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Chapter 7 AP World History Vocab Networks of Communication and Exchange Flashcards

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5348774350Silk RoadCaravan routes connecting China and the Middle East across Central Asia and iran0
5348774351ParthiniansIranian ruling dynasty between ca. 250 BCE. and 226 ce1
5348774352Sassanid empireIranian emoire, established ca. 224, with a capital in Ctesiphon, Mesopotamia; established Zoroastrianism2
5348774353StirrupDevice for securing a horseman's feet, enabling him to wield weapons more effectively; evidence of the first use of these was among the Kushan people of northern Afghanistan in approximately the first century ce3
5348774354Indian Ocean Maritime SystemIn premodern times, a network of seaports, trade routes, and maritime culture linking countries in the from Africa to Indonesia4
5348774355Trans-Saharan caravan routesTrading network linking North Africa with sub-Saharan Africa across the sahara5
5348774356SahelBelt south of the Sahara; means "coastland" in arabic6
5348774357Sub-Saharan AfricaPortion of the African continent lying south of the sahara7
5348774358SteppesTreeless plains, especially the high, flat expanses of Norton Eurasia, which usually have little rain and are covered with coarse grass8
5348774359SavannaTropical or subtropical grassland, either treeless or with occasional clumps of trees9
5348774360Tropical rain forestHigh precipitation forest zones of the Americas, Africa, and Asia lying between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn10
5348774361"Great traditions"Historians term for a literate. Well institutionalize do complex of religion and social beliefs and practices adhered to by diverse societies over a broad geographical area11
5348774362"Small tradition"Historians term for a localized, usually no literate, set of customs and beliefs adhered to by a single society12
5348774363BantuCollective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the people speaking these languages13
5348774364ArmeniaOne of the earliest christian kingdoms, situated in eastern Anatolia and the western Caucasus and occupied by speakers of the Armenian language14
5348774365EthiopiaEast Africa highland nation lying east of the Nile River15
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Ap Vocab Flashcards

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10584721555partisana strong supporter of a party, cause, or person0
10584721556non-partisanAn idea or person that does not support a specific party, cause, or candidate.1
10584721557bi-partisanof or involving the agreement or cooperation of two political parties that usually oppose each other's policies.2
10584721558pundita learned person; one who gives authoritative opinions3
10584721559Ideologueperson who strongly and uncompromisingly advocates for an ideology4
10584721560Polarizationthe presence of increasingly conflicting and divided viewpoints between the Democratic and Republican Parties5
10584721561filter bubblea situation in which we surround ourselves with information that confirms our pre-existing prejudices6
10584721562Botselectronic shopping agents or robots that comb websites to compare prices and product or service features7
10584721563TrollingIntentionally posting provocative messages about sensitive subjects to create conflict, upset people, and bait them into "flaming" or fighting.8
10584721564gas lightingwhen someone manipulates situations repeatedly to trick the victim into doubting his own memory and perceptions. This tactic is used when the manipulator wants to hide truths that the he doesn't want the victim to realize.9
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AP Biology Chapter 17 Flashcards

From Gene to Protein

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9277104737Gene Expressionprocess by which DNA directs synthesis of proteins0
9277104738Transcription-synthesis of RNA under direction of DNA -DNA serves as template for assembling complementary RNA molecule -resulting RNA molecule faithful transcript of gene's protein-building instructions -occurs in nucleus1
9277104739Messenger RNA (mRNA)RNA molecule that carries genetic message from DNA to protein synthesizing machinery of cell2
9277104740Translation-synthesis of polypeptide -occurs under direction of mRNA -change in language-cell must translate base sequence of mRnA molecule into amino acid sequence of polypeptide -occurs in cytoplasm3
9277104741Ribosomes-sites of translation -complex particles that facilitate orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains4
9277104742Primary Transcriptinitial RNA transcript from any gene, including those coding for RNA that is not translated into protein5
9277104743Triplet Codegenetic instructions for polypeptide chain written in DNA as series of non-overlapping, 3 nucleotide words6
9277104744Template StrandDNA strand that provides pattern/template for sequence of nucleotides in RNA transcript7
9277104745CodonsmRNA base triplets written 5'-3' direction8
9277104746Reading Framegrapings w/ symbols w/ message that needs to be translated to written language9
9277104747RNA Polymerase-pries 2 strands of DNA apart -joins RNA nucleotides as they base pair along DNA template -assemble polynucleotides 5' -> 3' -can start chain from scratch-no primer needed10
9277104748PromoterDNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription11
9277104749Terminatorsequence that signals end of transcription in bacteria12
9277104750Transcription Unitstretch of DNA transcribed into RNA molecule13
9277104751Transcription FactorsA regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes14
9277104764Transfer RNA (tRNA)transfer amino acids from cytoplasmic pool of AA to ribosome15
9277104765Anticodonnucleotide triplet that base pairs of complementary codon of mRNA16
9277104768Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)made in nucleolus, make up ribosomal subunits17
9277104770A Site (aminoacyl-tRNA site)holds tRNA carrying next AA to be added in chain18
9277104771E Site (exit site)where discharged tRNAs leave ribosome19
9277104772Release Factorprotein that binds to stop codon @ A site20
9277104774Signal Peptide-targets protein to ER -marks if polypeptide of proteins destined for endomembrane system or for secretion21
9277104777Mutations-change into genetic information of a cell -responsible for huge diversity of genes found among organisms22
9277104778Point Mutationschanges in a DNA sequence caused by substitution of one nucleotide for another23
9277104779Base Pair Substitutionsreplaces one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides24
9277104780Missense MutationsA base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.25
9277104781Nonsense MutationChanges a normal codon into a stop codon26
9277104782Insertionsadditions of nucleotide pairs in gene27
9277104783Deletionlosses of nucleotide pairs in gene28
9277104784Frameshift MutationsShift the reading frame of the genetic message by adding or deleting a nucleotide29
9277104785Mutagenphysical and chemical agents that interact w/ DNA that cause mutations30
9277104786rRNAribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome31
9277104787geneequals one RNA molecule A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait32
9277160900P siteholds tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain33
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AP World History Chapter 9 Vocabulary Flashcards

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11492729677Qur'an*Definition:* Islamic sacred book of Muhammad's life and message. *Significance:* The word of God that the Muslims believe and follow.0
11492729678Umma*Definition:* The entire community of Muslims bound together by ties of religion. *Significance:* Goal of creating a just and moral society where all believers are community (equality).1
11492729679Pillars of Islam*Definition:* (1) Allah is the one true God. (2) 5 daily prayers. (3) Charitable. (4) Fast of Ramadan. (5) Hajj. *Significance:* Rules followed every day. The lifestyle to be good and responsible as a Muslim.2
11492729680Hijra*Definition:* Muhammad fled from Mecca to Medina. *Significance:* Other merchants didn't appreciate Muhammed, so he left to Medina (another holy place). He came back to Mecca to reconquer it later.3
11492729681Sharia*Definition:* Islamic law based on teachings of the Qur'an. *Significance:* It's the foundation of Muslim Law and how Muslims live their lives (with the Ulama as the judge).4
11492729682Jizya*Definition:* Poll tax paid by non-Muslims (minority groups) within Muslim empire. *Significance:* Allowed religious freedom through taxes. Christians and Jews were allowed within the empire because Muslims wanted more trading opportunities.5
11492729683Ulama*Definition:* Doctors of Muslim religion and law. *Significance:* Religiously trained scholars and authorities to look to for Qur'an and Muslim faith.6
11492729684Umayyad Caliphate*Definition:* 2nd of the 4 major caliphates (rule/reign of chief Muslim ruler). *Significance:* Construction of Mosques to symbolize imperial power. It was short lived because of the favor of Arabs.7
11492729685Abbasid Caliphate*Definition:* 3rd of the 4 major caliphates. *Significance:* Founded the city of Baghdad, the capital of the "Golden Age" (enlightenment and prosperity).8
11492729686Sufism*Definition:* Mystical system of Sufis, an ascetic Muslim sect. *Significance:* Belief and practice in which Muslims seek to find divine love and knowledge through a direct personal relationship with God. (Response to the materialism of leaders).9
11492729687Al-Ghazali*Definition:* Islamic thinker who was a scholar. He argued for rationale. *Significance:* He believed that rational philosophy alone could never enable believers to know about Allah. They must know in their heart. (Caused Sufism).10
11492729688Ibn Battuta*Definition:* Visited West Africa and criticized the Muslim practices there. *Significance:* Detailed account of visits to Islamic lands, and documented travels. He provided insight.11
11492729689Timbuktu*Definition:* Port city of Mal by the Niger River. *Significance:* Contained library and university. It was the center of Islamic religious and intellectual life.12
11492729690Mansa Musa*Definition:* Ruler of Kingdom of Mali (Muslim) sought to expand kingdom for gold. *Significance:* He showed pride and ignorance of Islamic law. He elevated Mali's status in the Islamic world.13
11492729691al-Andalus*Definition:* Chief site of Islamic encounter with Christian Europe (conquered by Arab and Berber forces). *Significance:* Muslims, Christians, and Jews contributed to culture. A place of harmony and tolerance (75% converted to Islam).14
11492729692Madrassas*Definition:* (11th century) Formal colleges, offered more advanced instructions in Qur'an and sayings of Muhammad. It was the informal teachings with text memorization. *Significance:* Another way Ulama passed on teachings of the faith, and important knowledge of the faith.15
11492729693House of Wisdom*Definition:* Baghdad, the center for research and translation of scientific, medical, and philosophical texts. *Significance:* Islamic ideas circled the world, and Greek information was being translated into Arabic.16
11492729694Ibn Sina*Definition:* Writer in almost all fields of science and philosophy. *Significance:* Set standards for medical practice in Islamic and Christian worlds. Accurately diagnosed many disease and found treatments, and revolutionary writings.17
11492729695Sikhismthe doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam18
11492747476Mullah NasruddinA mullah was a man of some learning, a cleric or leader of a village mosque. Mullah Nasruddin has long been an imaginary folk character within the world of Islam and amongst Sufis, gently expressing a skeptical attitude toward the rational mind, sanctimonious posturing, human vanity, and the ego.19
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AP Human Geograpy Unit 1 Flashcards

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7328478537toponymA name given to a place on Earth0
7328485246Stimulus Diffusionthe spread of an underlying principle even though a characteristic itself fails to diffuse1
7328493359hearththe region from which innovative ideas originate2
7328499783space-time compressionthe reduction in time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communication and transportation systems3
7328513345Vernacular region (perceptual)an area that people exists as part of their cultural identity4
7328520056Relocation Diffusionthe spread of an idea through the physical movement of people from place to place5
7328523830distance decaythe diminished importance of and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin6
7328536734contagious diffusionthe rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population7
7328547274physiological densitythe number of people per arable land, which is suitable for agriculture8
7328554354concentrationthe spread of something over a given area9
7328560223formal region (uniform)an area in which everyone shares one or more distinctive characteristics10
7328573605acculturationthe process of changes in culture that result from the meeting of two groups11
7328579673assimilationthe process by which a group's cultural features are altered to resemble those of another group12
7328588574functional region (nodal)an area organized around a node or focal point13
7328596448agricultural densitythe ratio of number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture14
7328601665densitythe frequency with which something exists within a given area15
7328609095regionan area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features16
7328619471diffusionthe process by which a feature spreads across space from one place to another over time17
7328628346distributionthe arrangement of something across Earth's surface18
7328652072geographythe study of where things are found on Earth's surface and the reasons for their locations19
7328669303placea specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic20
7328676883scalethe relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole21
7328687760spacethe physical gap or interval between two objects22
7328694794connectionrelationships among people and objects across the barrier of space23
7328702109mapa 2-D or flat scale model of Earth's surface (can be used as reference and communications tool)24
7328721084cartographythe science of mapmaking25
7328727189GPSuse of satellites to pinpoint an exact location on Earth's surface26
7328746159Geographic Information Science (GIScience)analysis of data about Earth acquired through satellite and other information technologies27
7328761554Geographic Information System (GIS)captures, stores, queries, and displays the geographic data28
7328769489remote sensingacquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other long-distance methods29
7328784950map scalethe relationship of a feature's size on a map to its actual size on Earth30
7328805593The three ways map scale is represented?ratio, graphic, and written31
7328813525projectionscientific method of transferring locations on Earth's surface to a flat map32
7328824411Four types of distortion?shape of an area, distance between two points, relative size of an area, and direction from one place to another33
7328847246meridianan arc drawn between the North and South poles34
7328853787longitudethe angular distance of a place east or west of the Prime meridian35
7328882235parallela circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians36
7328914419latitudethe angular distance of a place north or south of the equator37
7328929915prime meridianlocated at Greenwich, England at 180 degrees longitude; all other meridians have numbers between 0 and 180 east or west relative to the prime meridian38
7328952889Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)The master reference time for all points on Earth39
7329015765International Date Line180 degrees, reset point, move clock back 24 hours if heading east, and 24 hours forward if you are going west40
7329040689sitethe physical character of a place41
7329052884situationlocation of a place relative to other places42
7329070136culturebody of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people; what people care about and take care of43
7329089219spatial associationoccurs within a region if the distribution of one feature is related to another; income, life expectancy, crime, liquor stores44
7329105501globalizationa force or process that involves the entire world and result s in making something worldwide in scope45
7329122492transnational corporationconducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters are located46
7329136555patterngeometric arrangement of objects in space47
7329147287What geographers look for in distribution?ethnicity, sexual orientation, and gender48
7329162688poststructuralist geographyhow the powerful in society seek to control less powerful and how they occupy space and the disputes that result from it49
7329173399humanistic geographythe different ways individuals form ideas about place and give those places symbolic meaning50
7329193228behavioral geographythe importance of understanding the psychological basis for individual human actions in space51
7329217069uneven developmentthe increasing gap in economic conditions between regions in the core and periphery that results from the globalization of the economy52
7329240337syncretismcombination of elements of two groups into a new cultural feature; a new culture is formed53
7329260566networka chain of communication that connects places54
7329274506resourcesomething from the environment that is useful to people economically, technologically, able to be used, and socially acceptable to use55
7329283305sustainabilityuse of Earth's resources that ensures their availability in the future56
7329295387conservation and preservationresources are used slowly for sustainability; resources not used at all57
7329312729three sustainability pillars?economic, societal, and environmental58
7329328850environmental determinismthe environment decides life expectancy, education, income, etc.59
7329344356possiblismthe physical environment may limit some human actions, but we can ultimately get around that in alternate ways60
7329362923poldera piece of land created by draining water from an area61
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Realidades - 7B Flashcards

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9433151387el almacéndepartment store0
9433151388en la Redonline1
9433151389la joyeríajewelry store2
9433151390la libreríabookstore3
9433151391la tienda de descuentosdiscount store4
9433151392la tienda de electrodomésticoshousehold appliances store5
9433151393la zapateríashoe store6
9433151394el anilloring7
9433151395los anteojos de solsunglasses8
9433151396los aretesearrings9
9433151397el bolsopurse10
9433151398la cadenachain11
9433151399la carterawallet12
9433151400el collarnecklace13
9433151401la corbatatie14
9433151402los guantesgloves15
9433151403el llaverokey chain16
9433151404el perfumeperfume17
9433151405la pulserabracelet18
9433151406el reloj pulserawatch19
9433151407el softwaresoftware20
9433151408el novioboyfriend21
9433151409la noviagirlfriend22
9433151410baratocheap23
9433151411caroexpensive24
9433151412mirarto look at25
9433151413pagarto pay26
9433151414pagar porto pay for27
9433151415venderto sell28
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AP Statistics Interpretations Flashcards

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6623380269describing and comparing distributioncenter, shape, spread, context, compare (if necessary)0
6623382649z-scorethe number of standard deviations above or below the mean1
6623383356correlation (r)the strength and direction of a linear association between two quantitative variables2
6623384771coefficient of determination (r^2)the fraction of variation in the y-values (in context) explained by the LSRL of y on x (in context)3
6623387664slope of LSRL (b)as the x-variable increases by 1 unit, the y-variable is predicted to increase/decrease by an average of b y-units4
6623391489y-intercept of LSRL (a)when x is 0 x-units, the y is predicted to be a y-units5
6623459998standard deviation of the residuals (s)the average distance of each observed y-value from the LSRL (the average prediction error)6
6623462120standard deviationthe average distance of each observation from the mean7
6623463036expected valueif you were to repeat the random process many times, the mean number of ___________ (variable) would be about _______ (expected value) in the long run.8
6623475752probabilitythe long term relative frequency of an event (in context) occurring9
6623478198independent eventstwo events that have no effect on each other; P(A|B) = P(A), P(B|A) = P(B)10
6623480421mutually exclusive eventsdisjoint events; two events that cannot occur at the same time; P(A and B) = 011
6623482472confidence intervalWe are ____% confident the interval between _____ and ____ will capture the true ____________________________.12
6623483554confidence levelIn the long run, about ____% of intervals calculated from samples of the same size from the same population will capture the true ______________________________________.13
6623486519p-valueIf the null is true (in context), the probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as the sample is _________ (p-value).14
6623490813if the p-value is less than alpha,we reject the null and accept the alternative. There is evidence of the alternative (in context).15
6623493268if the p-value is greater than alpha,we fail to reject the null and fail to accept the alternative. There is no evidence of the alternative (in context).16
6623494320Type 1 Errorrejecting a true null; We rejected the null and accepted the alternative when the null was actually true; Describe a consequence in context.17
6623497699Type II Errorfailing to reject a false null; We failed to reject the null and did not accept the alternative when the null was actually false; Describe a consequence in context.18
6623500236powerThe probability of rejecting the null given that the alternative is true (in context) is _______(power).19
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