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Medical Terminology Flashcards

11771345596	a-, an-	without, lack of	0
11771345597	-ac, -ic	pertaining to	1
11771345598	alba-, albi-, leuco-, leuko-	white	2
11771345599	append-	appendix	3
11771345600	bio-	life	4
11771345601	-blast	germ/embryonic cell	5
11771345602	brachi-	arm	6
11771345603	cardi-	pertaining to the heart	7
11771345604	-centesis	surgical puncture to remove fluid	8
11771345605	cerebro-, encephal-	brain	9
11771345606	chlor-	green	10
11771345607	-cide	causing death	11
11771345608	cost-	rib	12
11771345609	cyan-	blue	13
11771345610	dent-	tooth	14
11771345611	-ectomy	surgical removal of	15
11771345612	-emesis	vomit	16
11771345613	erythro-	red	17
11771345614	faci-	face	18
11771345615	gast-	stomach	19
11771345616	-genous	kind, type	20
11771345617	hepat-	liver	21
11771345618	-itis	inflammation	22
11771345619	kerat-	cornea of the eye	23
11771345620	labi-	lip	24
11771345621	laryng-	larynx	25
11771345622	-lepsy	seizure, convulsion	26
11771345623	-mania	insanity, mental disorder	27
11771345624	melan-	black or dark	28
11771345625	-mortem	death	29
11771345626	nas-	nose	30
11771345627	-natal	birth	31
11771345628	-ologist	person who studies	32
11771345629	-ology	study of, science of	33
11771345630	-oma	tumor, a swelling	34
11771345631	opt-	vision, eye	35
11771345632	-paresis	paralysis	36
11771345633	-partum	birth, labor	37
11771345634	-rrhea	flow, discharge	38
11771345635	-scope	examining instrument	39
11771345636	-stomy	artificial opening	40
11771345637	-therapy	treatment	41
11771345638	-tox	poison	42
11771345639	-uria	urine	43
11771345640	xanth-	yellow	44
11771345641	aden/o	gland, glandular	45
11771352149	angi/o	vessel	46
11771355112	cryo-	cold	47
11771355113	-gram	tracing, picture, record	48
11771359708	herni-	rupture	49
11771363219	micro-	small	50
11771368133	-otomy	cutting into	51
11771368134	-spasm	involuntary contraction	52
11771371487	pre-	before, in front of	53
11771371488	-rrhagia	sudden or excessive flow	54
11771371489	di-	double, twice	55
11771373701	infra-	beneath, below	56
11771373702	neur/o	nerve, nervous system	57
11771377297	scler/o	hardening	58
11771377298	cyt/o	cell	59
11771377299	viscer/o	internal organs	60
11771380804	intra-	within, into, inside	61
11771380805	-phobia	fear	62
11771380806	tri-	three	63
11771383184	derm/a	pertaining to the skin	64
11771409103	-pnea	breathing	65
11771409104	-osis	condition, state, process	66
11771411641	dec/a	ten	67
11771411642	thromb/o	clot	68
11771415171	-phage, -phagia	to eat, consuming, swallow	69
11771423696	post-	after, behind	70
11771426880	tach/y	fast, rapid	71
11771426881	auto-	self	72
11771429018	-crine	secrete	73
11771430778	brady-	slow	74
11771432718	my/o	muscle	75
11771432719	inter-	between, among	76
11771435477	dys-	bad, painful, difficult	77
11771438660	uni-	one	78
11771442769	chol/o	bile, gallbladder	79
11771444946	peri-	around	80
11771444947	vas/o	vessel, duct	81
11771447723	-plasty	surgical correction or repair	82
11771450071	ost/e	bone	83
11771452097	quad-	four	84
11771452127	-stasis	stoppage, maintaining a constant level	85
11771455499	therm/o	heat	86
11771455500	brachy-	short	87
11771455501	neo-	new	88
11771455502	-oscopy	diagnostic examination	89
11771455503	-desis	surgical union or fixation	90
11771457964	ven/a	vein	91
11771457965	-penia	lack of, abnormal reduction in number, deficiency	92
11771457966	-rrhaphy	suture of, sewing up of a gap or defect	93
11789909365	trich/o	hair	94
11789912813	retro-	backward, in back, behind	95
11789917923	sinistr/o	left	96
11789920062	pan-	all, complete, entire	97
11789923863	ped-	child	98
11789926910	gluc/o	sweetness, sugar, glucose	99
11789933111	calc/u	stone	100
11789933129	trans-	across, over, beyond	101
11789937144	pyr/o	heat, fever	102
11789939304	ather/o	fatty, lipid	103
11789944282	dextr/o	to the right	104
11789947554	mal-	bad, abnormal, disordered, poor	105
11789955163	noct-	night, at night	106
11789957918	pent-	five	107
11789960211	-pexy	fixation	108
11789962859	myc-o	fungus	109
11789965754	-kinesis, kinetic	motion	110
11789967910	hist/o	tissue	111
11789970331	sarc/o	malignant (cancer) connective tissue	112
11789991776	-graph	diagram, instrument for recording	113
11789994978	hypno-	sleep	114
11789997282	py/o	pus	115
11790000729	-rrhexis	rupture of, bursting	116
11790003131	arthr/o	joint	117
11790003132	iso-	equal, alike, same	118
11790007220	mes/o	middle, midline	119
11790009928	olig-	few, less than normal, small	120
11790012932	ultra-	beyond, excess	121

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Crisis of Imperial Order Test Flashcards

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9330302567	Who is in decline in the late 19th century and was referred to as the "Sick man of Europe?	The Ottoman Empire (Turkey)	0
9330302568	Who meddled in the affairs of the Ottoman Empire?	European powers	1
9330302569	Who forced Sultan to make changes and Turkification of minorities?	Young Turks	2
9330302570	Who protected the Slavs in the Ottoman Empire?	Russia	3
9330302571	Who did the Turks hire to modernize Turkey's armed forces?	A German general	4
9330302572	Nationalism, alliances, military plans, and Germany's yearning to dominate Europe were the 4 main causes of what?	WW1	5
9330302573	Nationalism united what while undermining multiethnic empires?	Individual nations	6
9330302574	How did Nationalism view war?	A crusade for liberty (revenge)	7
9330302575	What did the well to do believe about war?	War could heal class decisions	8
9330302576	Who was in the Triple Alliance?	Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy	9
9330302577	Who was in the Triple Entente?	Britain, France, and Russia	10
9330302578	What did mobilization depend on?	Railroads to move troops	11
9330302579	Who did Austria-Hungary declare war on, on July 28, 1948?	Serbia	12
9330302580	What did the Alliance System mean about the war?	It was automatic (one go to war, others help)	13
9330302581	What was odd about all the great WW1 leaders?	Descendants of Queen Victoria	14
9330302582	What does the M in MANIA stand for?	Militarism	15
9330302583	What does the A in MANIA stand for?	Alliances	16
9330302584	What does the N in MANIA stand for?	Nationialism	17
9330302585	What does the I in MANIA stand for?	Imperialism	18
9330302586	What does the A in MANIA stand for?	Assassination (King Ferdinand)	19
9330302587	What was the Western Front called?	Trench Warfare	20
9330302588	For how many years was the war inclusive of land and sea?	4 years	21
9330302589	Who was the British Navy's biggest threat?	German subermines (U Boats)	22
9330302590	What was the new defensive system in WW1?	Machine gun	23
9330302591	The materials demands of trench warfare led governments to impose what?	Stringent controls	24
9330302592	Rationing and the recruitment of Africans, Indians, Chinese, and women into force transformed what?	Civilian life	25
9330302593	Why did German civilians suffer?	British naval blockade cut off access to essential food imports.	26
9330302594	Why was Germany having such a hard time?	Crop failures, British Blockade, Turnip Winter, and imports favored the military	27
9330302595	Who split the German military into France and Russia?	Schlieffen	28
9330302596	British and French forces overran what?	Germany's African colonies (except for Tanganyika)	29
9330302597	In all of their African colonies Europeans made Africans do what?	Food, imposed heavy taxes, forced Africans to grow export crops and sell them at low prices, and provide soldiers	30
9330302598	How did the US grow rich with Woodrow Wilson as president?	Sold goods to Britain and France	31
9330302599	Where did African-American migrate in the United States?	North	32
9330302600	How did Germany bring the Unites States into the War in April 1917?	By attacking merchant convoys with unrestricted submarine warfare	33
9330302601	What else did Germany do to bring the United States into the war?	Submarine warfare, Zimmerman Note	34
9330302602	Where was submarine warfare?	Lusitania (1,198 died;139 Americans)	35
9330302603	What was the Zimmerman Note?	From Germany to Embassy in Mexico to reconquer the United States	36
9330302604	What was the Battle of Jutland?	British Navy and the German High Seas Fleet meet off of Denmark	37
9330302605	The Western Front was unevenly matched until the Germans did what?	Pushed within 40 miles of Pairs	38
9330302606	Why did the Allies to counterattack in August 1918 with German unrestricted Warfare?	The US arrived	39
9330302607	When did the Turks sign a secret alliance with Germany, hoping to gain land from Russia?	Aug 2, 1914	40
9330302608	The secret alliance between Germany and Russia causes who to be massacred?	The Armenians in a death march	41
9330302609	What was the promised called that the British made to the Jews to create a homeland for Jews led by Theodore Herzl?	Balfour Declaration (Palestine)	42
9330302610	British tried to defeat Turks by using Arabs because they feared what?	Turks would close access to the West	43
9330302611	Whats wrong with Russia's large army?	Poorly equipped	44
9330302612	Czar Nicholas II leads troops Alexandra in St. Petersburg with whom?	The government	45
9330302613	What was true about the Russian government?	Rasputin healed Alexis (heir to the throne), took over during French Revolution, Czar Nicholas ordered the execution, Czar wife and 3 dsughters were killed in a mass murder	46
9330302614	Provisionial government supported what?	The war	47
9330302615	Who led the Bolsheviks vs Mensheviks?	Vladimir Lenin	48
9330302616	What happened in the war of Bolsheviks vs Mensheviks?	October Revolution take Petrograd (St. Petersburg), Surrendered to Germany, Land to the pheasants, Soviets, and Factories to the workers	49
9330302617	The Bolsheviks vs Mensheviks signed what treaty?	Treaty of Brest-Litovsk	50
9330302618	What did The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk cause?	Out of WW1 but lost land Poland and Finland	51
9330302619	What did people fear about The Soviet Union in 1922?	Secret Police "chaka"	52
9330302620	The war left more dead, wounded and destruction than any previous conflict how many died?	8-10 million (compare to WW2 not a lot)	53
9330302621	Refugees many fled to France and to the United States what was the preferred place to flee?	The United States	54
9330302622	Because of the refugees what laws were passed?	United States Congress passed immigration laws that closed the doors to Eastern and Southern Europeans	55
9330302623	Influenza Epidemic of 1918-1919 started with soldiers killing how many people?	20 million	56
9330302624	Damage to the environment (Western Front) and hastened what?	The build up of mines, factories, and railroads	57
9330302625	United States President Wilson, British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, and French Premier Georges Clemenceau, Italy Victorio Orlando were all what conference?	Paris Peace Conference	58
9330302626	Why did the Treaty of Versailles humiliate Germany?	"guilt cause", Germany pays other countries for damage, Loss of Territory, High tariffs enacted by the allies.	59
9330302627	What happened when the Empires collapsed?	Countries were created in the lands lost by Russia, Germany, Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary	60
9330302628	What did Woodrow Wilson believe in?	Self-determination ethnicity and languages Czechoslovakia-- Yugoslavia 1918	61
9330302629	In what country were they in a civil war for 3 years after WW1?	Russia	62
9330302630	What was the reason the communists won the Russian Revolution?	Leon Trotsky's leadership with the Red Army	63
9330302631	1922 Union of Soviet Socialist Republic who was executed?	Vladimir Lenin was executed	64
9330302632	Beginning 1921 Lenin's New Economic Policy allowed what?	Private ownership and all but the largest businesses	65
9330302633	Why was Lenin's New Economic Policy regarded as a temporary measure?	Extracting resources as the pheasants pay for industrialization	66
9330302634	When Lenin was executed in January 1924 who were the two main contenders?	Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin	67
9330302635	How was Stalin elected?	Stalin filed the bureaucracy with his supporters, expelled Trotsky, and forced him to flee the country	68
9330302636	What was Stalin's moto?	Socialism in one country	69
9330302637	The decade after the end of the war can be divided into what two periods?	Five years of painful recovery and readjustment (1919-1923) followedyy by 6 years of growing peace and prosperity (1924-1929)	70
9330302638	What was China plagued by?	Rapid growth (400 million)	71
9330302639	Japan had few what?	Natural resources and arable land	72
9330302640	Above the peasantry Chinese society was divided among how many groups?	Landowners, wealthy merchants, and foreigners.	73
9330302641	What does zaibatsu mean?	Giant cooperation	74
9330302642	China's defeat in the Boxer affair of 1900 Chinese students to concluded what?	China needs a revolution	75
9330302643	1911 Sun Yatsen's, Revolutionary Alliance is formed an assembly and elected whom?	Sun as president of China (this is the brief time of democracy in China)	76
9330302644	Japan is allied power in WW1 as an opportunity to conquer what?	German colonies	77
9330302645	Who are Nationalist leaders?	Guomindang, Sun Yatsen	78
9330302646	Who is the communist leader elected by listening to the peasants?	Mao Zedung	79
9330302647	At the Paris Peace Conference the great powers allowed Japan to keep what?	German enclaves in China	80
9330302648	How did China grow poorer?	While only the treaty ports prospered	81
9330302649	Sun-Yatsen tried to make a comeback in Canton in the 1920's by reorganizing what?	Guomindang party	82
9330302650	Sun's successor China Kai-shek crushed who?	Warlords in 1927 (Nationialists for democracy)	83
9330302651	Chiang then split with and decimated who?	Communist party	84
9330302652	Chiang's government was staffed by who?	Corrupt oppurtunuites	85
9330302653	The Arab speaking territories of the former Ottoman Empire were what types of mandates?	Class A Mandates and promised independence	86
9330302654	In practice, Britain took control of what countries?	Palestine, Iraq, and Trans-Jordan, while France took Syria and Lebanon as its mandates	87
9330302655	Who is the hero of the Gallipoli campaign?	Mustava Kemal	88
9330302656	What did Mustave Kemal form?	A nationalist government in 1919 and formed a secular republic in Turkey (former Ottoman Empire) --Progressive reforms	89
9330302657	Among the Arab people, the thinly disguised colonialism of the Mandate System set off what?	Protests and rebellions	90
9330302658	The British allowed Iraq to become independent under who?	King Faisal	91
9330302659	France crushed nationalist uprisings where?	Lebanon and Syria	92
9330302660	Britain declared Egypt to be independent in 1922 but retained control through its alliance with whom?	King Farouk-- phony independence	93
9330302661	In the Palestine Mandate, the British tried to limit tbe wave of Jewish immigration that began in 1920, but only succeeded in alienating who?	Jews and Arabs (Unauthorized immigrants were not deported)	94
9330302662	What is the significance of 11/11/1918?	It is when the armistice was signed by the Allies of WW1 and Germany to end the war.	95
9330302663	What is a gulag?	Russian concentration camps made by Stalin.	96

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Construction Flashcards

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9568547580	construction site		0
9568547581	rafters		1
9568547582	shingles		2
9568547583	level		3
9568547584	hard hat		4
9568547585	blueprints		5
9568547586	scaffolding		6
9568547587	ladder		7
9568547604	rung	this is one step of a ladder	8
9568547588	cement		9
9568547589	foundation		10
9568547590	bricks		11
9568547591	pickax		12
9568547592	construction worker		13
9568547593	shovels		14
9568547594	boards		15
9568547595	cherry picker		16
9568547596	cone		17
9568547597	flag		18
9568547598	barricade		19
9568547599	jackhammer		20
9568547600	wheelbarrow		21
9568547601	cement mixer		22
9568547602	backhoe		23
9568547603	bulldozer		24

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Construction Flashcards

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8882752395	Concrete is made from what materials?	portland cement, water, and aggregate	0
8882752396	Portland cement is what to concrete?	Glue	1
8882752397	How much does aggregate make up of in concrete?	3/4	2
8882752398	Top is Continuous Beam Bottom is Reinforcement	What is the difference?	3
8882752399	What happens to concrete when you add less water?	More strength	4
8882752400	What type of force is concrete? What helps it balance it out?	It is strong in compression meaning it needs reinforcement to make it strong in tension	5
8882752401	What are admixtures? How does it affect it?	an adhesive that is added to concrete, it can help it by during or before the curing process can change strength, workability, durability, curing speed, color, and appearance.	6
8882752402	Name 3 types of admixtures	Air entertaining, accelerating, retarder, super plasticizer, water reducing, fly-ash, color (pigmenting)	7
8882752403	Difference between SILL plate and SOLE plate?	The sill plate is on the bottom and the sole plate is located on the top.	8
8882752404	Steel is strong in what force?	It is strong in tension	9
8882752405	Name the types of concrete used in construction?	Reinforced concrete, Stressed, Cast in place, Precast, Rammed earth	10
8882752406	How many days does it take for concrete to fully cure?	28 days	11
8882752407	How does concrete protect steel?	Prevents from corrosion	12
8882752408	Where should you use reinforcement?	Only placed when there are tensile forces	13
8882752409	Types of reinforcement?	rebar, wire mesh, wire fabric	14
8882752410	What are bond forces?	adhesive forces between concrete and steel aided by ribs along the surface of the rebar	15
8882752411	Where should you place the bars?	bottom of the beam, where there is more tension	16
8882752412	What is a rebar cage?	cage of reinforcement that is embedded in concrete, vertical bars, and lateral reinforcement	17
8882752413	What supports rebar?	cages, chairs, bolsters suspended rebar	18
8882752414	What is pre-stressed concrete?	A stress applied to concrete before it is set. Steel bars and cables are embed in concrete and stretched and released placing the concrete in compression. Gives concrete the ability to be thinner.	19
8882752415	What is post-tensioned concrete?	Process that is tensioned after it has cured. Tensioning occurs on site.	20
8882752416	What is cast in place concrete?	Cite cast or poured in place. Poured directly on site, unlimited sculptural quality. No restrictions on size or shape. Poured between formwork... this requires form ties form ties prevent formwork from seriating from the concrete. cast in place in large or smaller assembled components.	21
8882752417	What is pre cast concrete?	Automated system, much more consistent and quality. Panels, slabs, beams, complex shapes. Cured in steam, helps with strength and consistency. Transportation limits size and weight of components. Limits the types of components that can be made.	22
8882752418	What is rammed earth?	Compacted mix of earth, cement, water. Cannot contain any organic matter, typically 12" min thickness, and must be compacted.	23
8882752419	Difference between pretension and post tension?	pre: stress added before concrete post: stress added after concrete	24
8882752420	What effects foundation?	soil and groundwater, structural requirements, loads, footprint and depth. Construction Methods, codes, and times.	25
8882752421	What is excavation and preparation?	this is always required in site work in construction, and it's support provides work area to the most common is shoring.	26
8882752422	Name some of the types of excavation?	Slurry wall, shoring, shallow foundation	27
8882752423	Name the different types of footings?	Column, wall, combined, and cantilever	28
8882752424	What is Slab-on-grade?	used in climates with little or no ground frost with thickened edges, least expensive foundation + floor system. Applied to one-two story buildings, colder regions bear deeper footings which dig past the frost line.	29
8882752425	What is Deep foundations?	bigger structures, allows way more surface area, may be mechanically drilled or hand drilled.	30
8882752426	Types of Deep foundations?	Cassion, piles, poles	31
8882752427	Types of Movement joints?	control joints, construction joints, expansion joints, and isolation joints	32
8882752428	What is a One way framing?	integrally cast and uses parallel support	33
8882752429	What is a Two way framing?	support beams and columns on all four sides	34
8882752430	What is a Pre-cast framing?	utilizes linear members, utilizes multiple steel connections to assist in assembly	35
8882752431	One way	L/B >2	36
8882752432	Two way	L/B<2	37
8882752433	Solid slab?	it is just a slab that goes across to its beams, no support in the center	38
8882752434	joist system (ribbed slab)?	added support beams and reinforces the one way	39
8882752435	Name the different Two way slabs?	flat plate, flat slab, and waffle slab	40
8882752436	Name the different types of pre-cast framing?	solid slab, hollow-core, double t, single t, beams, and girders	41
8882752437	Different ways of Joining pre-cast assemblies?	Bolting, welding, grouting, and bearing pads	42
8882752438	Can you combine welding and bolting?	yes, but it depends on the areas and connection materials as well as the desired level of rigidity	43
8882752439	How is the process making for steel?	Casting, forging, rolling, extruding	44
8882752440	How is steel made?	ore + oxygen + coke	45
8882752441	Different types of steel alloys?	stainless steel, galvanized steel, and cor-ten steel (weathered steel)	46
8882752442	What is steels weakness?	high heat	47
8882752443	what is OWSJ?	open web steel joist	48
8882752444	What is IBC & NFPA?	Life, safety, wellness. Building code, fire safety, and state	49
8882752445	What types of fire proofing are there?	easement, lath and plaster, enclosures, and spray-applied	50
8882752446	Three types of common connections?	bolts, rivets, and welding	51
8882752447	What is a shear connection?	vertical forces within the beam to column connection	52
8882752448	What is a moment connection?	rotational forces seen at the beam and column connection stabilizing	53
8882752449	Rolling of steel vs heating of steel	Different processes gives steel different properties	54
8882752450	What is a primary structure?	Major framework of structure , bears majority of load, and primary members of structural systems	55
8882752451	What is a secondary structure?	Smaller members that transfer to a primary structural member and joist	56
8882752452	What is a One-way beam system?	each pair of external columns supports a long span free of intermediate columns and flanges are oriented parallel to lateral forces.	57
8882752453	What is a non-bearing wall?	walls that are not structural, not based on the structural system	58
8882752454	What is a subtractions?	Areas where you do no need a regular column grid. Decide where to thicken up members to span a subtraction.	59
8882752455	What are the different types of decking?	form, composite, and roof	60
8882752456	What is form deck?	permanent formwork for reinforcement slab until slab can support itself+ live load	61
8882752457	what is a composite deck?	tensile reinforcement for slab, composite action achieved concrete slab and floor beams joist by welding shear stud	62
8882752458	What is a rood deck?	can be finished without concrete	63

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Construction Flashcards

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9786045831	Corner Post	The wall stud and spacer blocks that create an interior nailing surface for drywall at a framed corner.	0
9786045832	Crown	The upward bow, curve or rise along the length of a board. Deck boards are set on end with the crown up. Over time, the crown will sag and the board will straighten.	1
9786045833	Fascia	The visible flat front board that caps the rafter tail ends and fly rafter edges.	2
9786045834	Floor Joists	The main subfloor framing members that support the floor span. Joist are usually made of engineered wood I-beams or 2x8 (or larger) lumber.	3
9786045835	Fly Rafters	The end rafters that form the outside edge of the roof's rake (overhang).	4
9786045836	Header	A beam placed perpendicular to wall suds above doors, windows or other openings on load-bearing walls to carry the weight of structural loads.	5
9786045837	Joist	Parallel framing member installed horizontally to support floor and ceiling loads.	6
9786045838	Joist Hangers	Metal brackets designed to hold joist ends. Using hangers is usually faster and easier than toenailing joists.	7
9786045839	Miter	An angled cut, usually 45°. Unlike a compound miter cut, the saw blade remains straight at 0°.	8
9786045840	On Center (O.C.)	The term used to define the measured spacing between studs, joists, rafters, etc. O.C. measurements are taken from the center of one member to the center of the adjoining member.	9
9786045841	Penny	A term applied to nails that originally meant the price per hundred. Today, it indicates nail length and is abbreviated with the letter "d," the English sign for one cent.	10
9786045842	Plumb	The term used to define a vertical element that is perfectly perpendicular to a level surface above or below.	11
9786045843	Plywood	A piece of wood made of three or more layers of wood veneer laminated together with glue. Is often used on homes as roof sheathing, wall sheathing, and subfloor.	12
9786045844	Pitch	The angle of the roof slope, measured as "X" inches per 12" (x/12). Roof pitches commonly range from 4/12 to 8/12. To calculate a roof's pitch, place a carpenter's level positioned level on roof line, measure out 12" on the level, from that 12" point measure down to the roof line. This figure (i.e. 4" to 8") is the first number of the pitch.	13
9786045845	Sill	The piece of structural wood forming the lower side of a window opening.	14
9786045846	Sill Plate	The horizontal wood member that is anchored to the foundation masonry to provide a nailing surface for floors or walls built above.	15
9786045847	Span	The distance between the structural supports in walls, floors, ceilings and roofs.	16
9786045848	Stud	A 2x4 or 2x6 vertical framing member used to construct walls and partitions.	17
9786045849	Subfloor	Oriented strand board (OSB) or plywood installed over joists on which the finish floor is laid.	18
9786045850	Tack	A temporary nailer. An object is "tacked" into place to assist in positioning, measuring, handling, etc	19
9786045851	Toenailing	Starting a nail at an angle or slant in one framing member and driving it through into a second (usually perpendicular) framing piece.	20
9786045852	Top Plate	The top horizontal framing members of a framed wall. They are usually doubled .	21
9786045853	Bottom Plate or Sole Plate	The bottom horizontal framing members of a framed wall. Lies on the foundation wall or floor box.	22
9786045854	Cripple Stud	Short studs that span the distance between the top plates and header.	23
9786045855	Jack Stud	A stud spanning from the sole plate to the header. Supports the header.	24
9786045856	Foundation	The base of the structure that supports all other framing members. Is buried underground and is made or concrete block or poured concrete.	25
9786045857	Footing	Structure that transfers the load (weight) of the house to the soil, supports the foundation. Is wider than the foundation and normally built with poured concrete and reinforcing rod.	26
9786045858	Rafters	Joists that are mounted in an inclined position to support a roof.	27
9786045859	Truss	A structure made of short, straight members organized into triangles that supports the roof of a house or building.	28
9786045860	OSB-oriented strand board	A type of engineered sheet lumber similar to particle board, formed by adding adhesives and then compressing layers of wood strands (flakes) in specific orientations.	29
9786045861	Soffit	The underside of a roof overhang. Often have vents or are made of perforated material to facilitate attic ventilation.	30
9786045862	Eave	The section of the roof that overhangs the walls of a house.	31
9786045863	Roof Sheathing	Plywood or OSB attached laid over the trusses or rafters of the roof. Serves as the base for the underlayment and roof material.	32
9786045864	Beam	Horizontal supports attached each side of posts that supports the trusses or roof joists. Typically made with untreated 2x12 lumber.	33
9786045865	Posts	Vertical support timbers set into the ground and anchored with concrete. Supports the beams and roof. Are typically treated 4x4, 4x6, 6x6, 8x8, etc.	34
9786045866	Trusses	Engineered frame of beams that support the roof. Are normally purchased pre-made and placed at 48" on-center.	35
9786045867	Purlins	Horizontal bracing applied to the roof of the barn. Run perpendicular to the trusses and support the roof.	36
9786045868	Girts	Horizontal bracing applied to the wall of the building. Provide support to the walls between posts and provide a nailing surface for siding.	37
9786045869	Grade Board or Splash Board	A treated board attached to the posts at grade level that serves as a nailing surface for siding. Are typically 2x8, but sizes can vary.	38
9786045870	Siding	Material applied the walls of the building. Most commonly is steel siding sheets, but can be wood, vinyl, or any other siding material desired.	39
9786045871	8 Feet	Most common spacing between posts.	40
9786045872	2 Feet	Most common spacing between girts and purlins.	41
9786045873	4 Feet	Most common spacing between trusses.	42
9786045874	Concrete	Pole barn posts are anchored with________________.	43
9786045875	Rafters	Joists that are mounted in an inclined position to support a roof. Can be used in place of trusses.	44
9786045876	Rafter Ties	Angled metal pieces with nail holes designed to attach rafters or trusses to the beams.	45