Broca's area | speaking words | 83 | |
| 13776323030 | plasticity | ability to adapt if damaged | 84 | |
| 13776323031 | sensation | what our senses tell us | 85 | |
| 13776323032 | bottom-up processing | senses to brain | 86 | |
| 13776323033 | perception | what our brain tells us to do with that information | 87 | |
| 13776323034 | top-down processing | brain to senses | 88 | |
| 13776323035 | inattentional blindness | fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere | 89 | |
| 13776323036 | cocktail party effect | even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. | 90 | |
| 13776323037 | change blindness | giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice | 91 | |
| 13776323038 | choice blindness | when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed | 92 | |
| 13776323039 | absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time | 93 | |
| 13776323040 | signal detection theory | we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying) | 94 | |
| 13776323041 | JND (just noticeable difference) | (Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion | 95 | |
| 13776323042 | sensory adaptation | tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?" | 96 | |
| 13776323043 | rods | night time | 97 | |
| 13776323044 | cones | color | 98 | |
| 13776323045 | parallel processing | notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. | 99 | |
| 13776323046 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | 3 corresponding color receptors (RGB) | 100 | |
| 13776323047 | Hering's opponent-process theory | after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB) | 101 | |
| 13776323048 | trichromatic + opponent-process | Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex | 102 | |
| 13776323049 | frequency we hear most | human voice | 103 | |
| 13776323050 | Helmoltz (hearing) | we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches) | 104 | |
| 13776323051 | frequency theory | impulse frequency (low pitches) | 105 | |
| 13776323052 | Helmholtz + frequency theory | middle pitches | 106 | |
| 13776323053 | Skin feels what? | warmth, cold, pressure, pain | 107 | |
| 13776323054 | gate-control theory | small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses | 108 | |
| 13776323055 | memory of pain | peaks and ends | 109 | |
| 13776323056 | smell | close to memory section (not in thalamus) | 110 | |
| 13776323057 | grouping | Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole | 111 | |
| 13776323058 | grouping groups | proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure | 112 | |
| 13776323059 | make assumptions of placement | higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front | 113 | |
| 13776323060 | perception = | mood + motivation | 114 | |
| 13776323061 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and the environment | 115 | |
| 13776323062 | circadian rhythm | daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake) | 116 | |
| 13776323063 | circadian rhythm pattern | - activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin | 117 | |
| 13776323064 | What messes with circadian rhythm? | artificial light | 118 | |
| 13776323065 | The whole sleep cycle lasts how long? | 90 minutes | 119 | |
| 13776323066 | sleep stages | relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep) | 120 | |
| 13776323067 | purpose of sleep | 1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more) | 121 | |
| 13776323068 | insomnia | can't sleep | 122 | |
| 13776323069 | narcolepsy | fall asleep anywhere at anytime | 123 | |
| 13776323070 | sleep apnea | stop breathing in sleep | 124 | |
| 13776323071 | night terrors | prevalent in children | 125 | |
| 13776323072 | sleepwalking/sleeptalking | hereditary - prevalent in children | 126 | |
| 13776323073 | dreaming (3) | 1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries | 127 | |
| 13776323074 | purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES) | 1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence | 128 | |
| 13776323075 | 1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible? | 1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE)) | 129 | |
| 13776323076 | depressants | slows neural pathways | 130 | |
| 13776323077 | alcohol | ((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect | 131 | |
| 13776323078 | barbituates (tranquilizers) | ((depressant)) reduce anxiety | 132 | |
| 13776323079 | opiates | ((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain | 133 | |
| 13776323080 | stimulants | hypes neural processing | 134 | |
| 13776323081 | methamphetamine | ((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine | 135 | |
| 13776323082 | caffeine | ((stimulant)) | 136 | |
| 13776323083 | nicotine | ((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine | 137 | |
| 13776323084 | cocaine | ((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine | 138 | |
| 13776323085 | hallucinogen | excites neural activity | 139 | |
| 13776323086 | ecstasy | ((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin | 140 | |
| 13776323087 | LSD | ((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin | 141 | |
| 13776323088 | marijuana | ((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation | 142 | |
| 13776323089 | learning | organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events) | 143 | |
| 13776323090 | types of learning | classical operant observational | 144 | |
| 13776323091 | famous classical psychologists | Pavlov and Watson | 145 | |
| 13776323092 | famous operant psychologist | Skinner | 146 | |
| 13776323093 | famous observational psychologists | Bandura | 147 | |
| 13776323094 | classical conditioning | outside stimulus | 148 | |
| 13776323095 | Pavlov's experiment | Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation) | 149 | |
| 13776323096 | Watson's experiment | white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry) | 150 | |
| 13776323097 | generalization | any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now | 151 | |
| 13776323098 | discriminate | any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry | 152 | |
| 13776323099 | extinction | stop "treating" with conditioned response | 153 | |
| 13776323100 | spontaneous recovery | bring stimulus back after a while | 154 | |
| 13776323101 | operant conditioning | control by organism | 155 | |
| 13776323102 | Skinner's experiment | operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping) | 156 | |
| 13776323103 | shaping | get animal closer to doing what you want them to do | 157 | |
| 13776323104 | reinforcers | want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging) | 158 | |
| 13776323105 | punishments | want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone) | 159 | |
| 13776323106 | fixed ratio | happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card) | 160 | |
| 13776323107 | variable ratio | happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery) | 161 | |
| 13776323108 | organism must do these (2 times) | fixed ratio and variable ratio | 162 | |
| 13776323109 | fixed interval | happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM) | 163 | |
| 13776323110 | variable interval | happens at any time (receive texts from friends) | 164 | |
| 13776323111 | these things happen regardless (2 times) | fixed interval and variable interval | 165 | |
| 13776323112 | Which (fixed/variable) conditions better? | variable | 166 | |
| 13776323113 | criticisms of Skinner | doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation | 167 | |
| 13776323114 | intrinsic motivation | doing something for yourself, not the reward | 168 | |
| 13776323115 | extrinsic motivation | doing something for reward | 169 | |
| 13776323116 | Skinner's legacy | use it personally, at school, and at work | 170 | |
| 13776323117 | famous observational experiment | Bandura's Bobo doll | 171 | |
| 13776323118 | famous observational psychologist | Bandura | 172 | |
| 13776323119 | mirror neurons | "feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals | 173 | |
| 13776323120 | Bobo doll experiment legacy | violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil | 174 | |
| 13776323121 | observational learning | biological behaviors work best | 175 | |
| 13776323122 | habituation | get used to it -> stop reacting | 176 | |
| 13776323123 | examples for observational learning | lectures and reading | 177 | |
| 13776323124 | serotonin involved with memory | speeds the connection between neurons | 178 | |
| 13776323125 | LTP | ((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed) | 179 | |
| 13776323126 | CREB | protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories | 180 | |
| 13776323127 | glutamate involved with memory | neurotransmitter that enhances LTP | 181 | |
| 13776323128 | glucose involved with memory | released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered)) | 182 | |
| 13776323129 | flashbulb memory | type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment | 183 | |
| 13776323130 | amygdala (memory) | boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight | 184 | |
| 13776323131 | cerebellum (memory) | forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning)) | 185 | |
| 13776323132 | hippocampus (memory) | active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours)) | 186 | |
| 13776323133 | memory | learning over time contains information that can be retrieved | 187 | |
| 13776323134 | processing stages | encoding -> storage -> retrieval | 188 | |
| 13776323135 | encoding | information going in | 189 | |
| 13776323136 | storage | keeping information in | 190 | |
| 13776323137 | retrieval | taking information out | 191 | |
| 13776323138 | How long is sensory memory stored? | seconds | 192 | |
| 13776323139 | How long is short-term memory stored? | less than a minute | 193 | |
| 13776323140 | How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory? | 7 | 194 | |
| 13776323141 | How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory? | 4 | 195 | |
| 13776323142 | How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory? | 2 | 196 | |
| 13776323143 | short term memory goes to ______________ | working memory | 197 | |
| 13776323144 | working memory | make a connection and process information to mean something | 198 | |
| 13776323145 | working memory goes to _________________ | long-term memory | 199 | |
| 13776323146 | How much is stored in long-term memory? | LIMITLESS | 200 | |
| 13776323147 | implicit memory | naturally do | 201 | |
| 13776323148 | explicit memory | need to explain | 202 | |
| 13776323149 | automatic processing | space, time, frequency, well-learned information | 203 | |
| 13776323150 | effortful processing | processing that requires effort | 204 | |
| 13776323151 | spacing effect | spread out learning over time | 205 | |
| 13776323152 | serial position effect | primary/recency effect | 206 | |
| 13776323153 | primary effect | remember the first things in a list | 207 | |
| 13776323154 | recency effect | remember the last things in a list | 208 | |
| 13776323155 | effortful processing (4 things) | 1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect | 209 | |
| 13776323156 | semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to | make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you | 210 | |
| 13776323157 | if we can't remember a memory... | 1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story | 211 | |
| 13776323158 | misinformation effect | not correct information | 212 | |
| 13776323159 | imagination inflation | imagine or visualize something that isn't real | 213 | |
| 13776323160 | source amnesia | what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?) | 214 | |
| 13776323161 | priming | association (setting you up) | 215 | |
| 13776323162 | context | environment helps with memory | 216 | |
| 13776323163 | state-dependency | you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high) | 217 | |
| 13776323164 | mood-congruency | emotion will bring back similar emotional memories | 218 | |
| 13776323165 | forgetting curve | forget after 5 days forget after 5 years | 219 | |
| 13776323166 | the forgetting curve was created by | Ebbinghaus | 220 | |
| 13776323167 | proactive interference | old information interferes with the new | 221 | |
| 13776323168 | retroactive interference | new information interferes with the old | 222 | |
| 13776323169 | children can't remember before age __ | 3 | 223 | |
| 13776323170 | Loftus | connected to abuse cases/childhood | 224 | |
| 13776323171 | prototypes | generalize | 225 | |
| 13776323172 | problem-solving (4) | trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!" | 226 | |
| 13776323173 | against problem-solving | fixation | 227 | |
| 13776323174 | mental set | what has worked in the past | 228 | |
| 13776323175 | functional fixedness | only way to do this is with this | 229 | |
| 13776323176 | Chomsky (nature or nurture?) | "born with language" (nature) | 230 | |
| 13776323177 | Skinner (nature or nurture?) | language is learned (nurture) | 231 | |
| 13776323178 | grammar is _________ | universal | 232 | |
| 13776323179 | phonemes | smallest sound unit | 233 | |
| 13776323180 | morphemes | smallest meaning unit | 234 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
Flashcards
Myers AP Psychology LEARNING Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 12544129069 | learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience | 0 | |
| 12544129070 | habituation | an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it |  | 1 |
| 12544129071 | associative learning | learning that certain events occur together. |  | 2 |
| 12544129072 | classical conditioning | a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events |  | 3 |
| 12544129073 | behaviorism | psychology: (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. |  | 4 |
| 12544129074 | unconditioned response (UR) | the unlearned, naturally occurring reaction to US, such as salivation when food is in the mouth |  | 5 |
| 12544129075 | unconditioned stimulus (US) | a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a reaction (like food) |  | 6 |
| 12544129076 | conditioned response (CR) | the learned reaction to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) |  | 7 |
| 12544129077 | conditioned stimulus (CS) | an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an US, comes to trigger a conditioned reaction |  | 8 |
| 12544129078 | acquisition | the "learned" behavior or response |  | 9 |
| 12544129079 | higher-order conditioning | a procedure in which the CS in one conditioning experience is paired with a new NS, creating a second (often weaker) CS. |  | 10 |
| 12544129080 | extinction | the diminishing of a CR; when a response is no longer reinforced |  | 11 |
| 12544129081 | spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR |  | 12 |
| 12544129082 | generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit responses |  | 13 |
| 12544129083 | discrimination | the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US |  | 14 |
| 12544129084 | learned helplessness | the helplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events |  | 15 |
| 12544129085 | operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished followed by a punisher |  | 16 |
| 12544129086 | law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, or where behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |  | 17 |
| 12544129087 | operant chamber | Skinner box containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforce; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking |  | 18 |
| 12544129088 | shaping | reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |  | 19 |
| 12544129089 | discriminative stimulus | a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement) |  | 20 |
| 12544129090 | reinforcer | any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |  | 21 |
| 12544129091 | positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. |  | 22 |
| 12544129092 | negative reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. |  | 23 |
| 12544129093 | primary reinforce | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need | | 24 |
| 12544129094 | continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |  | 25 |
| 12544129095 | partial (intermittent) reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement | | 26 |
| 12544129096 | fixed-ratio schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |  | 27 |
| 12544129097 | variable-ratio schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses | | 28 |
| 12544129098 | fixed-interval schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |  | 29 |
| 12544129099 | variable-interval schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals | | 30 |
| 12544129100 | punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows |  | 31 |
| 12544129101 | cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. (For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it) |  | 32 |
| 12544129102 | latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it LATER |  | 33 |
| 12544129103 | insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem |  | 34 |
| 12544129104 | intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake; INSIDE |  | 35 |
| 12544129105 | extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment, OUTSIDE |  | 36 |
| 12544129106 | modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |  | 37 |
| 12544129107 | mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empath |  | 38 |
| 12544129108 | prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior |  | 39 |
| 12544129115 | biofedback | a technique that trains people to improve their health by controlling certain bodily processes that normally happen involuntarily, such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin temperature. |  | 40 |
| 12544129116 | aversion theory | an aversive (causing a strong feeling of dislike or disgust) stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior. |  | 41 |
| 12544129119 | neutral stimulus (NS) | environmental factor that doesn't elicit a CR until it is repeatedly paired with the US (ex/ bell in Pavlov experiment) | 42 | |
| 12544129121 | secondary reinforcer | lead to the ability to get primary reinforcer... money=food (primary reinforcer) education=career (primary reinforcer) | 43 | |
| 12544129122 | stimulus | any event of situation that evokes a response | 44 | |
| 12544129123 | cognitive learning | the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, bt watching others, or through language | 45 | |
| 12544129124 | reinforcement | in operant conditioning, any event that stregnthens the behavior it follows | 46 | |
| 12544129125 | reinforcement schedule | a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced | 47 | |
| 12544129126 | respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus | 48 | |
| 12544129127 | operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences | 49 | |
| 12544129129 | problem-focused coping | attempting to alleviate stress directly- by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor | 50 | |
| 12544129130 | emotion-focused coping | attempting to allieviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction | 51 | |
| 12544129131 | external locus of control | the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate | 52 | |
| 12544129132 | internal locus of control | the perception that you control your own fate | 53 | |
| 12544129133 | self-control | the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term awards | 54 | |
| 12544129134 | observational learning | learning by observing. also called social learning | 55 |
Flashcards
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