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AP World History Period 2 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
13459992837plebeian(adj.) common, vulgar; belonging to the lower class; (n.) a common person, member of the lower class0
13459994607Patricianan aristocrat1
13459996262PolisA city-state in ancient Greece.2
13460000635RepublicA form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting3
13460006053Pax RomanaA period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.4
13460009536Laws of the 12 Tables12 publicly displayed tablets that had listed the rights of the Ancient Roman citizens for all to see5
13460011857Empirean extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formally especially an emperor or empress.6
13460022965Mauryan Empire(321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya.7
13460026267AshokaLeader of the Mauryan dynasty of India who conquered most of India but eventually gave up violence and converted to Buddhism.8
13460030195Rock Edictslaws carved on rocks and tall stone pillars created by Asoka9
13460033615Gupta Empire(320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta.10
13460035691Qin Dynasty(221-207 BCE) The first centralized dynasty of China that used Legalism as its base of belief.11
13460037901Han Dynasty(202 BCE-220 CE) This dynasty continued the centralization of the Qin Dynasty, but focused on Confucianism and education instead of Legalim.12
13460040682Olmec Empire(1200BCE-400BCE) One of the earliest civilization in the Americas; known for their creation of colossal stone heads of their rulers13
13460046794Mayan EmpireA major empire in Southern Mexico and the Yucatan Peninsula from 150 B.C.E. to 900 C. E. The Mayans were not unified politically, and instead were ruled by rival monarchies.14
13460086139TeotihucanA powerful city-state in Central Mexico. It's population was about 150,000 at it's peak in 600 C.E.15
13460114768Aztec EmpireThe Aztec Empire flourished between 1345 and 1521 CE and covered most of northern Mesoamerica. Aztec warriors were able to dominate their neighbouring states and permit rulers such as Motecuhzoma II to impose Aztec ideals and religion across Mexico. Highly accomplished in agriculture and trade, the last of the great Mesoamerican civilizations was also noted for its art and architecture which ranks amongst the finest ever produced on the continent.16
13460156649Judaismthe monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud17
13460165408ChristianityA monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.18
13460168120Confucianisma system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius.19
13460170814SocartesGreek philosopher whose way of life, character, and thought exerted a profound influence on ancient and modern philosophy.20
13460192193Plato(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection.21
13460194301AristotleA Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato22
13460196688Silk RoadAn ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.23
13460201179Indian Ocean Trade Routea sea route that connected India, China, the Middle East, and Eastern Africa24
13460205320Trans-Saharan Trade RouteA trade route that connected North Africa to the Middle East25
13460208416Slash and Burn Agriculturea farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land26

UNIT - 8 AP BIOLOGY Flashcards

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13269295507List the four derived characteristics of the members of the Phylum ChordataNotochord, Dorsal Hollow nerve, Pharyngeal Slits, Muscular, Post Anal-tail0
13269336782NotochordA flexible rod that supports a chordate's back1
13269342672Dorsal Hollow Nerve Chordnerve cord found in all chordates that forms the spinal cord and brain2
13269342845Pharyngeal SlitsA gill structure in the pharynx.3
13269351466Muscular, Post-Anal Tail (Chordates)Tail that extends posterior to the anus.4
13269382734ChordateAnimals with a notochord, most have a backbone.5
13269387660Urochordatestunicates6
13269391649LanceletsCephalochordata7
13269398428craniateA chordate with a head.8
13269401145VertebrateAn animal with a backbone9
13269401146Sessilerooted10
13269408125Motileable to move11
13269409581Somitesblocks of tissue that form along the sides of the embryo.12
13269418852tertapodsVertebrates that have limbs with digits13
13269427479Amniotic Eggcontaining amniotic fluid, cushion for embryo14
13269457798Agnathansjawless fish15
13269459759Allantoisacids in gas exchange and waste management16
13269464879Amnioninnermost layer of the fetal membrane17
13269467401ChorionOutermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo; it forms the fetal part of the placenta.18
13269471364Yolk Sacvistigial in humans; provides nutrients in embryo.19
13269479405TheropodA member of a group of dinosaurs that were bipedal carnivores.20
13269485499EndothermicAbsorbs heat21
13269487602Ectothermiccold blooded22
13269491627OstrivhthyesJawless, Caryilagenous, Horny Fish.23
13269505313orders of amphibiansUrodela, Anura, Apoda24
132695114883 groups of monophyletic AmniotesSynapsids, Anapsids, DIapsids25
13269529143Mammals are classafied because ofMammary glands, placenta26

AP Literature Terms Flashcards

The Glossary of Literary Terms for the AP English Literature and Composition Test

Terms : Hide Images
8750925175AccentIn poetry, the stressed portion of a word. "CAN-yon." "mc-COY." "JEN-i-fer"0
8750925176AestheticAppealing to the senses; a coherent sense of taste.1
8750925177AllegoryA story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself. Think of an alligator capable working on the surface of the water and below.2
8750925178AlliterationThe repetition of initial consonant sounds. "Peter Piper Picked a Peck..."3
8750925179AllusionA reference to another work or famous figure.4
8750925180Anachronism"Misplaced in time." An aspect of a story that doesn't belong in its supposed time setting. Think of airplanes and automobiles in Hurston's 1900 depiction of Florida.5
8750925181AnalogyA comparison, usually involving two or more symbolic parts, employed to clarify an action or a relationship. Think "An analogy is like a simile."6
8750925182AnecdoteA Short Narrative, told for some effect. Think of the Annie Tyler & Who Flung relationship, explained as a foreshadowing or foil for Janie's and Tea Cake's relationship.7
8750925183AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause that determines what a pronoun refers to. "Isaac brought his own computer." (Isaac is the antecedent to the pronoun "his").8
8750925184AnticlimaxOccurs when an action produces far smaller results than one had been led to expect. Think of Edgar Derby's execution.9
8750925185AntiheroA protagonist who is markedly unheroic: morally weak, cowardly, dishonest, or any number of other unsavory qualities. Billy Pilgrim.10
8750925186AphorismA short and usually witty saying. Think of Wilde's "All women become like their mothers. That is their tragedy. No man does. That's his."11
8750925187ApostropheA figure of speech wherein the speaker talks directly to something that is nonhuman. Think of poems like Keats' "Ode On a Grecian Urn" or Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind"...in which neither is a living being, but the speaker is talking directly to the thing.12
8750925188ArchaismThe use of deliberately old-fashioned language. Thee, thou, thy, yon, etc.13
8750925189AsideA speech (usually just a short comment) made by an actor to the audience, as though momentarily stepping outside of the action on stage. Think of Iago's asides to Roderigo.14
8750925190AssonanceThe repeated use of vowel sounds: "Old king Cole was a merry old soul."15
8750925191Ballad StanzaA 4-lined stanza, usually rhymed ABCB, first made famous by the English Romantic Poets.16
8750925192Black humorThe use of disturbing themes in comedy. Think Slaughterhouse Five.17
8750925193BurlesqueBroad parody, one that takes a style or form and exaggerates it into ridiculousness. Think The Importance of Being Earnest.18
8750925194CaricatureA portrait (verbal or otherwise) that exaggerates a facet of personality. Think of Lady Bracknell as being an overblown characterization of the archetypal aristocratic snob.19
8750925195CatharsisDrawn from Aristotle's writings on tragedy. Refers to the "cleansing" of emotion an audience member experiences during a play. This requires emotional attachment and empathy for the tragic character's flaw. Think of feeling sorry for Willy Loman and what he teaches you to correct in your own life.20
8750925196Conceit (Controlling Image)A startling or unusual metaphor, or to a metaphor developed and expanded upon several lines. Think of Donne's "The Flea."21
8750925197CoupletA pair of lines that end in rhyme: "Shakespeare loved like a red, red rose, Emblazoned on his pantyhose."22
8750925198DictionThe words an author chooses to use.23
8750925199SyntaxThe ordering and structuring of words. S-V-O is the typical order in English.24
8750925200Inverted SyntaxA switching of S-V-O to some other order. Think of Yoda. "Pizza like I." = O-V-S25
8750925201Dramatic IronyWhen the audience knows something that the characters in the drama do not. Think of how Othello freaks out when Cassio is, unbeknownst to O, speaking of Bianca and not Desdemona.26
8750925202Dramatic MonologueSame as a soliloquy. When a single speaker in literature says something to a silent audience. Iago. Iago. Iago.27
8750925203ElegyA type of poem that meditates on death or mortality in a serious, thoughtful manner.28
8750925204EnjambmentThe continuation of a syntactic unit from one line or couplet of a poem to the next with no pause or punctuation. Student: "Ms. Brown, can I stop reading now?" Ms. Brown: "No punc, READ ON!"29
8750925205EpicA very long narrative poem on a serious theme in a dignified style; typically deal with glorious or profound subject matter. Think The Odyssey or The Iliad.30
8750925206EpitaphLines that commemorate the dead at their burial place. "Here lies Lester Moore. Took 4 slugs from a .44. No Les. No Moore."31
8750925207EuphemismA word or phrase that takes the place of a harsh, unpleasant, or impolite reality. Think of "making love."32
8750925208ExplicitTo say or write something directly and clearly.33
8750925209Feminine rhymeLines rhymed by at least their final two syllables. Think of ...............................mad pants ...............................sad ants.34
8750925210FoilA secondary character whose purpose is to highlight the characteristics of a main character, usually by contrast.35
8750925211FootThe basic rhythmic unit of a line of poetry, formed by a combination of two or three syllables, either stressed or unstressed. Most common is iambic = u /.36
8750925212ForeshadowingAn event of statement in a narrative that in miniature suggests a larger event that comes later.37
8750925213Free versePoetry written without a regular rhyme scheme or metrical pattern. Hippies loved Free bird/Free Verse. (No rules).38
8750925214GenreA sub-category of literature.39
8750925215HubrisThe excessive pride or ambition that leads to the main character's downfall. Macbeth, Oedipus, Othello, etc...40
8750925216HyperboleExaggeration or deliberate overstatement.41
8750925217ImplicitTo say or write something that suggests and implies but never says it directly or clearly.42
8750925218In media resLatin for "in the midst of things," i.e. beginning an epic poem in the middle of the action. Think of Janie walking back into Eatonville, then rehashing the story of how she got there.43
8750925219IronyA statement that means the opposite of what it seems to mean. Know the difference between verbal (AKA sarcasm), situational, and dramatic.44
8750925220Loose sentenceA sentence that is complete before its end: Jack loved Barbara despite her irritating snorting laugh.45
8750925221Periodic SentenceA sentence that is not grammatically complete until it has reached it s final phrase: Despite Barbara's irritation at Jack, she loved him.46
8750925222Masculine rhymeA rhyme ending on the final stressed syllable (regular old rhyme). ............................sad ants ............................with pants.47
8750925223MetaphorA comparison or analogy that states one thing IS another.48
8750925224SimileA comparison or analogy that typically uses like or as.49
8750925225NemesisThe protagonist's arch enemy or supreme and persistent difficulty.50
8750925226ObjectivityTreatment of subject matter in an impersonal manner or from an outside view.51
8750925227SubjectivityA treatment of subject matter that uses the interior or personal view of a single observer and is typically colored with that observer's emotional responses.52
8750925228OnomatopoeiaWords that sound like what they mean. "Boom, Clap."53
8750925229OxymoronA phrase composed of opposites; a contradiction.54
8750925230ParableA story that instructs. Think of Didactic Literature (all Classical Tragedy) which ultimately aims to improve people.55
8750925231ParadoxA situation or statement that seems to contradict itself, but on closer inspection, does not. Catch-22.56
8750925232ParallelismRepeated syntactical similarities used for effect. "I like to fish, to eat, and to run."57
8750925233ParaphraseTo restate phrases and sentences in your own words.58
8750925234ParodyThe work that results when a specific work is exaggerated to ridiculousness.59
8750925235PastoralA poem set in tranquil nature or even more specifically, one about shepherds. Think of pastor over his "flock"= shepherd = countryside.60
8750925236PersonificationWhen an inanimate object takes on human shape.61
8750925237Point of ViewThe perspective from which the action of a novel is presented.62
8750925238OmniscientA third person narrator who sees into each character's mind and understands all the action going on.63
8750925239Limited OmniscientA Third person narrator who generally reports only what one character sees, and who only reports the thoughts of that one privileged character.64
8750925240ObjectiveA thrid person narrator who only reports on what would be visible to a camera. Does not know what the character is thinking unless the character speaks it.65
8750925241First personA narrator who is a character in the story and tells the tale from his or her point of view.66
8750925242Stream of ConsciousnessAuthor places the reader inside the main character's head and makes the reader privy to all of the character's thoughts as they scroll through her consciousness.67
8750925243ProtagonistThe main character of a novel or play68
8750925244PunThe usually humorous use of a word in such a way to suggest two or more meanings69
8750925245RefrainA line or set of lines repeated several times over the course of a poem.70
8750925246Rhetorical questionA question that suggests an answer.71
8750925247SatireAttempts to improve things by pointing out people's mistakes in the hope that once exposed, such behavior will become less common.72
8750925248SoliloquyA speech spoken by a character alone on stage, meant to convey the impression that the audience is listening to the character's thoughts.73
8750925249StanzaA group of lines roughly analogous in function in verse to the paragraphs function in prose. In Italian, stanza = a room. (So a poem is a house).74
8750925250Stock charactersStandard or cliched character types. Archetypes/Stereotypes are the same thing.75
8750925251Subjunctive MoodA grammatical situation involving the words "if" and "were," setting up a hypothetical situation.76
8750925252Willing Suspension of DisbeliefThe demand made of a theater audience to accept the limitations of staging and supply the details with their imagination.77
8750925253SymbolismA device in literature where an object represents an idea.78
8750925254ThemeThe main idea of the overall work; the central idea.79
8750925255ThesisThe main position of an argument. The central contention that will be supported.80
8750925256Tragic flaw= Hamartia. In a tragedy, this is the weakness of a character in an otherwise good (or even great) individual that ultimately leads to his demise.81
8750925257Unreliable narratorWhen the first person narrator is crazy, a liar, very young, or for some reason not entirely credible82
8750925258UtopiaAn idealized place. Imaginary communities in which people are able to live in happiness, prosperity, and peace. Opposite = Dystopia.83
8750925259OdeA poem in praise of something divine or noble84
8750925260IambA poetic foot -- light, heavy85
8750925261TrocheeA poetic foot -- heavy, light86
8750925262PentameterA poetic line with five feet.87
8750925263TetrameterA poetic line with four feet88
8750925264TrimeterA poetic line with three feet89
8750925265Blank Verseunrhymed iambic pentameter.90
8750925266AmbiguityA vagueness of meaning; a conscious lack of clarity meant to evoke multiple meanings and interpretation91
8750925267BildungsromanA novel structured as a series of events that take place as the hero travels in quest of a goal or comes of age.92
8750925268CanonThe works considered most important in a national literature or period; works widely read and studied.93
8750925269Carpe DiemLiterally, "seize the day"; enjoy life while you can, a common theme in literature.94
8750925270DenoumentThe resolution that occurs at the end of a play or work of fiction. Think of Edna Pontellier's suicide.95
8750925271Deus Ex MachinaGreek "God as a Machine" = In literature, the use of an artificial device or gimmick to solve a problem96
8750925272Figurative LanguageAlso called figure of speech. In contrast to literal language, it implies meanings. Includes metaphors, similes, and personification, among others.97
8750925273MotifA phrase, idea, symbol or event that through repetition serves to unify or convey a theme in a work of literature.98
8750925274Non SequiturA statement or idea that fails to follow logically from the one before99
8750925275SonnetA popular form of verse consisting of fourteen lines and a prescribed rhyme scheme. Know the Shakespearean / English rhyme scheme: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.100
8750925276SynecdocheA figure of speech in which a part signifies the whole ("fifty masts" for fifty ships) or the whole signifies the part ("days" for life, as in "He lived his days in Canada"). Also when the name of the material stands for the thing itself ("pigskin" for football)101
8750925277VerisimitudeSimilar to the truth; the quality of realism in a work that persuades readers that they are getting a vision of life as it is.102
8750925278ProseAll writing that's not poetry.103
8750925279VernacularThink dialect... Language that's unique to a particular place or culture. Think of the amount of Creole French in The Awakening, or think of the southern black speech in Their Eyes Were Watching God.104
8750925280Confidant/eArchetypal character to whom the protagonist confides. Think of Phoeby Watson, Iago, Linda Loman, Ben Loman.105
8750925281EpithetNickname or extended name for someone, usually adding an adjective or phrase to their name, if not altogether replacing it. (Alexander the Great, Vlad the Impaler). Also, think of all the racial epithets Iago and Roderigo use to refer to Othello.106

Medical Specialist Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
10543662342Allergy Specialist/ Allergist / ImmunologistTreats allergies0
10543662343AnaesthetistInjects anaesthetic and monitors the patient during surgery1
10543662344CardiologistTreats heart disease/problems2
10543662345DermatologistTreats skin problems, including some skin cancers and eczema3
10543662346GastroenterologistTreats stomach disorders4
10543662347HaematologistTreats diseases of the blood5
10543662348NeurologistTreats diseases and disorders of the nervous system6
10543662349ObstetricianTreats women during pregnancy and childbirth7
10543662350GynecologistDeal with health of female reproductive systems8
10543662351MidwifeHelps women give birth9
10543662352OphthalmologistTreats eye defects, injuries, and diseases10
10543662353Orthopedic surgeonPreserves and restores the function of the musculoskeletal system e.g. back pain, arthritis in hips11
10543662354PediatricianTreats infants, toddlers, children and teenagers12
10543662355Plastic SurgeonRestores or improves appearance of damaged body structures, especially the face13
10543662356PodiatristProvides medical and surgical of the foot14
10543662357PsychiatristTreats patients with mental and emotional disorders15
10543662358SurgeonPerforms operations16
10543662359PhysiotherapistTreats injuries using special physical exercises17
10543664334Cardiovascular surgeonsurgery on the heart and blood vessels18
10543665113colorectal surgeonsurgery on the colon and rectum19
10543665114emergency practitionerEval and treatment of acute injury and illness20
10543667005endrocrinologistphysician who studies and treats diseases of the endocrine system21
10543668579oncologist tumorstreatment of malignant and benign22
10543669576otolaryngologistspecialist in the ear and throat23
10543670288pathologistone who studies disease24
10543671733physical medicine and rehabilitationtreatment of disease by physical agents25
10543671734pulmonologistphysician who studies and treats diseases of the lung26
10543673783radiologistMedical specialist in the use of x-rays and other imaging techniques27
10543675035radiation oncologisttreatment of disease with high-energy radiation28
10543676178rheumatologistphysician who specializes in the study and treatment of rheumatic diseases29
10543677275throracic surgeonsurgery on chest organs30

Medical Specialist Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8779036926Allergy Specialist/ Allergist / ImmunologistTreats allergies0
8779036927AnaesthetistInjects anaesthetic and monitors the patient during surgery1
8779036928CardiologistTreats heart disease/problems2
8779036929DermatologistTreats skin problems, including some skin cancers and eczema3
8779036930GastroenterologistTreats stomach disorders4
8779036931HaematologistTreats diseases of the blood5
8779036934NeurologistTreats diseases and disorders of the nervous system6
8779036936ObstetricianTreats women during pregnancy and childbirth7
8779036937GynecologistDeal with health of female reproductive systems8
8779036938MidwifeHelps women give birth9
8779036940OphthalmologistTreats eye defects, injuries, and diseases10
8779036942Orthopedic surgeonPreserves and restores the function of the musculoskeletal system e.g. back pain, arthritis in hips11
8779036945PediatricianTreats infants, toddlers, children and teenagers12
8779036946Plastic SurgeonRestores or improves appearance of damaged body structures, especially the face13
8779036947PodiatristProvides medical and surgical of the foot14
8779036948PsychiatristTreats patients with mental and emotional disorders15
8779305951SurgeonPerforms operations16
8779529532PhysiotherapistTreats injuries using special physical exercises17

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