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AP World History- Period 2 Flashcards

11322010385	Herodotus	first great Greek historian, wrote The Histories	0
11322010386	Crete	island in the Aegean Sea, Minoans lived here, built wealthy city Knossos	1
11322010387	Minoan civilization	in Crete, influence around 2000 BCE, skilled builders and experienced seafarers, legends of King Minos and Daedalus and the maze	2
11322010388	Mycenae	city on mainland of Greece, probably never conquered by Minoans but showed cultural influence of, had widespread trade, declined along with Minoans in "dark age" around 1100 BCE-750 BCE	3
11322010389	Knossos Palace	Minoan civilization, had indoor plumbing, shows value of innovation and culture that spread to Greek mainland	4
11322010390	poleis (singular polis)	city-states in Greece, separated by natural barriers, usually had independent local governments	5
11322010391	Persian Wars	fifth and fourth centuries BCE, resulted from competition between Greece and expanding Persian empire for access to the sea	6
11322010392	hoplites	infantry members in Greece, polis could call upon citizens to defend their lands, sometimes against other poleis	7
11322010393	monarchy/aristocracy/oligarchy/democracy	king rules state//nobles rule//few wealthy landowners and merchants rule//all citizens participate	8
11322010394	Sparta and Athens	two of the most powerful poleis, remembered for military society, political and intellectual achievements respectively	9
11322010395	Spartan women	greater freedoms than other Greek women bc men served in the military, received an education, could own property, not secluded in homes, praised for athleticism	10
11322010396	helots	slaves, relied on by Spartan society to do agricultural labor needed to feed everyone	11
11322010397	Solon	reform-minded aristocrat, lived in sixth century BCE, became known as wise ruler who improved life in Athens, ex. setting many Athenians free from debt slavery and limiting individuals' land ownership	12
11322010398	direct democracy vs representative democracy	government in which all citizens vote directly on laws and issues in a large assembly vs citizens elect leaders to represent them and give those leaders power to govern	13
11322010399	archons	council of nobles, made up democratic Athenian government along with citizen assembly	14
11322010400	Pericles	ruler of Athens during Golden Age (461-429 BCE), Parthenon rebuilt after destruction in war with Persia during his reign, made reforms to government like Council of 500 and People's Courts	15
11322010401	the Iliad and the Odyssey	two epic poems composed by Greek poet Homer around ninth BCE, oral for a long time	16
11322010402	Socrates/Socratic Method	influential Greek thinker, eventually killed by Athenian government for questioning state religion, method= continually asking questions to systematically clarify another person's ideas and identify core	17
11322010403	Plato	student of Socrates, opened school called the Academy, taught students to question nature of ideas like good/evil, etc, wrote dialogues = teachings presented as discussions between Socrates and pupils	18
11322010404	The Republic	One of Plato's dialogues, described an ideal society ruled by government relying on concept of justice and ethics, envisioned "philosopher kings" and did not support democracy	19
11322010405	Aristotle	student of Plato, believed in avoiding extremes in behavior = the Golden Mean, emphasized empiricism (trust in observations) and logic, wrote Poetics- defined tragedy, comedy, epic and lyric poetry	20
11322010406	syncretic	quality of combining ideas from different sources, ex. resulted from contact between Greeks and Persians, Egyptains	21
11322010407	Euripides and Sophocles	Greek playwrights, used myths of gods as literary devices	22
11322010408	Aristophanes	wrote comedies (character triumphs over hardship) like Lysistrata and the Birds	23
11322010409	Aeschylus	wrote tragedies- dealt with death, war, justice, gods/people relationship like Prometheus Bound	24
11322010410	Parthenon	massive stone building, shows importance of religion in architecture with friezes showing Greek myths	25
11322010411	Syracuse and Agrigentum	some of the largest Greek colonies. Colonies had autonomy but shared culture with home city-state	26
11322010412	Cyrus the Great	ruled 559-529 BCE, Persians conquered most of lands Aegean Sea- India under his rule, succeeded by son	27
11322010413	Achaemenid Empire	Camyses (son of Cyrus the Great) conquered Egypt, parts of SE Europe to create "First Persian Empire", united Mesopotamia, Egypt, and India	28
11322010414	Darius I	ruled 522-486 BCE, divided lands conquered by Persian empire into provinces, created position of satrap= ruler of province loyal to emperor, not local leaders, instituted common currency	29
11322010415	Royal Road	1,500 miles across Persian Empire, network of roads built to encourage trade, during rule of Darius I	30
11322010416	capital city Persepolis, caravanserai inn/markets	projects funded by regular tax payments instituted by Darius I in Perisa	31
11322010417	Xerxes	ruled Persia 519-465 BCE, continued policy of Persian tolerance toward diverse population	32
11322010418	Zoroastrianism	Zarathustra (660 BCE-583 BCE) Persian prophet, began teaching, monotheistic religion, taught concepts of heaven and hell	33
11322010419	magi, Avestas	___ priests spread Zarathustra's teachings orally, later collection of written texts based on his beliefs produced	34
11322010420	Persian Wars, Marathon	around 499 BCE, conquered Greek areas rebelled against Persian empire, Athens and Sparta united to help- 490 BCE in city Marathon in Greece, outnumbered Athenian army defeated Persian forces of Darius	35
11322010421	Battle of Thermopylae	Xerxes attacked Greece, defeated Spartans and allies, went on to capture and burn athens	36
11322010422	Delian League	Athenians and allies formed in reaction to defeat in Thermopylae	37
11322010423	Battle of Salamis	naval battle, Athenians defeat Persians, Greeks won other battles and forces Persians to retreat	38
11322010424	Peloponnesian War, Peloponnesian League	431-404 BCE, Sparta revolted against Athens bc Athens expected taxes from other city-states, with allies in league Sparta defeated Athens, became dominant power in Greece	39
11322010425	Philip II	new power in Macedonia, conquered all of Greek city-states except Sparta, assassinated in 336 BCE, succeeded by son Alexander the Great	40
11322010426	Alexander the Great	extended Greek influence all the way to India during 13 year campaign, used rule of native residents to control vast empire, founded city Alexandria in Egypt, death in 323 BCE led to chaos w no heir	41
11322010427	Hellenistic Period	Alexander the Great conquered vast empire, Greek culture has widespread influence	42
11322010428	Ptolemy dynasty	one of Alexander's generals seized Egypt, after division of Greek-influenced lands, largest library of ancient world at Alexandria	43
11322010429	Seleucids	ruled Persia 305-83 BCE, encouraged Greek and Macedonian colonists, kept Achaemenid bureaucratic system but often had revolts, eventually replaced by Romans	44
11322010430	Parthians	ruled present-day Iraq, Iran, land bordering India beginning in 247 BCE, kept satrap system of government, held off Roman Empire from Syria but defeated by Sassanids in 224 CE	45
11322010431	Sassanids	dynasty 224-651CE, government promoted Zoroastrianism and persecuted Christians	46
11322010432	The Aeneid	epic by Roman poet Virgil, forecasts legacy of Roman Empire, as Iliad is to Greece	47
11322010433	Apennine Mountains	length of Italian peninsula, did not prevent unity like Greek geography	48
11322010434	Etruscans, Latins	combined with Greeks in early Rome, settled in northern and central Italy, gained alphabet from southern Greek colonists through trade	49
11322010435	Rome	started as village on seven hills, welcomed outcasts and outsiders, local tribes agreed to rotating kingship	50
11322010436	Tiber River	from Tyrrhenian Sea, site nearby became Rome	51
11322010437	patricians	wealthy landowners, overthrew final monarch of early Rome to establish republic (government of elected officials)	52
11322010438	Senate	At first, only wealthy Roman citizens represented, also acted as court along with assemblies	53
11322010439	plebeians	most Romans = small farmers, tradespeople, craftsworkers, common soldiers	54
11322010440	magistrates	officials who carried out daily government operations, elected by assemblies of lower class citizens	55
11322010441	tribunes	new officials elected to represent plebeians	56
11322010442	consuls	two most important magistrates, elected by Roman citizens, served as army commanders, had veto power -> early checks and balances	57
11322010443	Laws of the Twelve Tables	inequalities in laws led to revolts, response was to display these publicly to check judiciary system, dealt with most aspects of life	58
11322010444	Cicero	great lawyer in Rome, trained also by Greeks	59
11322010445	Carthage	city-state across Mediterranean from Rome, both wanted to control sea trade	60
11322010446	Punic Wars	series of three wars 264-146 BCE between Rome and Carthage, Romans finally captured, destroyed, and enslaved the city -> Carthaginian peace = ending war with complete destruction of an enemy	61
11322010447	Vandals	nomadic group, took Carthage in 439 CE, conquered Rome in 455 CE	62
11322010448	legions	large Roman armies, land-owning citizens of certain age required to serve, often sold small farms to wealthy patricians when entering army, patricians combined purchases into huge latifundia estates	63
11322010449	Spartacus Rebellion	73 BCE, in response to increasingly harsh conditions of slavery, one of largest slave revolts in history, thousands of rebels and slaves killed and executed	64
11322010450	Gaius Marius, Lucius Pompey Magnus, Julius Caesar/Marc Antony, Octavian	popular and successful generals of Rome, troops devoted to them rather than the state, clashes between groups of Romans became civil wars over state leadership	65
11322010451	popularis	aristocrat with strength based on support of common people of Rome, not just other elites -> Julius Caesar	66
11322010452	Battle of Actium	31 BCE, on Ionian Sea, Octavian defeated Antony, proclaimed himself sole ruler of Rome	67
11322010453	Pax Romana	200 years, Roman peacetime, started during Octavian ("Augustus Caesar")'s rule	68
11322010454	equestrian class	some social mobility to male Roman citizens with enough property, held positions of some authority in government	69
11322010455	Epicureanism	Roman philosophy based in Greek ideas, promoted living simply and enjoying pleasures of life without focusing on appealing to gods	70
11322010456	Stoicism	another Roman philosophy based on Greek ideas, accepting the will of the gods, remain detached from pleasure and pain	71
11322010457	pontifex maximus	chief priest of Rome- Romans required practice of state religion but were tolerant of additional religions like Persians	72
11322010458	mystery cults	Romans who wanted more spiritual beliefs joined, followers promised an afterlife in return for secret rituals	73
11322010459	Jesus	emerged into Jewish community in Rome, where Jews were persecuted after rebellions over poly vs monotheism, regarded as troublemaker by Roman officials	74
11322010460	Christianty	distinct form of Judaism, most popular among poor, slaves, and women	75
11322010461	Peter and Paul	important to spread of Christianity	76
11322010462	Edict of Milan	313 CE, emperor Constantine declared Christianity legal	77
11322010463	St. Augustine of Hippo	wrote City of God, points out duality of God on earth vs in heaven -> tensions that would later result in separation of church and state	78
11322010464	Silk Roads	transregional route connecting communities in Europe and Asia	79
11322010465	Diocletian	ruled 284-305 CE, Roman empire divided into western and eastern parts, western half declined while eastern side with Byzantium as capital flourished	80
11322010466	The Mahabharata	one of most important writings in Hindu tradition, Bhagavad Gita is part of, emphasizes carrying out duty in life and separating self from "attachment" to worldly concerns	81
11322010467	varna	word for caste originally used by Aryans, means "color," to distinguish between Aryans and darker-skinned Dravidians	82
11322010468	brahmins, kshatriyas, vaishyas, shudras	Four castes: preistly and learned class// warrior and ruling class// merchant and artisan class// peasant and serf class	83
11322010469	dalits	used to be "untouchables", lowest rung in Indian hierarchy, performed unpleasant jobs in society	84
11322010470	jatis	subcasts, developed within original castes to accommodate complex Indian society	85
11322010471	Jainism	founded by Mahavir Jain (born 500s BCE), drew on ideas first expressed in Upanishads = traditional Hindu texts, state that all creatures on Earth are part of larger Brahma soul-> take measures not to hurt any living creatures, doctrine of ahimsa nonviolence	86
11322010472	Mahavir Jain	born 500s BCE, founded Jainism	87
11322010473	Siddhartha Guatama	Starting in 530 BCE, went on quest to discover why suffering plagued the human race, became ascetic = someone who rejects worldly pleasures and lives life of self-denial, meditated for days to come to several realizations = he called 'enlightenment', became known as Buddha	88
11322010474	Four Noble Truths	summarize Buddhist doctrines, fundamental truths about suffering and how to end it by eliminating desire using Buddhism's eight-step path of meditation and reflection, hope to reach nirvana- peaceful state in the afterlife	89
11322010475	reincarnation/karma	Buddhism, Jainism, Hinduism all believe in inward reflection and hope to end the cycle of _____, but only Hindus believe caste is based on _______, Buddhism and Jainism reject caste system to show mercy to all people and detach from worldly matters	90
11322010476	Mahabharata, Ramayana	Epic poems transmitted orally, shared Vedic lessons spread Hinduism. First instructs main character to perform dharma, second had female protagonist who is a dutiful, subordinate wife to her husband	91
11322010477	Mauryan Dynasty	emerged in fourth century BCE, kingdom of Magadha, conqueror Chandragupta Maurya consolidated and seized more territory, at height in third century BCE Mauryan Empire had centralized government through India and modern-day Pakistan- except land south of Deccan Plateau	92
11322010478	provinces, council of ministers, districts	Mauryan empire divided into _____, each with capital city ruled by a prince. Prince was assisted by ____, emperor had another counsel to advise him, provinces divided into ____ governed by minister	93
11322010479	Ashoka Maurya (Ashoka the Great)	ruled Magadha empire 268-232 BCE, Chandragupta's grandson, ferocious warrior, brutal attack on eastern Indian Kalinga kingdom. Brutality of military experiences led him to convert to Buddhism, built monasteries, send missionaries to neighboring kingdoms like Ceylon and Bactria	94
11322010480	Pataliputra	capital city during Mauryan Dynasty, Ashoka established efficient tax-collecting for government based here, near Ganges River	95
11322010481	Rock and Pillar Edicts	One of Ashoka's most famous actions, inscribed administration policies and philosophies on rocks and pillars throughout kingdoms, kept public informed of the law, united empire under central power	96
11322010482	Kushan Empire	after Ashoka died in 232 BCE, Bactria and then this empire ruled in power vacuum from around 180 BCE-180 CE	97
11322010483	Indian Ocean sea lanes	goods carried in ships from ports along India's west coast to ports on Red Sea, Persian Gulf, connected Indian ports with East Africa and Indonesia	98
11322010484	Gandhara Buddhas	statues combining Greek and Roman artistic traditions with native Indian art	99
11322010485	Gupta Dynasty	second and last major Indian dynasty of Classical Era, smaller than Mauryan's but was Golden Age for India (late 200s CE-550 CE), trade with foreign merchants increased, India became important destination on Silk Roads	100
11322010486	inoculations	infecting a person with a mild form of a disease to develop immunity, first done by Indian physicians during Gupta dynasty	101
11322010487	Arabic numerals	Indian mathematics developed numbers 0-9, introduced to Europe by Arab peoples who learned about them from India	102
11322010488	Nalanda	one of the most ancient universities in the world, in northeast India	103
11322010489	Sarnath	north central India, Buddhist scholars established university devoted to the study of Buddhist teachings	104
11322010490	White Huns	nomads from the northwest who invaded and ended Gupta Dynasty, had taken over by 500 CE, Gupta dynasty was last of great Eurasian empires from first century CE to collapse	105
11322010491	Confucius	philosopher born around 551 BCE (during decline of Zhou dynasty), likely into poverty, traveled across China after conflict with local powers, his ideas became foundation of Confucianism	106
11322010492	Analects (Selected Sayings)	disciples compiled teachings of Confucius, likely adding on, in complex work after his death	107
11322010493	filial piety	the duty of family members to subordinate their needs and desires to those of the male head of the family, concept in Confucian China	108
11322010494	Daoism (Taoism)	founder said to be Laozi- the Old Master, dates back to late 500s BCE (time of Zhou Dynasty), followers seek happiness and wisdom by renouncing worldly ambitions and society, seeking harmony with nature instead	109
11322010495	Dao De Jing (The Classic Way and the Virtue)	Laozi's disciples and followers gathered the Old Master's ideas	110
11322010496	Han Fei Zu and Li Si	two philosophers, led Legalism = more concerned with behavior of people than questions of meaning of life, believes in strict laws and punishments to control people, collective responsibility to hold family members accountable to law and turn them in if needed. Had appeal during violence of Qin Dynasty, but after faded.	111
11322010497	Shihuangdi	title meaning "first emperor" claimed by Qin, who raised his own army to defeat remaining Zhou leaders and conquer nearby authorities, taking control of all of China to establish own brief but violent dynasty 221 BCE-207 BCE, best known for terra-cotta warriors in tomb	112
11322010498	Han Dynasty	four years after Qin's son took the throne, a Qin general led a revolt, rebels killed royal family and general and his family established this dynasty, lasted over 400 years.	113
11322010499	Han Wudi	most significant emperor of Han Dynasty (ruled 141-87 BCE), defeated nomadic Xiongnu peoples, relocated landless Chinese farmers to Central Asia in agricultural colonies, introduced civil service exam	114
11322010500	Pax Sinica	Han Wudi's rule (Han Dynasty), Chinese peace- economy grew, population increased, common people and rich prospered	115
11322010501	Chang'an	capital and cultural center of Han Empire, eastern end of Silk Roads	116
11322010502	Yellow Turban Rebellion	one of a series of peasant revolts starting in 126 CE in response to land distribution issues and caused famine, one of the bloodiest conflicts in the world before 1900s, emperor overthrown in 220 CE, Han dynasty ended	117
11322010503	Moche	major civilization in the Andes after Chavin, 200 BCE-700 CE	118
11322010504	Huaca del Sol (Temple of the Sun) and Huaca de la Luna (Temple of the Moon)	a stepped pyramid and terraced platform, respectively. Two structures built by Moche people, unfired adobe bricks, Moche built fortified city around these temples	119
11322010505	ayllus	organization of Moche society= small communities based on idea of communal work, belief that all members share same mythical ancestor	120
11322010506	Teotihuacan	city, founded around 150 BCE, one of largest cities in the world of its time, orderly growth suggests strong government, main export was obsidian= hard glass rock found in deposits nearby	121
11322010507	Classic Period	period 250-900 CE, peak of Mayan civilization (which began around 1500 BCE	122
11322010508	slash-and-burn agriculture	practiced by the Mayans, cutting down trees and plants and burning to create fields, ashes fertilize soil	123
11322010509	Caracol	observatory located in the Mayan city of _____, built around 1000 CE	124

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AP World History Civilizations Flashcards

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13771911485	Southwest Asia 600BCE	Mesopotamia and Persia	0
13771951439	Southwest Asia 600 BCE to 600 CE	Hellenism and Parthian	1
13771961119	Southwest Asia 600 CE- 1450 CE	Abbasid, ottoman, mongols	2
13771977229	Southwest Asia 1450-1750	ottoman and safavid	3
13771985773	Southwest Asia 1750-1900	ottoman	4
13771991986	Southwest Asia 1900- present	ottoman, england, France, Isreal, Iran, Iraq,Saudi Arabia, Turkey	5
13772018597	West Africa 600 CE-1450	Ghana	6
13772033141	West Africa 1450-1750	songhay	7
13772037068	West Africa 1750-1900	Influence from western europe	8
13772079026	East Africa to 600 BCE	Bantus	9
13778557548	East Africa 600-1450	Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, Swahili States	10
13778557549	East Africa 1450-1750	Ethiopia	11
13778557550	East Africa 1750-1900	Ethiopia, and influences from Western Europe	12
13778557551	East Africa 1900- present	Influences from Western Europe	13
13778557552	North Africa till 600 BCE	Egypt, kush	14
13778557553	North Africa 600 BCE- 600 CE	Hellenism	15
13778557554	North Africa 600CE- 1450	Arab, ottoman	16
13778557555	North Africa 1450- 1750	Arab, Ottoman	17
13778557556	North Africa 1750-1900	Influence from Western Europe	18
13778557557	North Africa 1900- present	Algeria, Egypt	19
13778557558	Mediterranean 600 BCE- 600 CE	Greek, Roman (Mediterranean civilization)	20
13778557559	Mediterranean 600 CE- 1450	Byzantine	21
13778557560	Mediterranean 1450-1750	Ottoman	22
13778557561	Mediterranean 1750-1900	Ottoman	23
13778557562	South Asia till 600 BCE	Indus Valley	24
13778557563	South Asia: 600 BCE-600 CE	Mauryan, Gupta	25
13778557564	South Asia 600-1450	Delhi sultanates	26
13778557565	South Asia 1450-1750	Mughal	27
13778557566	South Asia 1750-1900	British Raj	28
13778557567	South Asia 1900-present	India, Pakistan	29
13778557568	East Asia till 600 BCE	Shang	30
13780797662	East Asia: 600 BCE-600 CE	Qin and Han	31
13780797663	East Asia 600-1450	Tang, song, mongol(yuan), Ming	32
13780797664	East Asia 1450-1750	Ming, Qing (Manchu), Tokugawa shogunate	33
13780797665	East Asia 1750- 1900	Qing (Manchu), Meiji, European "spheres of influence"	34
13780797666	East Asia 1900-present	China , Japan,Korea, "Asian Tigers"	35
13780797667	Central Asia 600BCE-600CE	Persian	36
13780797668	Central Asia 600-1450	Mongols	37
13780797669	Central Asia 1450-1750	Mughals	38
13780797670	Americas till 600 BCE	Olmec, Chavin	39
13780797671	Americas 600-600	Mayan, teotihuacan, Moche	40
13780797672	Americas 600-1450	Maya and Aztec	41
13780797673	* Americas 1450 - 1750	Aztec, Inca, influences from Western Europe	42
13780797674	Americas (1750-1900)	United States, Mexico, Haiti, Brazil	43
13780797675	Americas (1900-present)	United States, Mexico, Cuba, Panama	44
13780797676	Europe 600-1450	Muslim Liberia (Portugal and Spain)	45
13780797677	Europe 1450-1750		46

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AP World History Final Exam Flashcards

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14156069874	After the Korean War, developed industry and foreign trade, and a democratic constitution?	South Korea	0
14156069875	In what year was an independent Israel created?	1948	1
14156069876	What was the Battle of Britain?	Germany's air force bombing the cities of Britain	2
14156069877	When the economies of the world are so tightly linked the actions of one nation affects others?	Globalization	3
14156069878	The first American in space was	Alan Shepard	4
14156069879	In 1978, the Camp David Accords were signed by	Jimmy Carter, Anwar Sadat, Menachem Begin	5
14156069880	Which of the following is not a reason why the US joined the war?	Rationing	6
14156069881	Where were atomic bombs dropped at the end of WWII?	Hiroshima and Nagasaki	7
14156069882	When did WWI end?	November 11, 1918	8
14156069883	The first American to orbit the earth was	John Glenn	9
14156069884	Which side of Korea has a communist leader and later developed nuclear weapons?	North Korea	10
14156069885	What organization was formed to promote people's general welfare and to keep peace?	United Nations	11
14156069886	The reforms that led to the democratization of the Soviet Union were begun by	Mikhail Gorbachev	12
14156069887	When did WWI begin?	1914	13
14156069888	Which of the following best describes terrorism?	All of the above	14
14156069889	What was the only African nation that successfully resisted the Europeans?	Ethiopia	15
14156069890	An economic system that distributes the wealth and economic opportunity equally among the people?	Communism	16
14156069891	The first person in space was	Yuri Gagarin	17
14156069892	Stage of genocide when the victims are identified, separated out, and death lists are drawn up	Preparation	18
14156069893	The "boundary" that separated communist eastern European nations from democratic west Europe?	Iron Curtain	19

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AP World History Timeline Flashcards

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13780752776	Beginning of Agriculture	8000 BCE	0
13780752777	Beginning of Bronze Age/Early Civilizations	3000 BCE	1
13780752778	Iron Age	1300 BCE	2
13780752779	Beginning of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism	6th C BCE	3
13780752780	Greek Golden Age- Philosophers	5th C BCE	4
13780752781	Alexander the Great	323 BCE	5
13780752782	Qin unified China	221 BCE	6
13780803283	Beginning of Han dynasty	202 BCE	7
13780752783	Beginning of Christianity	32 CE	8
13780752784	End of Pax Romana	180 CE	9
13780752785	End of Han dynasty	220 CE	10
13780752786	Roman capital moved to Constantinople	333 CE	11
13780752787	Beginning of Trans-Saharan Trade Routes	4th C	12
13780752788	Fall of Rome	476 CE	13
13780752789	Justinian rule of Byzantine Empire	527 CE	14
13780752790	Bubonic Plague in Europe	1347-1348	15
13780752791	Marco Polo Travels	1271-1295	16
13780752792	First Crusade	1095	17
13780752793	Battle of Tours (End of Muslim move into France)	732	18
13780752794	Great Schism in Christian Church (Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox)	1054	19
13780983057	Start of Ottoman Empire	1299	20
13780752795	End of Zheng He's Voyages	1433	21
13780752796	Mongols Sack Baghdad	1258	22
13780752797	Battle of Manzikert (Seljuk Turks defeat Byzantine)	1071	23
13780752798	Founding of Islam	622	24
13780752799	Mamas Musa's Pilgrimage	1324	25
13780752800	Travels of Ibn Battuta	1325-1349	26
13780752801	Norman Conquest of England	1066	27
13780752802	Ottomans capture constantinople	1453	28
13780752803	Dias rounded the cape of good hope	1488	29
13780752804	Columbus sailed the ocean blue/ reconquista of Spain	1492	30
13780752805	First slaves to americas	1502	31
13780752806	Martin Luther/95 Theses	1517	32
13780752807	Cortez conquered the Aztecs	1521	33
13780752808	Pizarro toppled the Inca	1533	34
13780752809	Battle of Lepanto	1571	35
13780752810	Defeat of Spanish Armada by the British	1588	36
13780752811	Battle of Sekigahara - beginning of Tokugawa	1600	37
13780752812	Foundation of Jamestown	1607	38
13780752813	Thirty Years War	1618-1648	39
13780752814	Unsuccessful ottoman siege of Vienna	1683	40
13780752815	Glorious revolution/English bill of rights	1689	41
13780752816	Industrial revolution	1750-1914	42
13780752817	7 Years War/French and Indian War	1756-1763	43
13780752818	American Revolution	1776	44
13780752819	Smith writes the Wealth of Nations	1776	45
13780752820	French Revolution	1789	46
13780752821	Haitian Independence	1804	47
13780752822	Congress of Vienna	1815	48
13780752823	Independence in Latin America	1820s	49
13780752824	1st Opium war in china	1839	50
13780752825	European revolutions	1848	51
13780752826	Marx & Engels write Communist Manifesto	1848	52
13780752827	Commodore Perry opens Japan	1853	53
13780752828	Sepoy Mutiny	1857	54
13780752829	End of Russian serfdom	1861	55
13780752830	Italian unification	1861	56
13780752831	Emancipation proclamation in US	1863	57
13780752832	German unification	1871	58
13780752833	Berlin conference	1885	59
13780752834	Spanish American war- US acquires Philippines, Cuba, Guam, and Puerto Rico	1898	60
13780752835	Boer War- British in control of South Africa	1899	61
13780752836	Russo-Japanese War	1905	62
13780752837	Mexican revolution	1910-1920	63
13780752838	Chinese revolution	1911	64
13780752839	WWI	1914	65
13780752840	Russian revolution	1917	66
13780752841	Treaty of Versailles	1919	67
13780752842	Stock market crasg	1929	68
13780752843	Japanese invasion of Manchuria	1931	69
13780752844	Italian invasion of Ethiopia	1935	70
13780752845	German blitzkrieg of Poland	1939	71
13780752846	Pearl Harbor	1941	72
13780752847	End of WWII	1945	73
13780752848	Independence & Partition of India	1947	74
13780752849	Birth of Israel	1948	75
13780752850	Chinese communist revolution	1949	76
13780752851	Korean War	1950-1953	77
13780752852	Vietnamese defeat French at Dien Bien Phu	1954	78
13780752853	Nationalism of Suez Canal	1956	79
13780752854	Cuban revolution	1959	80
13780752855	Cuban missile crisis	1962	81
13780752856	6 day war / Chinese cultural revolution	1967	82
13780752857	Yom Kippur War	1973	83
13780752858	Iranian revolution	1979	84
13780752859	First Palestinian intifada	1987	85
13780752860	Tiananmen Square/Fall of Berlin	1989	86
13780752861	Fall of USSR/1st Gulf War	1991	87
13780752862	Genocide in Rwanda	1994	88
13780752863	9 / 11 attacks	2001	89
13780752864	1st all race elections in S Africa	1994	90
13780752865	End of WW1	1919	91
13780752866	Entry of US into WWII	1941	92
13780752867	de-Stalinization	1956	93

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AP World History Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

14484738405	Judiasm	The first monotheistic religion - guided by the Hebrew Bible called the Torah.	0
14484736882	Hinduism	A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms	1
14484739504	Buddhism	A religion based on the teachings of the Buddha.	2
14484739902	Christianity	A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.	3
14484740418	Islam	A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.	4
14484740815	Democracy	A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them	5
14484741971	Oligarchy	A government ruled by a few powerful people	6
14484744210	Autocracy/Monarchy	Rule by a single individual with absolute/unlimited power	7
14484744895	Autocracy/Dictatorship	All power held by a single person and the people have no voice or vote in government	8
14484745431	Communism	A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.	9
14484745957	Socialism	A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.	10
14484746640	market economy	Economic decisions are made by individuals or the open market.	11
14484746986	mixed economy	an economic system combining private and public enterprise.	12
14484747562	command economy	An economic system in which the government controls a country's economy.	13
14484748200	Caste System	A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life	14
14484748886	estate system	a politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility	15
14484749264	Apartheid	Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.	16
14484749836	class system	A social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility.	17
14484750366	Meritocracy	a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement	18
14484751505	classless system	No classes used in society-everyone is equal in status. Attempted in the Soviet Union.	19
14484752033	compass	navigational instrument for finding directions	20
14484752405	Refrigeration	Keeps food from spoiling quickly and also helps to feed larger numbers of people.	21
14484752902	Printing Press	15th century invention which revolutionized the ability to print information which in turn affected the speed of the spread of information itself.	22
14484753965	plumbing	the system of pipes, tanks, fittings, and other apparatus required for the water supply, heating, and sanitation in a building.	23
14484754819	medicine	Any drug used to cure, prevent, or treat illness or discomfort	24
14484756034	engines	A machine that uses energy to run other machines.	25
14484757321	Communication Techniques	Things like the telephone or the electric telegraph which made communication between people or a greater distance easier.	26
14484759740	electricity	A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s.	27

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AP World History Timeline Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

13839409000	Beginning of Agriculture	8000 BCE	0
13839409001	Beginning of Bronze Age/Early Civilizations	3000 BCE	1
13839409002	Iron Age	1300 BCE	2
13839409003	Beginning of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism	6th C BCE	3
13839409004	Greek Golden Age- Philosophers	5th C BCE	4
13839409005	Alexander the Great	323 BCE	5
13839409006	Qin unified China	221 BCE	6
13839409007	Beginning of Christianity	32 CE	7
13839409008	End of Pax Romana	180 CE	8
13839409009	End of Han dynasty	220 CE	9
13839409010	Roman capital moved to Constantinople	333 CE	10
13839409011	Beginning of Trans-Saharan Trade Routes	4th C	11
13839409012	Fall of Rome	476 CE	12
13839409013	Justinian rule of Byzantine Empire	527 CE	13
13839409014	Bubonic Plague in Europe	1347-1348	14
13839409015	Marco Polo Travels	1271-1295	15
13839409016	First Crusade	1095	16
13839409017	Battle of Tours (End of Muslim move into France)	732	17
13839409018	Great Schism in Christian Church (Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox)	1054	18
13839409019	End of Zheng He's Voyages/ Rise of Ottomans	1433	19
13839409020	Mongols Sack Baghdad	1258	20
13839409021	Battle of Manzikert (Seljuk Turks defeat Byzantine)	1071	21
13839409022	Founding of Islam	622	22
13839409023	Mamas Musa's Pilgrimage	1324	23
13839409024	Travels of Ibn Battuta	1325-1349	24
13839409025	Norman Conquest of England	1066	25
13839409026	Ottomans capture constantinople	1453	26
13839409027	Dias rounded the cape of good hope	1488	27
13839409028	Columbus sailed the ocean blue/ reconquista of Spain	1492	28
13839409029	First slaves to americas	1502	29
13839409030	Martin Luther/95 Theses	1517	30
13839409031	Cortez conquered the Aztecs	1521	31
13839409032	Pizarro toppled the Inca	1533	32
13839409033	Battle of Lepanto	1571	33
13839409034	Defeat of Spanish Armada by the British	1588	34
13839409035	Battle of Sekigahara - beginning of Tokugawa	1600	35
13839409036	Foundation of Jamestown	1607	36
13839409037	Thirty Years War	1618-1648	37
13839409038	Unsuccessful ottoman siege of Vienna	1683	38
13839409039	Glorious revolution/English bill of rights	1689	39
13839409040	Industrial revolution	1750-1914	40
13839409041	7 Years War/French and Indian War	1756-1763	41
13839409042	American Revolution	1776	42
13839409043	Smith writes the Wealth of Nations	1776	43
13839409044	French Revolution	1789	44
13839409045	Haitian Independence	1804	45
13839409046	Congress of Vienna	1815	46
13839409047	Independence in Latin America	1820s	47
13839409048	1st Opium war in china	1839	48
13839409049	European revolutions	1848	49
13839409050	Marx & Engels write Communist Manifesto	1848	50
13839409051	Commodore Perry opens Japan	1853	51
13839409052	Sepoy Mutiny	1857	52
13839409053	End of Russian serfdom	1861	53
13839409054	Italian unification	1861	54
13839409055	Emancipation proclamation in US	1863	55
13839409056	German unification	1871	56
13839409057	Berlin conference	1885	57
13839409058	Spanish American war- US acquires Philippines, Cuba, Guam, and Puerto Rico	1898	58
13839409059	Boer War- British in control of South Africa	1899	59
13839409060	Russo-Japanese War	1905	60
13839409061	Mexican revolution	1910-1920	61
13839409062	Chinese revolution	1911	62
13839409063	WWI	1914	63
13839409064	Russian revolution	1917	64
13839409065	Treaty of Versailles	1919	65
13839409066	Stock market crasg	1929	66
13839409067	Japanese invasion of Manchuria	1931	67
13839409068	Italian invasion of Ethiopia	1935	68
13839409069	German blitzkrieg of Poland	1939	69
13839409070	Pearl Harbor	1941	70
13839409071	End of WWII	1945	71
13839409072	Independence & Partition of India	1947	72
13839409073	Birth of Israel	1948	73
13839409074	Chinese communist revolution	1949	74
13839409075	Korean War	1950-1953	75
13839409076	Vietnamese defeat French at Dien Bien Phu	1954	76
13839409077	Nationalism of Suez Canal	1956	77
13839409078	Cuban revolution	1959	78
13839409079	Cuban missile crisis	1962	79
13839409080	6 day war / Chinese cultural revolution	1967	80
13839409081	Yom Kippur War	1973	81
13839409082	Iranian revolution	1979	82
13839409083	First Palestinian intifada	1987	83
13839409084	Tiananmen Square/Fall of Berlin	1989	84
13839409085	Fall of USSR/1st Gulf War	1991	85
13839409086	Genocide in Rwanda	1994	86
13839409087	9 / 11 attacks	2001	87
13839409088	1st all race elections in S Africa	1994	88
13839409089	End of WW1	1919	89
13839409090	Entry of US into WWII	1941	90
13839409091	de-Stalinization	1956	91

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AP World History - Chapter 8 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

11364357829	The fastest growing religion in the world...is centered around the belief in...god called...	Islam, one, Allah	0
11364357830	Where were the Bedouins living in the 6th century?	Arabian Peninsula	1
11364357831	The Bedouin culture was mostly...	Nomadic, tribal, and polytheistic	2
11364357832	Who ruled each clan or tribe in the Bedouin culture?	Sheikhs	3
11364357833	...is when a man has more than one wife at a time	Polygyny	4
11364357834	Were the Bedouins polytheistic or monotheistic?	Polytheistic	5
11364357901		Arabian Peninsula	6
11364357835	City in Saudi Arabia that is considered to be a holy city	Mecca	7
11364357836	The black stone of Mecca is a...because it has the...of God	Relic, word	8
11364357837	The Bedouin tribes valued...and...	Honesty, generosity	9
11364357838	The Bedouins...routes with...formed the basis of the Arabian economy	Land trade, camels	10
11364357839	...eventually became more popular than overland routes	Water travel	11
11364357840	Muhammad was a...	Merchant	12
11364357841	Muhammad became a...	Caravan manager	13
11364357842	Muhammad experienced...that he attributed to the angel of the deity...	Revelations, Allah	14
11364357843	An Islamic sacred book said to be the literal word of God	Quran	15
11364357844	Did it take long for Muhammad to gather followers of Allah?	Yes	16
11364357845	Muhammad is the last...	Prophet	17
11364357846	The city that Muhammad and his followers fled to when they were persecuted, and where the first Muslim community was:	Medina	18
11364357847	The name of the flight of Muhammad and his followers because of persecution	Hegira	19
11364357848	The most important holy building of Islam	Ka'aba	20
11364357849	A way that Islam was spread was...and the...of people	Military conquest, movement	21
11364357850	Islam is an...religion	Egalitarian	22
11364357851	When Islam was spread through military conquest and they had conquered a region, Islamic rule was/wasn't tolerant of the religion	Was	23
11364357852	Was Islam polytheistic or monotheistic?	Monotheistic	24
11364357853	Principles of Islam: The ideas of...of an afterlife, the importance of submission to the will of...and a belief in the...as the sacred book	Salvation and hope, Allah, Quran	25
11364357854	Core set of obligations for Muslims	Five Pillars	26
11364357855	Belief in one...called... Praying...times a day Giving...to the poor Fasting during the month of... Making a...to Mecca once in your life	God, Allah, five, alms, Ramadan, pilgrimage	27
11364357856	Concept of struggle to strive in the way of Allah and to improve both oneself and society	Jihad	28
11364357857	A code of law that outlines behavioral requirements for daily life that was developed after Muhammad's death. (Based on the Quran)	Shariah	29
11364357858	After Muhammad's death, who were the two people that were running to become the leader of the Islamic community?	Ali and Abu Bakr	30
11364357859	Religious ruler	Caliph	31
11364357860	Who became the first caliph?	Bakr	32
11364357861	Who became the fourth caliph?	Ali	33
11364357862	Supporters of Abu Bakr	Sunnis	34
11364357863	Supporters of Ali became the...group, also known as...	Shia, Shiites	35
11364357864	When Bakr seized lands from the...Empire and the...Empire, he didn't force religious conversion. Instead the...were lower if you converted.	Byzantine, Persian Sassanid, taxes	36
11364357865	When Ali was assassinated a group of...took power and founded the...Dynasty	Merchants, generals, and armies, Umayyad	37
11364357866	Was the Umayyad Dynasty in Damascus and Córdoba Sunni or Shia?	Sunni	38
11364357867	Where was the Umayyad Dynasty moved to? (From Medina)	Damascus	39
11364357868	The...conquered the...and made a new city for their capital called...	Abbasids, Umayyads, Baghdad	40
11364357869	An Islamic state	Caliphate	41
11364357870	Where were the Abbasids?	Baghdad	42
11364357871	Baghdad became the center of...	Learning	43
11364357872	The invention of thicker...was an achievement of Baghdad	Paper	44
11364357873	The Abbasids became increasingly...with a continually growing...	Hierarchical, bureaucracy	45
11364357874	Prime ministers in the Abbasid Empire	Viziers	46
11364357875	Being a ruler in the Abbasid empire because you risked potential...attempts	Assassination	47
11364357876	The Abbasid Empire suffered from...	Attacks from outside groups	48
11364357877	The Mongols	Group that defeated the Abbasids	49
11364357878	The Abbasids faced both...and...troubles	Economic, military	50
11364357879	Where did the Umayyads move their capital to after it was moved to Damascus?	Cordoba	51
11364357880	The loss of the Battle of Tours for the Islamic military marked the limit of...into...	Islamic expansion, Western Europe	52
11364357881	Umayyad rulers in Córdoba were...in terms of religion, like the..in Baghdad	Tolerant, Abbasids	53
11364357882	The Umayyad rulers in Córdoba promoted...	Trade	54
11364357883	The trade that was promoted by the Umayyad rulers in Córdoba occured because of goods traveling ships called...	Dhows	55
11364357884	The Islamic state in Córdoba, Spain became a center for...	Learning	56
11364357885	Islamic scholars saved the works of...and other...thinkers	Aristotle, Greek	57
11364357886	Before Muhammad there were more...and...than pastoral...	Farmers, sailors, nomads	58
11364357887	Trade between the...and the...empires created contacts between the religious groups:...	Byzantine, Islamic, Muslims, Christians, and Jews	59
11364357888	When Islamic expansion occurred, the Islamic soldiers were/weren't allowed to own property that they took over, which allowed the people's lives to not be changed greatly. They would just be paying to a different...	Weren't, ruler	60
11364357889	The role of...in Islamic society was greater than in other...and...societies at the time.	Merchants, European, Asian	61
11364357890	Islam did/didn't allow slavery.	Did	62
11364357891	When slaves converted to Islam, were the owners allowed to keep them enslaved? Y/N? Because Muslims could/couldn't enslave other...	No, couldn't Muslims	63
11364357892	Did slave women or wives have more independence?	Slave women,	64
11364357893	Slave women were allowed to go to...or run errands. They could gather enough money to...their freedom.	Markets, buy	65
11364357894	Headscarf/veil used by women to cover their heads	Hijab	66
11364357895	Muhammad...the status of women by treating his wives with...and...Also Muhammad's first wife was...and owned her own...	Raised, love, devotion, educated, business	67
11364357896	Islamic women had a...status than Christian and Jewish women	Higher	68
11364357897	A whole community of Muslims	Umma	69
11364357898	The separate part of a Muslim household for the wives, concubines, and the women's children	Harem	70
11364357899	A new Islamic group in India and Persia	Sufis	71
11364357900	The Sufis followed...and...to attempt to unite with...	Rituals, chants, God	72

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AP World History Flashcards

Terms and definitions of all of the bolded words in the 2009 AP World History Exam Review Book (By: The Princeton Review).

Terms : Hide Images

14504295409	cultural diffusion	change in a society pased on interaction with another culture	0
14504295410	foraging societies	hunter-gatherer clans; small groups of people who traveled based on plants, animals, and weather	1
14504295411	pastoral societies	known for domestication of animals; used small agriculture to supplement diet; extended family; women had few rights; social class based on size of herd; didn't settle	2
14504295412	Neolithic Revolution	8000 BCE to 3000 BCE; move from nomadic lifestyles to agricultural lifestyles and town and city life; small communities; specialization of labor	3
14504295413	Bronze Age	latter Neolithic Era; bronze used in tools and weapons; created from copper and tin; stronger metal	4
14504295414	city-state	urban center and agricultural land around it under its control; loosely connected with others by cultural characteristics, but was independent and competed	5
14504295415	Mesopotamia	"land between the rivers" (Tigris and Euphrates); sight of many ancient civilizations	6
14504295416	Sumerian Civilization	southern Mesopotamia; calendar, math, geometry; polytheistic; city-states (Ur, Erech, Kish); overthrown in 1700 BCE	7
14504295417	Cuneiform	Sumerian form of writing; used in laws, treaties, and social/religious documents; spread through trade	8
14504295418	polytheism	worship of more than one god	9
14504295419	Ziggurats	Sumerian temples; used to appease gods	10
14504295420	Akkad	city north of Sumer; rose to dominate the region; first known code of laws; 1700 BCE overthrown by Babylon	11
14504295421	Babylon	replaced Akkad in 1700 BCE; King Hammurabi; Code of Hammurabi	12
14504295422	Code of Hammurabi	by King Hammurabi of Babylon; code of laws that dealt with every part of life; distinguished between major and minor offenses; applied laws to nearly everyone; "rule of law"	13
14504295423	Hittites	invaded and destroyed Babylon by 1500 BCE; used iron in weapons; military superpower	14
14504295424	Assyrians	learned to use iron from Hittites within 100 years; empire covered Fertile Crescent; uprisings resolved by exiles; cruel army; defeated by Medes and Chaldeans	15
14504295425	Nineveh	Assyrian capital	16
14504295426	Nebuchadnezzar	Chaldean king; rebuilt Babylon for architecture and culture; empire covered Fertile Crescent; new Babylon fell to Persian Empire	17
14504295427	Persian Empire	defeated new Babylon; huge empire (Egypt to Afghanistan)	18
14504295428	Great Royal Road	longest Persian road; 600 miles; from Persian Gulf to Aegean Sea	19
14504295429	Lydians	came of with concept of coined money (instead of barter system) so that people could save money	20
14504295430	Phoenicians	powerful naval city-states along the Mediterranean; 22 letter alphabet that morphed into English alphabet (through Greeks)	21
14504295431	Hebrews	first Jews; monotheistic; established Israel in Palestine (1000 BCE); believed they were God's chosen people	22
14504295432	Egyptian	Nile River; good agriculture/soil; Nile floods predictably; three kingdoms (Old, Middle, New); polytheistic; women had many rights	23
14504295433	King Menes	unified Nile river valley; built capital at Memphis; managed floodwaters; built drainage and irrigation systems	24
14504295434	Pharaohs	Egyptian rulers; directed construction of obelists and pyramids, enormous tombs for their afterlife	25
14504295435	Hieroglyphics	Egyptian writing system; system of pictures that represented letters and words	26
14504295436	Queen Hatshepsut	first female ruler in history; Egyptian ruler for 22 years during New Kingdom; expanded trade; gave women many rights	27
14504295437	Indus Valley	Indus River Valley from 2500 to 1500 BCE; cut off from world by northwest mountains; northwest India; strong central government led by priest-king; polytheistic; made COTTON	28
14504295438	Khyber Pass	through Hindu Kush Mountains; used by Indus Valley merchants for trade; allowed invading forces into the land	29
14504295439	Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro	two major Indus Valley cities; more than 100,000 people; master-planned, uniformly constructed, and had wastewater systems	30
14504295440	Aryans	nomadic tribes from north of Caucasus Mountains; horses and weapons; defeated and settled in Indus Valley; polytheists who believed in reincarnation (led to Hinduism)	31
14504295441	Hinduism	evolved from early Aryan beliefs of polytheism and reincarnation	32
14504295442	Caste System	Hindu social structure based on Aryan social structure	33
14504295443	Zhou Dynasty	led by Wu Wang and replaced Shang in 1100 BCE; longer dynasty (900 years); feudal system; ended in 256 BCE	34
14504295444	Mandate of Heaven	heaven would grant the Zhou Dynasty power only as long as its rulers governed justly and wisely	35
14504295445	Bureaucracy	way of organizing government tasks by department or bureau	36
14504295446	Bantu	languages from Niger and Benue River Valleys in Africa	37
14504295447	Bantu migrations	migrations of farmers from Niger and Benue River Valleys in north Africa to south and east; started in 1500 BCE and continued for 2000 years; due to weather	38
14504295448	Brahmans	upper class in India; priests; considered closer to the gods	39
14504295449	Jenne-Jeno	first city in sub-Saharan Africa; upper Niger River valley; started in 280 BCE; urban, but not hierarchically organized; collection of individual communities	40
14504295450	Olmec	Mexico; from 1400 to 1200 BCE; corn, beans, squash, irrigation, and large buildings; polytheistic; writing and calendar systems	41
14504295451	Chavin	Andes; from 900 to 300 BCE; polytheistic; agricultural with access to the coast; llamas; metals in tools and weapons	42
14504295452	Patriarchal	led by the eldest male (ex. Shang China)	43
14504295453	Shang China	in Hwang Ho (Yellow) River Valley; 1600 to 1100 BCE; strong military; walls around towns; limited outside contract; ethnocentric; bronze, horse-drawn chariots, spoked wheel, pottery, and silk; decimal system, calendar	44
14504295454	Tikal	most important Mayan political center; more than 100,000 people	45
14504295455	Chichen Itza	Mayan tiered temple	46
14504295456	Mauryan Empire	India; 321 to 180 BCE; largest empire in India; powerful and wealthy from trade (of elephants, cotton, and silk); strong military	47
14504295457	Chandragupta Maurya	founded Mauryan Empire by unifying small Aryan kingdoms	48
14504295458	Ashoka Maurya	grandson of Chandragupta; converted to Buddhism; preached nonviolence and moderation	49
14504295459	Rock and Pillar Edicts	by Ashoka to remind Mauryans to be generous and righteous	50
14504295460	Chandra Gupta	revived Mauryan Empire between 375 and 415 CE as the Gupta Empire	51
14504295461	Gupta Empire	replaced Mauryan Empire in India from 320 to 550 CE; decentralized and smaller; peaceful; advances in arts and science (pi and zero); Hindu; defeated by the White Huns	52
14504295462	Arabic Numerals	decimal system of numerals 1 through 9 created by Gupta Empire and diffused to the Arabs	53
14504295463	Qin Dynasty	China; 221 to 200 BCE; organized, centralized, and territorial; patriarchal; legalism; overthrown by peasants	54
14504295464	Great Wall of China	connection of separate fortification walls under the Qin Dynasty	55
14504295465	Qin Shihuangdi	first emperor of Qin Dynasty; recentralized feudal kingdoms; standardized writing, laws, currencies, weights, etc.; refused to tolerate dissent	56
14504295466	Legalism	dominant belief system of the Qin rulers	57
14504295467	Han Dynasty	China; 200 BCE to 200 CE; created civil service system based on Confucian teachings; invented paper, sundials, calendars, and use of metals	58
14504295468	Huns	large nomadic group from northen Asia that invaded areas from China to Eastern Europe	59
14504295469	Wu Ti	"Warrior Emperor"; enlarged the Han Empire to central Asia	60
14504295470	Ancient Greece	peninsula between Aegean and Mediterranean Seas; mountainous; not much land for agricultural developments; trade was popular, exchanged wine and olive products for grain; polytheistic, gods had human failings	61
14504295471	Polis	Greek city-state; people comprised of citizens (adult males), free people with no political rights, and noncitizens (slaves)	62
14504295472	Athens	main Greek city-state; political, commercial, and cultural center	63
14504295473	Sparta	main Greek city-state; agricultural and highly militaristic; all boys (and some girls) received military training	64
14504295474	Draco and Solon	aristocrats who worked to create the democracy in Athens to ensure fair, equal, and open participation	65
14504295475	Persian Wars	unietd all Greek city-states against their mutural enemy, Persia	66
14504295476	Golden Age of Pericles	age of peace and prosperity in Greece after Persian Wars	67
14504295477	Pericles	leader who made Atherns a cultural powerhouse; established a democracy for all adult males; established Delian League	68
14504295478	Delian League	alliance between Athens and other city-states against aggression from its common enemies	69
14504295479	Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle	three great Greek philosophers; truth discerned through rational thought; virtue and quest for goodness leads to internal peace and happiness	70
14504295480	Homer	Greek writer; wrote the epic poems The Illiad and The Odyssey	71
14504295481	Peloponnesian War	431 BCE; started by trade dispute over Corinth between Athens and Sparta; Sparta won; Athens greatly weakened by the war and vulnerable to outside aggression	72
14504295482	Mecedonians	conquered Athens under rule of Philip of Macedon (359 to 336 BCE); restored Greek culture	73
14504295483	Alexander the Great	grandson of Philip of Macedon; taught by Aristotle; created largest empire of the time by conquering Persian Empire and moving into India; divided it into three empires- Antigonid (Greece and Macedon), Ptolemaic (Egypt, and Seleucid (Bactria and Anatolia)	74
14504295484	Hellenism	culture, ideals, and pattern of life of Classica Greece	75
14504295485	Patricians	Roman land-owning noblemen	76
14504295486	Plebeians	all other free men in Rome (not Patricians)	77
14504295487	Twelve Tables of Rome	codified Roman laws; included concept of "innocent until proven guilty"	78
14504295488	Carthage	city-state in North Africa; first enemy of Rome	79
14504295489	Punic Wars	wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 to 146 BCE	80
14504295490	Hannibal	Carthagian general who led second Punic War (218 BCE); great military genius; nearly destroyed Rome	81
14504295491	First Triumvirate	Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar; received the power of the Senate in Rome	82
14504295492	Caesar	"emperor for life"; given power over southern Gaul (France) and other parts of Europe; took power away from Pompey and Crassus; assassinated by fellow senators in 44 BCE	83
14504295493	Second Triumvirate	Octavius, Marc Anthony, and Lepidus; made upon death of Julius Caesar	84
14504295494	Octavius	rose to power in Rome; "Augustus Caesar"; ended Roman Republic (became Empire); period of Pax Romana	85
14504295495	Paganism	state religion of early Roman Republic and Empire; required to make sacrifices to tradtional Roman gods	86
14504295496	Constantine	Roman emperor; issued Edict of Milan	87
14504295497	Edict of Milan	issued by Constantine in 313 CE to end persecution of Christians in Rome	88
14504295498	Diocletian	Roman Emperor in 284 CE; divided empire into two regions run by co-emperors	89
14504295499	Constantine	Roman Emperor in 322 CE; built Constantinople	90
14504295500	Constantinople	city built by Constantine at the site of the Greek city of Byzantium; part of eastern Rome (which thrived)	91
14504295501	Visigoths	Germanic peoples placed by Roman authorities on the borders; sacked Rome in 410 CE	92
14504295502	Attila	led Huns in invasion of Rome in the early fifth century	93
14504295503	Silk Road	land trade route from China to the Roman Empire	94
14504295504	Islam	monotheistic; based in the Middle East	95
14504295505	Muslims	followers of Islam	96
14504295506	Mohammad	prophet who transmits Allah's (God) words to the faithful	97
14504295507	Qu'ran	book in which followers recorded Allah's words through Mohammad	98
14504295508	Five Pillars of Islam	ways to win salvation through submission to the will of God; include confession of faith, prayer five times per day, charity to the needy, fasting during the month-long Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during one's lifetime	99
14504295509	jihad	"to struggle"; Islamic concept; the struggle to be a better Muslim and the struggle against non-believers	100
14504295510	Medina	city where Mohammad and his followers fled in 622 CE	101
14504295511	hijra	622 CE; the year Mohammad and his followers fled to Medina; year 1 on the Muslim calendar	102
14504295512	Abu Bakr	became caliph in 632 when Mohammad died; head of state and religious leader	103
14504295513	caliph	head of state, military commander, chief judge, and religious leader in the Islamic empire	104
14504295514	theocracy	a government ruled by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as being divinely guided	105
14504295515	Umayyad Dynasty	expanded the Islamic Empire; intensified conflict with the Byzantine and Persian Empires; capital at Damascus; non-Muslims forced to pay a tax	106
14504295516	Charles Martel	(688-741 CE) Frankish leader; stopped the Muslim advance towards Paris	107
14504295517	Dome of the Rock	built on Temple Mount in Jerusalem under the Umayyad Dynasty	108
14504295518	Shiite (Shia) Islam	holds that Mohammad's son-in-law, Ali, was the rightful heir to the empire	109
14504295519	Sunnis	held Ali in high esteem, but do not believe that he and his hereditary line are the chosen successors; believe that the leaders of the empire should be drawn from a broad base of the people	110
14504295520	Abbasid Dynasty	750 to 1258 (until the Islamic Empire was defeated by the Mongols); merchants introduced the ideas of credit, receipts, and bills; steel produced; learned how to make paper from the Chinese	111
14504295521	Baghdad	Abbasid capital known as a cultural center	112
14504295522	Mohammad al-Razi	published a medical encyclopedia (during the Abbasid Dynasty)	113
14504295523	Levant	present-day Israel, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon; battled for control of it by Christians and Muslims	114
14504295524	Sufis	Islamic mystics; most effective missionaries; stressed a personal relationship with Allah	115
14504295525	mamluks	Turkish slaves; revolted against the Islamic Caliphate; established a new capital at Samarra	116
14504295526	Mongols	defeated the Abbasid Dynasty in 1258; destroyed Baghdad	117
14504295527	Ottoman Turks	reunited Egypt, Syria, and Arabia in a new Islamic state until 1918	118
14504295528	Middle Ages	the period after the fall of the Roman Empire and before the Renaissance	119
14504295529	Orthodox Christianity	separate branch of Christianity practiced in the Byzantine Empire	120
14504295530	Justinian	(527 to 565); ruler of the Byzantine Empire; restored glory and unity of the Roman Empire in Constantinople	121
14504295531	Justinian Code	codification of Roman law that kept ancient Roman legal principles alive under Justinian of the Byzantine Empire	122
14504295532	Hagia Sophia	cathedral built under Justinian of the Byzantine Empire	123
14504295533	Pope	regarded by the Roman Catholics emperors of the West as the leader of Byzantium's church	124
14504295534	St. Cyril	Orthodox Christian who used the Greek alphabet to create a Slavic alphabet; converted Slavic peoples of southeastern Europre and Russia to Christianity	125
14504295535	Vladimir	a Russian prince from Kiev; converted to Christianity	126
14504295536	Franks	a Germanic tribe	127
14504295537	King Clovis	united the Franks in the late fifth century; built an empire from Germany to France; capital at Paris; empire divided among his sons after his death	128
14504295538	Charles Martel	led the revolt against the advancing Muslim armies and in 732 defeated them at the Battle of Tours; founded the Carolingian Dynasty	129
14504295539	Battle of Tours	battle (near Paris) where Charles Martel defeated advancing Muslim armies in 732	130
14504295540	Carolingian Dynasty	founded by Charles Martel	131
14504295541	Pepin	son of Charles Martel; had his succession certified by the pope	132
14504295542	Charlemagne	(747-814 CE) "Charles the Great"; son of Pepin; crowned by the pope in 800; emphasized the arts and education with a religious bent	133
14504295543	Holy Roman Empire	empire built by Charlemagne; feudalism	134
14504295544	Otto the Great	gave the Holy Roman Empire its name upson his coronation in 962	135
14504295545	Treaty of Verdun	843 CE; treaty in which the Holy Roman Empire was split up among the grandsons of Charlemagne	136
14504295546	Vikings	group of people from Scandinavia who invaded western Europe	137
14504295547	Magyars	group of people from Hungary who invaded western Europe	138
14504295548	Feudalism	the European social, economic, and political system of the Middle Ages that had a strict hierarchy	139
14504295549	Nobles	people who were granted power over sections of the kingdom in exchange for military service and loyalty to the king	140
14504295550	Vassals	lesser lords under nobles; controlled small sections of land	141
14504295551	Peasants	people below the vassals who worked the land	142
14504295552	fiefs	the estates that were granted to the vassals	143
14504295553	manors	later term for fiefs (estates granted to the vassals)	144
14504295554	three-field system	the rotation of three fields: one for the fall harvest, one for the spring harvest, and one not-seeded fallow harvest (allowing the land to replenish its nutrients)	145
14504295555	code of chivalry	honor system among feudal lords that strongly condemned betrayal and promoted mutual respect	146
14504295556	primogeniture	system in which land was passed down to the eldest son	147
14504295557	serfs	peasants in the feudal system	148
14504295558	burghers	middle-class merchants	149
14504295559	Hanseatic League	an alliance that controlled trade throughout much of northern Europe	150
14504295560	Crusades	military campaigns undertaken by European Christians of the eleventh through fourteenth centuries to take over the Holy Land and convert Muslims and other non-Christians to Christianity	151
14504295561	heresies	religious practices or beliefs that do not conform to the traditional church doctrine	152
14504295562	scholasticism	relying on reason rather than faith; introduced through the scientific ideas of Ancient Greeks through contacts with the Islamic and Byzantine Empires	153
14504295563	Pope Innocent III	pope who persecuted heretics and Jews and attempted a fourth unsuccessful Crusade	154
14504295564	Inquisition	a formalized interrogation and persecution process of heretics; led by Pope Gregory IX	155
14504295565	Universal Church (Church Militant)	the name given to the Church during the Inquisition due to its pervasiveness and its ultimate power	156
14504295566	Thomas Aquinas	(1225-1274 CE) famous Christian realist; wrote Summa Theologica; thought that faith and reason are not in conflict, but both are gifts from God and each can be used to enhance the other	157
14504295567	interregnum	a time between the kings	158
14504295568	William the Conqueror	led England in a tradition of a strong monarchy	159
14504295569	Magna Carta	(1215 CE) King John of England was forced to sign it by nobles; reinstated the feudal rights of the nobles and extended the rule of law to other people in the country, such as the burgher class; helped establish the Parliament	160
14504295570	King Hugh Capet	in 987, he ruled only a small area around Paris	161
14504295571	Joan of Arc	farm girl; claimed to have heard voices that told her to liberate France from the hands of the English; forced the British to retreat from Orleans; captured by the French, tried by the English, and burned at the stake by the French	162
14504295572	Hundred Years' War	(1337-1453); war between England and France which resulted in England's withdrawal from France	163
14504295573	Bourbons	series of French monarchs who unified France after the Hundred Years' War	164
14504295574	Queen Isabella	ruler of Castille; united Spain by marrying Ferdinand (king of Aragon) in 1469	165
14504295575	Spanish Inquisition	the event which non-Christians were forced to convert to Christianity or leave the country (Spain) marked the beginning of	166
14504295576	Tatars	a group of Mongols from the east; took over Russia in 1242	167
14504295577	czar	the Russian word for emperor or Caesar	168
14504295578	Ivan the Terrible	"House of Rurik"; had centralized power over the entire Russian sphere by the mid-1500s	169
14504295579	T'ang Dynasty	Chinese dynasty (618-907 CE); collapsed as local warlords gained power	170
14504295580	Emperor Xuanzong	emperor during the T'ang Dynasty in China; expanded Chinese territory into parts of Manchuria, Mongolia, TIbet, and Korea	171
14504295581	Song Dynasty	Chinese dynasty (960-1279 CE); fell to the Jurchens and then to the Mongols until the Yuan Dynasty was extavlioshed	172
14504295582	moveable type	invented in China; resulted in an increase in literacy and bureaucrats among the lower classes	173
14504295583	Wu Zhao	first and only empress of China at the death of her husband, Emperor Gaozong, during the T'ang Dynasty	174
14504295584	foot binding	method use in China during the Song Dynasty to keep women's feet small	175
14504295585	Shinto	"the way of the gods"; Japanese religion; goal is to become part of the kami (forces of nature) through following certain rituals and customs	176
14504295586	Yamato clan	emerged as the rulers of Japan in the fifth century; first and only dynasty to rule it	177
14504295587	Taika Reforms	(645 CE); reforms by Prince Shotoku modeled on the successes of the T'ang Dynasty	178
14504295588	Prince Shotoku	Japanese prince who created the Taika Reforms	179
14504295589	Fujiwara	powerful Japanese family that intermarried with the emperor's family and began to run the affairs of the country	180
14504295590	shogun	Japanese title of chief general	181
14504295591	daimyo	huge landowners in Japan	182
14504295592	Code of Bushido	code followed by the samurai; similar to the code of chivalry in Europe	183
14504295593	Delhi Sultanate	Islamic kingdom in Delhi under the rule of the sultan	184
14504295594	Genghis Khan	unified the Mongol tribes and later created the largest empire the world has seen	185
14504295595	The Mongol Empire	empire that spanned from the Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe	186
14504295596	hordes	small, independent empires	187
14504295597	Golden Horde	horde of the Mongol Empire that conquered most of modern-day Russia	188
14504295598	Kublai Khan	Mongol ruler in China	189
14504295599	Timur Lang (Tamerlane)	Mongol leader who conquered India, killed thousands, and destroyed the sultanate	190
14504295600	Axum	African empire in modern-day Ethiopia that converted to Christianity in the fourth century and to Islam in the seventh century	191
14504295601	Mansa Musa	Mali ruler that built a capital at Timbuktu and expanded the kingdom beyond Ghana; 1307, made a world-famous pilgrimage to Mecca	192
14504295602	Benin	culture near present-day Nigeria that mastered a bronze sculpting technique	193
14504295603	Tenochtitlan	Aztec capital at modern-day Mexico city	194
14504295604	quipu	Incan set of knotted strings used to keep records and for accounting	195
14504295605	Temple of the Sun	Incan temple in Cuzco	196
14504295606	Machu Picchu	Incan temples	197
14504295607	Bubonic Plague (Black Death)	started in Asia in the fourteenth century and killed nearly one-third of Europe's population	198
14504295608	First Crusade	initiated by Pope Urban in 1096 CE in response to the success of the Seljuk Turks, who took control of the Holy Land; done in an attempt to gain Jerusalem and to unite the Roman Catholic Church with the Eastern Orthodox Church	199
14504295609	humanism	the focus on human endeavors	200
14504295610	Medici	family in Florence that ruled the city and turned it into a showcase of architecture and art	201
14504295611	Machiavelli	published The Prince in 1517; suggested that a monarchy should be distinct from the church and that a leader should act purely in self-interest of the state rather that morally	202
14504295612	Erasmus	counceled kings and popes; wrote In Praise of Folly	203
14504295613	Sir Thomas More	English; wrote Utopia about an ideal society	204
14504295614	William Shakespeare	considered one of the most famous European writers from this time; his works exemplified humanism and classicism	205
14504295615	indulgence	a piece of paper the faithful could purchase to reduce time in purgatory	206
14504295616	Martin Luther	a German monk that nailed 95 theses to a church door in 1517, outlining his frustrations with the current Church practices	207
14504295617	Pope Leo X	pope who ordered Luther to recant his theses	208
14504295618	Lutherans	Luther's followers who began to separate themselves from the Catholic Church	209
14504295619	John Calvin	from France; led a Protestant group by preaching an ideology of predestination	210
14504295620	King Henry VIII	declared himself the head of religious affairs in England when the pope denied an annulment of his marriage	211
14504295621	Church of England (Anglican Church)	church founded by Henry VIIi	212
14504295622	Catholic Reformation (couter-reformation)	reformation of the Catholic church against the Protestant Reformation	213
14504295623	Ignatius Loyola	Spanish soldier and intellectual who founded the society of Jesuits	214
14504295624	Jesuits	practiced self-control and moderation, believing that prayer and good works led to salvation	215
14504295625	Council of Trent	a group of church officials that presided over the counter-reformation, dictating and defining the Catholic interpretation of religious doctrine	216
14504295626	Nicolaus Copernicus	developed a mathematical theory that asserted that the Earth and other celestial bodies revolved around the sun	217
14504295627	The Index	a list of banned heretical works	218
14504295628	Galileo	asserted that the Earth revolved around the sun	219

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