Flashcards
AP CSP Final Review Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8460416272 | penRGB(255,255,255) | White | 0 | |
| 8460416273 | Algorithm | A precise sequence of instructions for processes that can be executed by a computer | 1 | |
| 8460416274 | Abstraction | The process of considering something independently of its associations, attributes, or concrete accompaniments. | 2 | |
| 8460416275 | Function | A piece of code that you can easily call over and over again. | 3 | |
| 8460416276 | API | a collection of commands made available to a programmer | 4 | |
| 8460416277 | Documentation | a description of the behavior of a command, function, library, API, etc. | 5 | |
| 8460416278 | Library | a collection of commands / functions, typically with a shared purpose | 6 | |
| 8460416279 | Parameter | An extra piece of information that you pass to the function to customize it for a specific need | 7 | |
| 8460416280 | For Loop | A particular kind of looping construct provided in many languages. Typically, a for loop defines a counting variable that is checked and incremented on each iteration in order to loop a specific number of times. | 8 | |
| 8460416281 | Loop | The action of doing something over and over again. | 9 | |
| 8460416282 | Byte | technical term for 8 bits of data |  | 10 |
| 8460416283 | Kilobyte (KB) | 1024 bytes | 11 | |
| 8460416284 | Megabyte (MB) | 1,024 kilobytes | 12 | |
| 8460416285 | Gigabyte (GB) | 1,024 megabytes | 13 | |
| 8460416286 | Terabyte (TB) | 1,024 gigabytes | 14 | |
| 8460416287 | Petabyte (PB) | 1,024 terabytes | 15 | |
| 8460416288 | .bmp | (bitmap image file or bitmap) is a raster graphics image file format used to store digital images. |  | 16 |
| 8460416289 | .gif | (acronym for Graphics Interchange Format) a bitmap image format which uses the LZW lossless data compression technique to reduce the file size without degrading the visual quality. Supports 8 bits per pixel for each image and animations. |  | 17 |
| 8460416290 | .jpg or .jpeg | (acronym for Joint Photographic Experts Group), a commonly used lossy compression format for digital images, particularly for those images produced by digital photography. The format supports adjustable degrees of compression. |  | 18 |
| 8460416291 | .mp3 | an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression which works by reducing (or approximating) certain components of the audio that are considered to be beyond audible human hearing. |  | 19 |
| 8460416292 | .wav | (Waveform Audio File Format) an audio coding format standard for storing an audio bitstream of uncompressed audio data. |  | 20 |
| 8460416293 | .txt | a computer format that is structured as a sequence of lines of electronic text. |  | 21 |
| 8460416294 | .zip | an archive file format that supports lossless data compression; may contain one or more files or directories. |  | 22 |
| 8460416295 | .png | (Portable Network Graphics) a raster graphics file format that supports lossless data compression. |  | 23 |
| 8460416296 | Heuristic | a problem solving approach (algorithm) to find a satisfactory solution where finding an optimal or exact solution is impractical or impossible. |  | 24 |
| 8460416297 | Image | A type of data used for graphics or pictures. |  | 25 |
| 8460416298 | Metadata | Data that describes other data. For example, a digital image my include metadata that describe the size of the image, number of colors, or resolution. |  | 26 |
| 8460416299 | Pixel | Short for "picture element" it is the fundamental unit of a digital image, typically a tiny square or dot which contains a single point of color of a larger image. |  | 27 |
| 8460416300 | Hexadecimal Number System | A number system consisting of 16 distinct symbols — 0-9 and A-F — which can occur in each place value. |  | 28 |
| 8460416301 | Lossless | A compression scheme in which every bit of the original data can be recovered from the compressed file. |  | 29 |
| 8460416302 | Lossy | A compression scheme in which "useless" or less-than-totally-necessary information is thrown out in order to reduce the size of the data. The eliminated data is unrecoverable. |  | 30 |
| 8460416303 | RGB | the color model that uses varying intensities of (R)ed, (G)reen, and (B)lue light added together in order to reproduce a broad array of colors. |  | 31 |
| 8460416304 | RBG Intensities | a 256-range (or 8-bit range) of values from light to dark on each of the three color channels (R,G,B) |  | 32 |
| 8460416305 | file extensions | the endings of file names that indicate to the computer the format for how the underlying bits are organized. |  | 33 |
| 8460416306 | Computationally Hard Problem | A problem that can not be solved in a reasonable amount of time. Heuristics are often used to create an approximate or good enough solution. | 34 | |
| 8460416307 | #FF0000 | Red represented RGB in 32Bit Hex | 35 | |
| 8460416308 | #00FF00 | Green represented RGB in 32Bit Hex | 36 | |
| 8460416309 | #0000FF | Blue represented RGB in 32Bit Hex | 37 | |
| 8460416310 | #000000 | Black represented RGB in 32Bit Hex | 38 | |
| 8460416311 | #FFFFFF | White represented RGB in 32Bit Hex | 39 | |
| 8460416312 | Innovation | A novel or improved idea, device, product, etc. or the development thereof | 40 | |
| 8460416313 | Bit | A contraction of "Binary Digit". A bit is the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or a 1 | 41 | |
| 8460416314 | Moore's Law | the observation that computing power roughly doubles every two years. | 42 | |
| 8460416315 | Big Data | a broad term for datasets so large or complex that traditional data processing applications are inadequate. | 43 | |
| 8460416316 | Caesar Cipher | a technique for encryption that shifts the alphabet by some number of characters | 44 | |
| 8460416317 | Cipher | the generic term for a technique (or algorithm) that performs encryption | 45 | |
| 8460416318 | Cracking encryption | When you attempt to decode a secret message without knowing all the specifics of the cipher. | 46 | |
| 8460416319 | Decryption | a process that reverses encryption, taking a secret message and reproducing the original plain text | 47 | |
| 8460416320 | Encryption | a process of encoding messages to keep them secret, so only "authorized" parties can read it. | 48 | |
| 8460416321 | Random Substitution Cipher | an encryption technique that maps each letter of the alphabet to a chosen other letters of the alphabet. | 49 | |
| 8460416322 | Vigenère cipher | a method of encrypting text by applying a series of alphabetical shifts based on the letters of a keyword. | 50 | |
| 8460416323 | asymmetric encryption | used in public key encryption, it is scheme in which the key to encrypt data is different from the key to decrypt. | 51 | |
| 8460416324 | modulo | a mathematical operation that returns the remainder after integer division. | 52 | |
| 8460416325 | Public Key Encryption | Used prevalently on the web, it allows for secure messages to be sent between parties without having to agree on, or share, a secret key. It uses an asymmetric encryption scheme in which the encryption key is made public, but the decryption key is kept private. | 53 | |
| 8460416326 | Digital Divide | the gulf between those who have ready access to computers and the Internet, and those who do not. | 54 | |
| 8460416327 | Hypothesis | A proposed explanation for some phenomenon used as the basis for further investigation. | 55 | |
| 8460416328 | Search Trends | Comparison of the popularity of topical queries in an online search engine as they relate to time. | 56 | |
| 8460416329 | Visualization | Images, diagrams, tables, etc created from information extracted from a given data set, with the express intention of highlighting a data story. | 57 | |
| 8460416330 | Pivot Table | The name of the tool used by most spreadsheet programs to create a summary table. | 58 | |
| 8460416331 | README | A document providing background information about a dataset. | 59 | |
| 8460416332 | CSV | Abbreviation of "comma-separated values," this is a widely-used format for storing data. | 60 | |
| 8460416333 | Raw data | The original data as it was collected. | 61 | |
| 8460416334 | Summary table | A table of aggregate information about a dataset (e.g., the average, sum, count of some values). | 62 | |
| 8460416335 | Filter | tool/technique using dynamic parameters for reducing a data set to viewing only similar items in a row or column. | 63 | |
| 8460416336 | Aggregation | A computation in which rows from a data set are grouped together and used to compute a single value of more significant meaning or measurement. Common aggregations include: Average, Count, Sum, Max, Median, etc. | 64 | |
| 8460416337 | HEX: F | The number 15 | 65 | |
| 8460416338 | BIN: 1110 | The number 14 | 66 | |
| 8460416339 | DEC: 13 | The number 13 | 67 | |
| 8460416340 | prototype | A preliminary sketch of an idea or model for something new. It's the original drawing from which something real might be built or created. | 68 | |
| 8460416341 | binary question | a question where there are only two possible answers | 69 | |
| 8460416342 | binary message | a message that can have only one of two values | 70 | |
| 8460416343 | bit rate | the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time. | 71 | |
| 8460416344 | protocol | A set of rules governing the exchange or transmission of data between devices. | 72 | |
| 8460416345 | ASCIII | The universally recognized raw text format that any computer can understand | 73 | |
| 8460416346 | American Standard Code for Information Interchange | What does ASCII stand for? (cap first letter) | 74 | |
| 8460416347 | code | (slang) to write instructions for a computer | 75 | |
| 8460416348 | request for comments | documents how standards and protocols are defined -- Published for all to see | 76 | |
| 8460416349 | router | a computer which receives messages traveling across a network and redirects them towards their intended destination based on the addressing information included with the message. | 77 | |
| 8460416350 | redundancy | repetition of information or the inclusion of additional information to reduce errors in transmission. | 78 | |
| 8460416351 | DNS | The service that translates URL's to IP addresses | 79 | |
| 8460416352 | domain name service | DNS stands for... | 80 | |
| 8460416353 | uniform resource locator | URL stands for... | 81 | |
| 8460416354 | HTTP | the protocol used for transmitting web pages over the internet | 82 | |
| 8460416355 | hypertext transfer protocol | HTTP stands for... | 83 | |
| 8460416356 | TCP | provides reliable, ordered and error checked delivery of a stream of packets in the internet | 84 | |
| 8460416357 | transmission control protocol | TCP stands for... | 85 | |
| 8460416358 | URL | an easy to remember address for calling a web page | 86 | |
| 8460416359 | IP address | A number assigned to any item that is connected to the internet | 87 | |
| 8460416360 | net neutrality | the principle that all Internet traffic should be treated equally by Internet Service Providers | 88 | |
| 8460416362 | octal | The octal number system is base 8, using only digits 0 through 7. | 89 | |
| 8460416363 | decimal | Traditional number system using digits 0-9. | 90 | |
| 8460416364 | iterative innovation | Incremental or small improvement to an item | 91 | |
| 8460416365 | novel innovation | Improvement that is new, creative and has not been done before "outside the box thinking." | 92 | |
| 8460416366 | iteration | repeating a process - in computer science this term often implies each repetition comes closer to an end point or final answer. | 93 | |
| 8460416367 | Vint Cerf | Internet pioneer who believed the Internet should be free and available to everyone | 94 | |
| 8460416368 | higher lower | __________ level protocols use _______ levels without needing to understand precisely how they work. (space between each term) | 95 | |
| 8460416369 | lower higher | _________ level protocols guarantee __________ level protocols will function without stating specifically how this will be accomplished. | 96 | |
| 8460416370 | Creative Commons | one of several public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work. A CC license is used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that they have created. |  | 97 |
| 8460416371 | High Level Programming Language | A programming language that enables a programmer to write programs that are more or less independent of a particular type of computer. Such languages are considered high-level because they are closer to human languages and further from machine languages. Examples: JavaScript, Java, FORTRAN | 98 | |
| 8460416372 | Low Level Programming Language | A programming language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer's instruction set architecture—commands or functions in the language map closely to processor instructions. Generally this refers to either machine code or assembly language. | 99 | |
| 8460416373 | Fault tolerant network | The ability to route around broken servers on the internet. | 100 | |
| 8460416374 | Binary Code | Representation of computer processor instructions using any two-symbol system, but often the numbers 0 and 1. | 101 | |
| 8460416375 | == | (sometimes read: "equal equal") equality operator; used to compare two values, and returns a Boolean (true/false). Avoid confusion with the assignment operator "=", | 102 | |
| 8460416376 | Global Variable | A variable whose scope is "global" to the program, it can be used and updated by any part of the code. Its global scope is typically derived from the variable being declared (created) outside of any function, object, or method. | 103 | |
| 8460416377 | If Statement | The common programming structure that implements "conditional statements". | 104 | |
| 8460416378 | Local Variable | A variable with local scope is one that can only be seen, used and updated by code within the same scope. Typically this means the variable was declared (created) inside a function; includes function parameter variables. | 105 | |
| 8460416379 | Variable Scope | dictates what portions of the code can "see" or use a variable, typically derived from where the variable was first created. (See Global v. Local) | 106 | |
| 8460416380 | Callback function | a function specified as part of an event listener; it is written by the programmer but called by the system as the result of an event trigger. | 107 | |
| 8460416381 | Event | An action that causes something to happen. | 108 | |
| 8460416382 | UI Elements | onscreen objects, like buttons, images, text boxes, pull down menus, screens and so on. | 109 | |
| 8460416383 | User Interface | The visual elements of an program through which a user controls or communications the application. Often abbreviated UI. | 110 | |
| 8460416384 | Data Type | (ex: Number, Boolean, or String) a value's property that dictates how the computer will interpret it. For example 7+5 is interpreted differently from "7"+"5" | 111 | |
| 8460416385 | Expression | Any valid unit of code that resolves to a value. | 112 | |
| 8460416386 | Variable | A placeholder for a piece of information that can change. | 113 | |
| 8460416387 | Debugging | Finding and fixing problems in your algorithm or program. | 114 | |
| 8460416388 | conditionals | statements that run under only certain conditions | 115 | |
| 8460416389 | selection | A generic term for a type of programming statement (usually an if-statement) that uses a Boolean condition to determine, or select, whether or not to run a certain block of statements. | 116 | |
| 8460416390 | Boolean | a single value of either TRUE or FALSE | 117 | |
| 8460416391 | Boolean Expression | in programming, an expression that evaluates to True or False. | 118 | |
| 8460416392 | && | "and" logical operator | 119 | |
| 8460416393 | || | "or" logical operator | 120 | |
| 8460416394 | ! | "not" logical operator | 121 | |
| 8460416395 | Concatentate | to link together or join. Typically used when joining together text Strings in programming (e.g. "Hello, "+name) | 122 |
Flashcards
AP Biology - Energy & Enzymes Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10852486208 | metabolism | The sum of the building & breaking reactions occurring in cells | 0 | |
| 10852486209 | catabolic pathways | Series of reactions that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds. |  | 1 |
| 10852486210 | anabolic pathways | Series of reactions that consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones. |  | 2 |
| 10852486211 | bioenergenetics | The study of how organisms manage their energy resources. |  | 3 |
| 10852486212 | kinetic energy | Energy associated with relative motion of objects. |  | 4 |
| 10852486213 | thermal energy | Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of molecules or atoms. (heat) |  | 5 |
| 10852486214 | potential energy | Stored energy. |  | 6 |
| 10852486215 | first law of thermodynamics | Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. |  | 7 |
| 10852486216 | entropy | A measure of disorder or randomness. Tends to increase in the universe. |  | 8 |
| 10852486217 | second law of thermodynamics | Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. |  | 9 |
| 10852486218 | free energy | Measures the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell. |  | 10 |
| 10852486219 | endergonic reaction | Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings. |  | 11 |
| 10852486220 | exergonic reaction | Reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy. |  | 12 |
| 10852486221 | energy coupling | The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. |  | 13 |
| 10852486222 | ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | Composed of a sugar ribose, nitrogenous base adenine, and a chain of three phosphate groups bonded to it. |  | 14 |
| 10852486223 | phosphorylation | The metabolic process of introducing a phosphate group into an organic molecule. |  | 15 |
| 10852486224 | catalyst | A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |  | 16 |
| 10852486225 | enzyme | Protein that speeds up reactions. Typically end in "ase" (ex. Peroxidase, Lipase) |  | 17 |
| 10852486226 | activation energy | The amount of energy needed to push the reactants over an energy barrier. |  | 18 |
| 10852486227 | enzyme-substrate complex | When an enzyme binds to its substrate, it forms: |  | 19 |
| 10852486228 | active site | A pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme where a substrate can bind. |  | 20 |
| 10852486229 | induced fit model | States that the enzyme and substrate undergo conformational changes to interact fully with one another (as opposed to "Lock & Key" |  | 21 |
| 10852486230 | cofactor | Inorganic metal ion helpers that may be bound tightly to the enzyme as a permanent resident, or may bind loosely and reversibly along with the substrate. |  | 22 |
| 10852486231 | coenzyme | Non-protein Organic helpers that may be bound tightly to the enzyme as a permanent resident, or may bind loosely and reversibly along with the substrate. |  | 23 |
| 10852486232 | competitive inhibitors | Reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites. |  | 24 |
| 10852486233 | noncompetitive inhibitors | Impede enzymatic reactions by binding to another part of the enzyme (other than the active site). |  | 25 |
| 10852486234 | feedback inhibition/negative feedback | A metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway. |  | 26 |
| 10852486235 | saturated enzyme | Describes an enzyme's maximum activity when every active site is being used. | 27 | |
| 10852486236 | substrate | The reactant that an enzyme binds with to form product. | | 28 |
| 10852486237 | Chemical Energy | Potential energy trapped in molecular bonds. |  | 29 |
| 10852486238 | Spontaneous Reaction | When a reaction doesn't require energy to proceed it is said to be this - doesn't mean it will be FAST. | 30 |
AMSCO AP World History Chapter 15 Vocab Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 12872971157 | Henry IV (France) | Sanctioned religious toleration of the Huguenots, French Calvanists, converted to Catholicism for the sake of solidifying his power. His rule saw increasing emphasis on national sovereignty. | 0 | |
| 12872971158 | Henry VIII (England) | A king of England in the early sixteenth century. With the support of his Parliament, Henry established himself as head of the Christian Church in England, in place of the pope, after the pope refused to allow his marriage to Catherine of Aragon to be dissolved. (1491-1547) | 1 | |
| 12872971159 | Charles V, Holy Roman Empire | Was ruler of both the Spanish Empire from 1516 and the Holy Roman Empire from 1519, as well as of the Habsburg Netherlands from 1506. | 2 | |
| 12872971160 | Philip II | King of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary I; he supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598) ... king of ancient Macedonia and father of Alexander the Great (382-336 BC) | 3 | |
| 12872971161 | Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand | A king and queen of Spain in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. They united their country and sponsored the exploration of the New World by Christopher Columbus. | 4 | |
| 12872971162 | James I | King of England (1603-1625) and of Scotland as James VI (1567-1625). The son of Mary Queen of Scots, he succeeded the heirless Elizabeth I as the first Stuart king of England. | 5 | |
| 12872971163 | Charles I | King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. | 6 | |
| 12872971164 | Oliver Cromwell | Was an English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. He was born into the middle gentry, albeit to a family descended from the sister of King Henry VIII's minister Thomas Cromwell. | 7 | |
| 12872971165 | Charles II | King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism. | 8 | |
| 12872971166 | James II | King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1685-1688). The last Stuart king to rule both England and Scotland, he was deposed by his Protestant daughter Mary (later, Mary II) and her husband, William of Orange. | 9 | |
| 12872971167 | William and Mary | Ruled jointly after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 had expelled Mary's father, King James II. | 10 | |
| 12872971168 | Jean Bodin | Was a French jurist and political philosopher, member of the Parlement of Paris and professor of law in Toulouse. He is best known for his theory of sovereignty; he was also an influential writer on demonology. | 11 | |
| 12872971169 | Cardinal Richelieu | Was the chief of government under King Louis XIII. He achieved two difficult goals in his career: establishing absolute monarchy in France and breaking the political power of the Huguenots, or French Protestants. | 12 | |
| 12872971170 | Louis XIV | Ruled 1643-1715, King of France, his reign, the longest in French history, was characterized by a magnificent court, the expansion of French influence in Europe, and the establishment of overseas colonies. | 13 | |
| 12872971171 | Prince Henry the Navigator | Was a Portuguese royal prince, soldier, and patron of explorers. Henry sent many sailing expeditions down Africa's west coast, but did not go on them himself. | 14 | |
| 12872971172 | Thirty Years War | A war waged in the early seventeenth century that involved France, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Austria, and numerous states of Germany. The causes of the war were rooted in national rivalries and in conflict between Roman Catholics and Protestants. | 15 | |
| 12872971173 | War of the Spanish Succession | A war (1701-14) fought by Austria, England, the Netherlands, and Prussia against France and Spain, arising from disputes about the succession in Spain after the death of Charles II of Spain. | 16 | |
| 12872971174 | Maritime Empires | A state with primarily maritime realms—an empire at sea (such as the Phoenician network of merchant cities) or a sea-borne empire. | 17 | |
| 12872971175 | Sepoys | An Indian soldier serving under British or other European orders. | 18 | |
| 12872971176 | Huguenots | A French Protestant of the 16th-17th centuries. Largely Calvinist, the Huguenots suffered severe persecution at the hands of the Catholic majority, and many thousands emigrated from France. | 19 | |
| 12872971177 | Clunaic Reforms | Were a series of changes within medieval monasticism of the Western Church focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art, and caring for the poor. | 20 | |
| 12872971178 | Simony | The buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example pardons or benefices. | 21 | |
| 12872971179 | Anglican Church | The Church of England and the churches in other nations that are in complete agreement with it as to doctrine and discipline and are in communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury. | 22 | |
| 12872971180 | Johannes Kepler | Was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. | 23 | |
| 12872971181 | Francis Bacon | Was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator, and author. He served both as Attorney General and as Lord Chancellor of England. | 24 | |
| 12872971182 | Galileo | Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642) | 25 | |
| 12872971183 | Sir Isaac Newton | English mathematician and physicist; remembered for developing the calculus and for his law of gravitation and his three laws of motion (1642-1727). | 26 | |
| 12872971184 | Michaelangelo | Was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art. | 27 | |
| 12872971185 | Leonardo da Vinci | 1452-1519. Italian painter, engineer, and scientist. | 28 | |
| 12872971186 | John Locke | A seventeenth-century English philosopher. Argued against the belief that human beings are born with certain ideas already in their minds. He claimed that, on the contrary, the mind is a tabula rasa (blank slate) until experience begins to "write" on it. | 29 | |
| 12872971187 | Adam Smith | Is one of the world's most famous economists. Modern capitalism owes its roots to him and his Wealth of Nations, which many consider the single most important economic work in history. | 30 | |
| 12872971188 | Edict of Nates | Signed probably on 30 April 1598 by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time. | 31 | |
| 12872971189 | Peace of Westaphilia | Was a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War over succession within the Holy Roman Empire as well as the Eighty Years' War between Holland and Spain for Dutch independence. | 32 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Language Terms #1 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 6504323915 | ad hominem argument | From Latin meaning "to or against the man," this is an argument that appeals to emotion rather than reason, to feeling rather than intellect. | 0 | |
| 6504329723 | allegory | The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence. | 1 | |
| 6504341495 | alliteration | the repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, and/or supple a musical sound. | 2 | |
| 6504354297 | allusion | A direct or indirect reference to something that is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art, Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, or mythical. There are, or course, many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion. | 3 | |
| 6504362931 | ambiguity | The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage. | 4 | |
| 6504364771 | analogy | A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with, or pointing out its similarity to, something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, and intellectually engaging. | 5 | |
| 6504373582 | Antecedent | The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. | 6 | |
| 6504376100 | Antithesis | A figure of speech involving a seeming contradiction of ideas, words, clauses, or sentences within a balanced grammatical structure. The resulting parallelism serve to emphasize opposition of ideas. | 7 | |
| 6517504155 | aphorism | A terse statement of known authorship that expresses a general truth or moral principle. (If authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point. | 8 | |
| 6517508584 | apostrophe | A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. | 9 | |
| 6517513861 | atmosphere | the emotional mood created by the setting and the author's choice of objects to describe (same as mood) | 10 | |
| 6517517934 | caricature | A representation, especially pictorial or literary, in which the subject's distinctive features or peculiarities are deliberately exaggerated to produce a comic or grotesque effect. | 11 | |
| 6517522094 | Chiasmus | A figure of speech based on inverted parallelism. | 12 | |
| 6517524000 | clause | contains a subject and verb | 13 | |
| 6517524460 | colloquialism | slang | 14 | |
| 6517525131 | conceit | a fanciful expression; extended metaphor; comparing dissimilar objects | 15 | |
| 6517526637 | connotation | suggested meaning, implied meaning, associative meaning of a word | 16 | |
| 6517528266 | diction | word choice | 17 | |
| 6517528267 | denotation | literal meaning of a word | 18 | |
| 6517528772 | didactic | means "instructive" Didactic words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles. | 19 | |
| 6517531829 | euphemism | From greek, "good speech." Euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for generally unpleasant words or concepts. (instead of "the dog died" ---> "the dog passed away") | 20 | |
| 6517536127 | extended metaphor | a metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in a or throughout a work | 21 | |
| 6517538746 | generic conventions | this term describes traditions for each genre. | 22 | |
| 7056299593 | SIGNED BY TUTOR HANG 6/16 | 23 |
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While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!
