| 10043773901 | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People | NAACP | | 0 |
| 10043970977 | de facto segregation | segregation by custom and tradition | | 1 |
| 10043977152 | Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) | 1942 James Farmer and George Houser founded in Chicago
held sit ins in segregated restaurants | | 2 |
| 10043990901 | Brown v. Board of Edu. | In 1954 the Supreme Court decided to combine several cases and issue a general ruling on segregation in schools. One of the cases involved a young African American girl named Linda Brown, who was denied admission to her neighborhood school in Topeka, Kansas, because of her race. She was told to attend an all-black school across town. With the help of the NAACP, her parents sued the Topeka school board. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional
reversed Plessy v. Ferguson | | 3 |
| 10044041359 | Thurgood Marshall | 1939-61 chief counsel and director of NAACP's legal defense & educational fund
focused on ending segregation in public schools | | 4 |
| 10044004196 | Southern Manifesto | resistance to Brown v. Board of Edu.
pledged to use "all lawful means" to reverse the decision. Not until 1969 did the Supreme Court order all school systems (not just public) to desegregate "at once" and operate integrated schools "now and hereafter." | | 5 |
| 10044058716 | MLK Jr. | led Montgomery Bus Boycott at 26 yrs. old
believed in peaceful protesting, nonviolent passive resistance
had Ph.D. in Theology
"I Have A Dream Speech" delivered at March on Washington at Lincoln Memorial
Pres. of Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
in the spring of 1963 launched demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama, was arrested and while in jail, wrote the "Letter from Birmingham Jail."
April 4, 1968, as he stood on his hotel balcony in Memphis, Dr. King was assassinated by James Earl Ray | | 6 |
| 10044383787 | "Letter from Birmingham Jail" | an eloquent defense of nonviolent protest by MLK while in jail
"one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws" | | 7 |
| 10044014538 | Rosa Parks | legendary figure and symbol of Montgomery Bus Boycott - refused to give up seat and was arrested
Dec. 1, 1955 | | 8 |
| 10044120287 | Governor Faubus (Little Rock Arkansas) | In September 1957, the school board in Little Rock, Arkansas, was under a federal court order requiring that 9 African American students be admitted to Central High. The governor of Arkansas was determined to win reelection (began to campaign as a defender of white supremacy) and ordered troops from the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the 9 students from entering the school. This governor had used the armed forces of a state to oppose the federal government—the first such challenge to the Constitution since the Civil War | | 9 |
| 10044420112 | James Meredith | the first African American student at the University of Mississippi amidst racially charged violence in 1962 | | 10 |
| 10044225019 | KKK | September 15, 1963, the bombed Birmingham's Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, killing four young girls
attacked Freedom Riders | | 11 |
| 10044160665 | the Sit-In Movement | brought large numbers of idealistic and energized college students into the civil rights struggle; many were discouraged by the slow pace of segregation | | 12 |
| 10044082918 | Freedom Riders | early May 1961, teams of African American and white volunteers boarded several southbound interstate buses. Buses were met by angry white mobs in Anniston, Birmingham, and Montgomery, Alabama. | | 13 |
| 10044191359 | JFK | While campaigning for the presidency in 1960 he had promised to support civil rights
appointed Thurgood Marshall to a federal judgeship on the Second Circuit Appeals Court in New York
assassinated November 1963 and Lyndon Johnson—former leader of the Senate Democrats—became president | | 14 |
| 10044321719 | Selma, Alabama | January 1965, the SCLC and Dr. King selected this place as the focal point for their campaign for voting rights
Bloody Sunday, a "march for freedom" from this place to Montgomery, Edmund Pettus Bridge | | 15 |
| 10044352026 | The Chicago Movement | made little headway - when Dr. King led a march through the all-white suburb of Marquette Park to demonstrate the need for open housing, he was met by angry white mobs more hostile than those in Birmingham and Selma
Mayor Richard Daley met with Dr. King and discussed a new program to clean up the slums | | 16 |
| 10044370661 | Black Power | the mobilization of the political and economic power of African Americans, especially to compel respect for their rights and to improve their condition | | 17 |
| 10043793609 | Stokely Carmichael | abandoned nonviolent strategy and goal of integration
the leader of SNCC in 1966, believed that African Americans should control the social, political, and economic direction of their struggle | | 18 |
| 10044376661 | Nation of Islam | "the Black Muslims"
very different from mainstream Islam - preached black nationalism | | 19 |
| 10043737320 | Malcom X | - went to prison for attempted burglary where he studied the Nation of Islam
- 1952 released from prison, converted to Islam, changed name from Little to X
- attacked King as "Uncle Toms" and said integration was a false goal believed blacks should have nothing to do w/ whites
- after visiting Mecca (saw harmony) changed views, worked w/ civil rights orgs., stopped preaching hatred of whites, and worked for desegregation
- 1965 killed by member of Nation of Islam | | 20 |
| 10044373552 | Black Panthers | founded in Oakland in 1966 by Huey Newton & Bobby Seale
called for an end to racial oppression and for control of major institutions in the African American community, such as schools, law enforcement, housing, and hospitals | | 21 |
| 10052279779 | Cesar Chavez | formed (NFWA) National Farm Workers Association
went on strike in CA to demand union recognition, increased wages, better benefits
merged with Dolores Huerta to form United Farm Workers (UFW) | | 22 |
| 10052290002 | Dolores Huerta | organized two groups that fought for farmworkers (with Cesar Chavez) and in 1965 the groups went on strike in CA
founded (CSO) Community Service Organization and fought for Mexican civil rights | | 23 |
| 10052741432 | Bracero Program | Mexican workers entered into short-term labor contracts, mostly as low-wage farmworkers | | 24 |
| 10052787053 | La Raza Unida | the success of the Mexican American Youth Organization led Gutiérrez to found a new political party in 1969 "The United People"
mobilized Mex. American voters with calls for job-training programs and greater access to financial institutions
elected Latinos to local offices in several cities with large Latino populations | | 25 |
| 10052804385 | bilingualism | the practice of teaching immigrant students in their own language while they also learned English
an Act related to this set up classes for immigrants in their own language while learning English | | 26 |
| 10052820021 | AIM (American Indian Movement) | Native Americans who viewed the government's efforts as too modest formed more militant groups such as this
In 1968 Congress had passed the Indian Civil Rights Act which guaranteed reservation residents the protections of the Bill of Rights while still recognizing tribal courts
most famous protest took place at Wounded Knee, South Dakota. U.S. troops had killed hundreds of Sioux there in 1890. In 1973, AIM seized the town for 70 days and demanded changes in reservation administration | | 27 |
| 10052317888 | Betty Friedan | most influential leader of the modern U.S. feminist movement
formed the National Organization for Women (NOW)
describe the reasons women who stayed home felt unfulfilled in her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique | | 28 |
| 10052349964 | Gloria Steinem | Ms. A, key editor (author) of Ms., the name of the NOW movement's magazine
became one of the movement's leading figures
the NOW movement | | 29 |
| 10052376577 | feminism | belief that men and women should be equal politically, economically, and socially | | 30 |
| 10052380640 | NOW | demanded greater education and career opportunities for women
denounced exclusion of women from certain professions and most levels of politics | | 31 |
| 10052465668 | ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) | Congress passed this in March 1972
Opponents argued that it would take away some women's rights: right to alimony in divorce cases and the right to have single-gender colleges, women's exemption from the draft, special protection for women in the workforce
this failed in 1982 | | 32 |
| 10052628092 | The Impact of the Feminist Movement | The women's movement profoundly changed society. Since the 70s many women have pursued college degrees and careers outside of the home. Many employers now offer options to help women make work life more compatible with family life | | 33 |
