Flashcards
AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards
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| 11525042506 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 11525042507 | psychology's biggest question | Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture? | 1 | |
| 11525042508 | psychology's three levels of analysis | biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together) | 2 | |
| 11525042509 | biological approach | genetics, close-relatives, body functions | 3 | |
| 11525042510 | evolutionary approach | species - helped with survival (ancestors) | 4 | |
| 11525042511 | psychodynamic approach | (Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes | 5 | |
| 11525042512 | behavioral approach | learning (classical and operant) observed | 6 | |
| 11525042513 | cognitive approach | thinking affects behavior | 7 | |
| 11525042514 | humanistic approach | becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) | 8 | |
| 11525042515 | social-cultural approach | cultural, family, environment | 9 | |
| 11525042516 | two reasons of why experiments are important | hindsight bias + overconfidence | 10 | |
| 11525042517 | types of research methods | descriptive, correlational, and experimental | 11 | |
| 11525042518 | descriptive methods | case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT) | 12 | |
| 11525042519 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 13 | |
| 11525042520 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 14 | |
| 11525042521 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 15 | |
| 11525042522 | correlational method | shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research | 16 | |
| 11525042523 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 17 | |
| 11525042524 | experimental method | does show cause and effect | 18 | |
| 11525042525 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 19 | |
| 11525042526 | sample | actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias) | 20 | |
| 11525042527 | random assignment | chance selection between experimental and control groups | 21 | |
| 11525042528 | control group | not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo | 22 | |
| 11525042529 | experimental group | receiving treatment/drug | 23 | |
| 11525042530 | independent variable | drug/procedure/treatment | 24 | |
| 11525042531 | dependent variable | outcome of using the drug/treatment | 25 | |
| 11525042532 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 26 | |
| 11525042533 | scientific method | theory hypothesis operational definition revision | 27 | |
| 11525042534 | theory | general idea being tested | 28 | |
| 11525042535 | hypothesis | measurable/specific | 29 | |
| 11525042536 | operational definition | procedures that explain components | 30 | |
| 11525042537 | mode | appears the most | 31 | |
| 11525042538 | mean | average | 32 | |
| 11525042539 | median | middle | 33 | |
| 11525042540 | range | highest - lowest | 34 | |
| 11525042541 | standard deviation | how scores vary around the mean | 35 | |
| 11525042542 | central tendency | single score that represents the whole | 36 | |
| 11525042543 | bell curve | (natural curve) |  | 37 |
| 11525042544 | ethics of testing on animals | need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans | 38 | |
| 11525042545 | ethics of testing on humans | consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality | 39 | |
| 11525042546 | sensory neurons | travel from sensory receptors to brain | 40 | |
| 11525042547 | motor neurons | travel from brain to "motor" workings | 41 | |
| 11525042548 | interneurons | (in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons | 42 | |
| 11525042754 | neuron |  | 43 | |
| 11525042549 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 44 | |
| 11525042550 | myelin sheath | protects the axon | 45 | |
| 11525042551 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 46 | |
| 11525042552 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers | 47 | |
| 11525042553 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 48 | |
| 11525042554 | excitatory charge | "Let's do it!" | 49 | |
| 11525042555 | inhibitory charge | "Let's not do it!" | 50 | |
| 11525042556 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 51 | |
| 11525042557 | peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system | 52 | |
| 11525042558 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 53 | |
| 11525042559 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) | 54 | |
| 11525042560 | sympathetic nervous system | arousing | 55 | |
| 11525042561 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming | 56 | |
| 11525042562 | neural networks | more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used | 57 | |
| 11525042563 | spinal cord | expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved | 58 | |
| 11525042564 | endocrine system | slow uses hormones in the blood system | 59 | |
| 11525042565 | master gland | pituitary gland | 60 | |
| 11525042566 | brainstem | extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival | 61 | |
| 11525042567 | reticular formation (if stimulated) | sleeping subject wakes up | 62 | |
| 11525042568 | reticular formation (if damaged) | coma | 63 | |
| 11525042569 | brainstem (if severed) | still move (without purpose) | 64 | |
| 11525042570 | thalamus | sensory switchboard (does not process smell) | 65 | |
| 11525042571 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 66 | |
| 11525042572 | cerebellum | nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 67 | |
| 11525042573 | cerebellum (if damaged) | difficulty walking and coordinating | 68 | |
| 11525042574 | amygdala | aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions | 69 | |
| 11525042575 | amygdala (if lesioned) | subject is mellow | 70 | |
| 11525042576 | amygdala (if stimulated) | aggressive | 71 | |
| 11525042577 | hippocampus | process new memory | 72 | |
| 11525042578 | cerebrum | two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing | 73 | |
| 11525042579 | cerebral cortex | only in higher life forms | 74 | |
| 11525042580 | association areas | integrate and interpret information | 75 | |
| 11525042581 | glial cells | provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons | 76 | |
| 11525042582 | frontal lobe | judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident) | 77 | |
| 11525042583 | parietal lobe | math and spatial reasoning | 78 | |
| 11525042584 | temporal lobe | audition and recognizing faces | 79 | |
| 11525042585 | occipital lobe | vision | 80 | |
| 11525042586 | corpus callosum | split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures) | 81 | |
| 11525042587 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory and hearing | 82 | |
| 11525042588 | Broca's area | speaking words | 83 | |
| 11525042589 | plasticity | ability to adapt if damaged | 84 | |
| 11525042590 | sensation | what our senses tell us | 85 | |
| 11525042591 | bottom-up processing | senses to brain | 86 | |
| 11525042592 | perception | what our brain tells us to do with that information | 87 | |
| 11525042593 | top-down processing | brain to senses | 88 | |
| 11525042594 | inattentional blindness | fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere | 89 | |
| 11525042595 | cocktail party effect | even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. | 90 | |
| 11525042596 | change blindness | giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice | 91 | |
| 11525042597 | choice blindness | when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed | 92 | |
| 11525042598 | absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time | 93 | |
| 11525042599 | signal detection theory | we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying) | 94 | |
| 11525042600 | JND (just noticeable difference) | (Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion | 95 | |
| 11525042601 | sensory adaptation | tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?" | 96 | |
| 11525042602 | rods | night time | 97 | |
| 11525042603 | cones | color | 98 | |
| 11525042604 | parallel processing | notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. | 99 | |
| 11525042605 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | 3 corresponding color receptors (RGB) | 100 | |
| 11525042606 | Hering's opponent-process theory | after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB) | 101 | |
| 11525042607 | trichromatic + opponent-process | Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex | 102 | |
| 11525042608 | frequency we hear most | human voice | 103 | |
| 11525042609 | Helmoltz (hearing) | we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches) | 104 | |
| 11525042610 | frequency theory | impulse frequency (low pitches) | 105 | |
| 11525042611 | Helmholtz + frequency theory | middle pitches | 106 | |
| 11525042612 | Skin feels what? | warmth, cold, pressure, pain | 107 | |
| 11525042613 | gate-control theory | small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses | 108 | |
| 11525042614 | memory of pain | peaks and ends | 109 | |
| 11525042615 | smell | close to memory section (not in thalamus) | 110 | |
| 11525042616 | grouping | Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole | 111 | |
| 11525042617 | grouping groups | proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure | 112 | |
| 11525042618 | make assumptions of placement | higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front | 113 | |
| 11525042619 | perception = | mood + motivation | 114 | |
| 11525042620 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and the environment | 115 | |
| 11525042621 | circadian rhythm | daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake) | 116 | |
| 11525042622 | circadian rhythm pattern | - activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin | 117 | |
| 11525042623 | What messes with circadian rhythm? | artificial light | 118 | |
| 11525042624 | The whole sleep cycle lasts how long? | 90 minutes | 119 | |
| 11525042625 | sleep stages | relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep) | 120 | |
| 11525042626 | purpose of sleep | 1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more) | 121 | |
| 11525042627 | insomnia | can't sleep | 122 | |
| 11525042628 | narcolepsy | fall asleep anywhere at anytime | 123 | |
| 11525042629 | sleep apnea | stop breathing in sleep | 124 | |
| 11525042630 | night terrors | prevalent in children | 125 | |
| 11525042631 | sleepwalking/sleeptalking | hereditary - prevalent in children | 126 | |
| 11525042632 | dreaming (3) | 1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries | 127 | |
| 11525042633 | purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES) | 1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence | 128 | |
| 11525042634 | 1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible? | 1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE)) | 129 | |
| 11525042635 | depressants | slows neural pathways | 130 | |
| 11525042636 | alcohol | ((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect | 131 | |
| 11525042637 | barbituates (tranquilizers) | ((depressant)) reduce anxiety | 132 | |
| 11525042638 | opiates | ((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain | 133 | |
| 11525042639 | stimulants | hypes neural processing | 134 | |
| 11525042640 | methamphetamine | ((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine | 135 | |
| 11525042641 | caffeine | ((stimulant)) | 136 | |
| 11525042642 | nicotine | ((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine | 137 | |
| 11525042643 | cocaine | ((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine | 138 | |
| 11525042644 | hallucinogen | excites neural activity | 139 | |
| 11525042645 | ecstasy | ((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin | 140 | |
| 11525042646 | LSD | ((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin | 141 | |
| 11525042647 | marijuana | ((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation | 142 | |
| 11525042648 | learning | organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events) | 143 | |
| 11525042649 | types of learning | classical operant observational | 144 | |
| 11525042650 | famous classical psychologists | Pavlov and Watson | 145 | |
| 11525042651 | famous operant psychologist | Skinner | 146 | |
| 11525042652 | famous observational psychologists | Bandura | 147 | |
| 11525042653 | classical conditioning | outside stimulus | 148 | |
| 11525042654 | Pavlov's experiment | Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation) | 149 | |
| 11525042655 | Watson's experiment | white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry) | 150 | |
| 11525042656 | generalization | any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now | 151 | |
| 11525042657 | discriminate | any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry | 152 | |
| 11525042658 | extinction | stop "treating" with conditioned response | 153 | |
| 11525042659 | spontaneous recovery | bring stimulus back after a while | 154 | |
| 11525042660 | operant conditioning | control by organism | 155 | |
| 11525042661 | Skinner's experiment | operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping) | 156 | |
| 11525042662 | shaping | get animal closer to doing what you want them to do | 157 | |
| 11525042663 | reinforcers | want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging) | 158 | |
| 11525042664 | punishments | want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone) | 159 | |
| 11525042665 | fixed ratio | happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card) | 160 | |
| 11525042666 | variable ratio | happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery) | 161 | |
| 11525042667 | organism must do these (2 times) | fixed ratio and variable ratio | 162 | |
| 11525042668 | fixed interval | happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM) | 163 | |
| 11525042669 | variable interval | happens at any time (receive texts from friends) | 164 | |
| 11525042670 | these things happen regardless (2 times) | fixed interval and variable interval | 165 | |
| 11525042671 | Which (fixed/variable) conditions better? | variable | 166 | |
| 11525042672 | criticisms of Skinner | doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation | 167 | |
| 11525042673 | intrinsic motivation | doing something for yourself, not the reward | 168 | |
| 11525042674 | extrinsic motivation | doing something for reward | 169 | |
| 11525042675 | Skinner's legacy | use it personally, at school, and at work | 170 | |
| 11525042676 | famous observational experiment | Bandura's Bobo doll | 171 | |
| 11525042677 | famous observational psychologist | Bandura | 172 | |
| 11525042678 | mirror neurons | "feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals | 173 | |
| 11525042679 | Bobo doll experiment legacy | violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil | 174 | |
| 11525042680 | observational learning | biological behaviors work best | 175 | |
| 11525042681 | habituation | get used to it -> stop reacting | 176 | |
| 11525042682 | examples for observational learning | lectures and reading | 177 | |
| 11525042683 | serotonin involved with memory | speeds the connection between neurons | 178 | |
| 11525042684 | LTP | ((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed) | 179 | |
| 11525042685 | CREB | protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories | 180 | |
| 11525042686 | glutamate involved with memory | neurotransmitter that enhances LTP | 181 | |
| 11525042687 | glucose involved with memory | released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered)) | 182 | |
| 11525042688 | flashbulb memory | type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment | 183 | |
| 11525042689 | amygdala (memory) | boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight | 184 | |
| 11525042690 | cerebellum (memory) | forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning)) | 185 | |
| 11525042691 | hippocampus (memory) | active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours)) | 186 | |
| 11525042692 | memory | learning over time contains information that can be retrieved | 187 | |
| 11525042693 | processing stages | encoding -> storage -> retrieval | 188 | |
| 11525042694 | encoding | information going in | 189 | |
| 11525042695 | storage | keeping information in | 190 | |
| 11525042696 | retrieval | taking information out | 191 | |
| 11525042697 | How long is sensory memory stored? | seconds | 192 | |
| 11525042698 | How long is short-term memory stored? | less than a minute | 193 | |
| 11525042699 | How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory? | 7 | 194 | |
| 11525042700 | How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory? | 4 | 195 | |
| 11525042701 | How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory? | 2 | 196 | |
| 11525042702 | short term memory goes to ______________ | working memory | 197 | |
| 11525042703 | working memory | make a connection and process information to mean something | 198 | |
| 11525042704 | working memory goes to _________________ | long-term memory | 199 | |
| 11525042705 | How much is stored in long-term memory? | LIMITLESS | 200 | |
| 11525042706 | implicit memory | naturally do | 201 | |
| 11525042707 | explicit memory | need to explain | 202 | |
| 11525042708 | automatic processing | space, time, frequency, well-learned information | 203 | |
| 11525042709 | effortful processing | processing that requires effort | 204 | |
| 11525042710 | spacing effect | spread out learning over time | 205 | |
| 11525042711 | serial position effect | primary/recency effect | 206 | |
| 11525042712 | primary effect | remember the first things in a list | 207 | |
| 11525042713 | recency effect | remember the last things in a list | 208 | |
| 11525042714 | effortful processing (4 things) | 1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect | 209 | |
| 11525042715 | semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to | make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you | 210 | |
| 11525042716 | if we can't remember a memory... | 1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story | 211 | |
| 11525042717 | misinformation effect | not correct information | 212 | |
| 11525042718 | imagination inflation | imagine or visualize something that isn't real | 213 | |
| 11525042719 | source amnesia | what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?) | 214 | |
| 11525042720 | priming | association (setting you up) | 215 | |
| 11525042721 | context | environment helps with memory | 216 | |
| 11525042722 | state-dependency | you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high) | 217 | |
| 11525042723 | mood-congruency | emotion will bring back similar emotional memories | 218 | |
| 11525042724 | forgetting curve | forget after 5 days forget after 5 years | 219 | |
| 11525042725 | the forgetting curve was created by | Ebbinghaus | 220 | |
| 11525042726 | proactive interference | old information interferes with the new | 221 | |
| 11525042727 | retroactive interference | new information interferes with the old | 222 | |
| 11525042728 | children can't remember before age __ | 3 | 223 | |
| 11525042729 | Loftus | connected to abuse cases/childhood | 224 | |
| 11525042730 | prototypes | generalize | 225 | |
| 11525042731 | problem-solving (4) | trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!" | 226 | |
| 11525042732 | against problem-solving | fixation | 227 | |
| 11525042733 | mental set | what has worked in the past | 228 | |
| 11525042734 | functional fixedness | only way to do this is with this | 229 | |
| 11525042735 | Chomsky (nature or nurture?) | "born with language" (nature) | 230 | |
| 11525042736 | Skinner (nature or nurture?) | language is learned (nurture) | 231 | |
| 11525042737 | grammar is _________ | universal | 232 | |
| 11525042738 | phonemes | smallest sound unit | 233 | |
| 11525042739 | morphemes | smallest meaning unit | 234 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Literature Vocabulary List 2 Flashcards
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| 9134023206 | Antithesis | A rhetorical opposition or contrast of ideas by means of a grammatical arrangement of words, clauses, or sentences. | 0 | |
| 9134036252 | "Ask not what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country." | Antithesis | 1 | |
| 9134048304 | Aphorism | A short, pithy statement of a generally accepted truth or sentiment. | 2 | |
| 9134057006 | All people should strive to learn before they die, what they are running from, and to, and why. | Aphorism | 3 | |
| 9134065106 | Apollonian | In contrast to Dionysian, it refers to the most noble, godlike qualities of human nature and behavior. | 4 | |
| 9134073757 | Apostrophe | A rhetorical device in which a speaker addresses a person or personified thing not present. | 5 | |
| 9134087958 | "Oh, you cruel streets of Manhattan, how I detest you!" | Apostrophe | 6 | |
| 9134132423 | An abstract or ideal conception of a type; a perfectly typical example; an original model or form. | Archetype | 7 | |
| 9134136830 | Assonance | The repetition of two or more vowel sounds in a group of words or lines in poetry and prose. | 8 | |
| 9134158145 | "Meet Peter Green; he's as mad as a hatter." | Assonance | 9 | |
| 9134166409 | Ballad | A simple narrative verse that tells a story that is sung or recited. | 10 | |
| 9134189912 | Bard | A poet; in olden times, a performer who told heroic stories to musical accompaniment. | 11 | |
| 9134200997 | Bathos | The use of insincere or overdone sentimentality | 12 | |
| 9134210699 | Bibliography | A list of works cited or otherwise relevant to a subject or other work. | 13 |
AP Biology Chapter 9 Flashcards
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| 11571776329 | Cell Divsion | means "every cell from a cell"; the continuity of life is based on the reproduction of cells; DNA is duplicated, by copying each stand according to base pairing rules, 2 DNA molecules held together at centromere called sister chromatids | 0 | |
| 11571776330 | Cell Cycle | An ordered sequence of events in the life of a eukaryotic cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two. |  | 1 |
| 11571776331 | Genome | The complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes. | 2 | |
| 11571776332 | Chromosomes | A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. |  | 3 |
| 11571776333 | Chromatin | Substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones |  | 4 |
| 11571776334 | Somatic Cells | Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors. | 5 | |
| 11571776335 | Gametes | A haploid cell such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. | 6 | |
| 11571776336 | Sister Chromatids | Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II. |  | 7 |
| 11571776337 | Centromere | Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach |  | 8 |
| 11571776338 | Mitosis | A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by equally allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter nuclei. | 9 | |
| 11571776339 | Cytokinesis | The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II. | 10 | |
| 11571776340 | Mitotic (M) Phase | The part of the cell cycle when the nucleus is divided (via mitosis), its chromosomes are distributed to the daughter nuclei, and the cytoplasm divided (via cytokinesis), producing two daughter cells. | 11 | |
| 11571776341 | Interphase | A period between two mitotic or meiotic divisions during which the cell grows, copies its DNA, and synthesizes proteins | 12 | |
| 11571776342 | S Phase | The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. | 13 | |
| 11571776343 | G1 Phase | The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins. | 14 | |
| 11571776344 | G2 Phase | The second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs. | 15 | |
| 11571776345 | Prophase | DNA and proteins condense into tightly coiled chromosomes. The nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles begin to move to opposite poles, and spindle fibers form. |  | 16 |
| 11571776346 | Prometaphase | The second stage of mitosis, in which discrete chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids appear, the nuclear envelope fragments, and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes. |  | 17 |
| 11571776347 | Metaphase | Centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are aligned at plate. Fully formed spindle attach to the sister chromatids from opposite poles |  | 18 |
| 11571776348 | Anaphase | Chromatids of each chromosome separate at the centromere and move towards opposite poles of the dividing cell |  | 19 |
| 11571776349 | Telophase | Final phase of mitosis during which chromosomes uncoil, a nuclear envelope returns around the chromatin, and a nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter cell |  | 20 |
| 11571776350 | Mitotic Spindle | An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis. |  | 21 |
| 11571776351 | Centrosome | A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has two centrioles. |  | 22 |
| 11571776352 | Kinetochore | A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle. |  | 23 |
| 11571776353 | Metaphase Plate | An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located. |  | 24 |
| 11571776354 | Cleavage | (1) The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. |  | 25 |
| 11571776355 | Cleavage Furrow | The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. |  | 26 |
| 11571776356 | Cell Plate | A membrane-bounded, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis. | 27 | |
| 11571776357 | Binary Fission | A form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells. |  | 28 |
| 11571776358 | Origin of Replication | The specific location on a DNa strand where replication begins.. Prokaryotes typically have a single origin of replication, while eukaryotes have several per chromosome. |  | 29 |
| 11571776359 | Growth Factor | (1) A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. (2) A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation. | 30 | |
| 11571776360 | Density-Dependent Inhibition | The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another. | 31 | |
| 11571776361 | Anchorage Dependence | The requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to initiate cell division. | 32 | |
| 11571776362 | Transformation | A phenomenon in bacteria. They have the ability to transform themselves by transferring genetic factors from one bacteria cell to another. | 33 | |
| 11571776363 | Benign Tumor | An abnormal mass of cells that remains at its original site in the body. | 34 | |
| 11571776364 | Malignant Tumor | A cancerous tumor containing cells that have significant genetic and cellular changes and are capable of invading and surviving in new sites. Malignant tumors can impair the functions of one or more organs. | 35 | |
| 11571776365 | Metastasis | Is the spread of cancer from its primary site to other places in the body | 36 | |
| 11571776366 | Angiogenesis | The process through which the tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply |  | 37 |
| 11571776367 | Zygote | Diploid cell formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg. |  | 38 |
| 11571776368 | Homologous Chromosomes | Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure, and that pair during meiosis. | | 39 |
| 11571776369 | Haploid | An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes. (n) |  | 40 |
| 11571776370 | Diploid | Containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (2n) |  | 41 |
AP Unit 13 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 6749157147 | osis | condition | 0 | |
| 6749160129 | infra | beneath | 1 | |
| 6749160130 | chrom | color | 2 | |
| 6749161967 | sequ | follow | 3 | |
| 6749161968 | mem | remember | 4 | |
| 6749165236 | oligo | few/small | 5 | |
| 6749165237 | phor | carry | 6 | |
| 6749167416 | milli | thousandth | 7 | |
| 6749169903 | vac | empty | 8 | |
| 6749169904 | patho | disease | 9 | |
| 6749170015 | ultima | last | 10 | |
| 6749172486 | labor | work | 11 | |
| 6749178801 | form | shape | 12 | |
| 6749178802 | gress | step | 13 | |
| 6749180977 | meso | middle | 14 | |
| 6749180978 | phyll | leaf | 15 | |
| 6749183299 | myo | muscle | 16 | |
| 6749183300 | hemo | blood | 17 | |
| 6749183301 | ose | sugar | 18 | |
| 6749186304 | glyc | sweet | 19 | |
| 6749186305 | lys | break down | 20 | |
| 6749188824 | phag | eat | 21 | |
| 6749195990 | leuko | white | 22 | |
| 6749195991 | tude | state of | 23 | |
| 6749197009 | phyt | plant | 24 |
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