APES 2E Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 12955990875 | law of conservation of energy | Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted into different type of energy | 0 | |
| 12955994623 | food chain losses occur | at each transfer | 1 | |
| 12955997087 | law of conservation of matter | during ordinary chemical changes there is no detectable increase or decrease in quantity of matter | 2 | |
| 12956001077 | emergent properties | New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. | 3 | |
| 12956003961 | open system | A system in which matter can enter from or escape to the surroundings. | 4 | |
| 12956005352 | closed system | A system in which no matter is allowed to enter or leave | 5 | |
| 12956008656 | isolated system | A system that can exchange neither energy nor matter with its surroundings. | 6 | |
| 12956008657 | water cycle | The continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back |  | 7 |
| 12956016674 | how have humans effected the water cycle | increased the melting of ice storages, building of artificial reservoirs, damming rivers, | 8 | |
| 12956018778 | the carbon cycle | The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again |  | 9 |
| 12956026807 | human activities affecting carbon cycle | combustion, land use changes, deforestation | 10 | |
| 12956027836 | nitrogen cycle | The transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere |  | 11 |
| 12956029821 | nitrogen fixation | the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into compounds, such as ammonia, by natural agencies or various industrial processes. | 12 | |
| 12956032137 | nitrification | conversion of NO2 (nitrite) to NO3 (nitrate) | 13 | |
| 12956035326 | Assimilation | when nitrogen is absorbed into the body of plants | 14 | |
| 12956036766 | Ammonification | decomposers convert organic waste into ammonia | 15 | |
| 12956038030 | denitrification | Conversion of nitrates into nitrogen gas | 16 | |
| 12956041466 | eutrophication | A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria. |  | 17 |
| 12956043468 | the phosphorous cycle | the cyclic movement of phosphorus in different chemical forms from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment |  | 18 |
| 12956046826 | Sulphur Cycle | A major biogeochemical cycle consisting of the routes that sulphur atoms take through the nested networks of environmental systems. | 19 |
ap Biology Chapter 15 Flashcards
The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
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| 12257627576 | Chromosome theory of inheritance | Mendelian genes have specific loci on chromosomes, and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment during meiosis. | 0 | |
| 12257627577 | Thomas Hunt Morgan | Biologist provided more evidence to the theory of Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance studying sex-linked traits in fruit flies. | 1 | |
| 12257627578 | wild type | The phenotype for a character most commonly observed in natural populations | 2 | |
| 12257627579 | mutant phenotypes | due to alleles assumed to have originated as changes, or mutations, in the wild-type allele | 3 | |
| 12257627580 | sex-linked gene | A gene that is carried on the X or Y chromosome | 4 | |
| 12257627581 | X-linked genes | A gene located on the X chromosome; such genes show a distinctive pattern of inheritance. | 5 | |
| 12257627582 | hemophilia | an X-linked recessive disorder in which blood fails to clot properly, leading to excessive bleeding if injured. | 6 | |
| 12257627583 | Barr body | A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in female mammalian cells, representing an inactivated X chromosome. | 7 | |
| 12257627584 | linked gene | Genes located close enough together on a chromosome to be usually inherited together. | 8 | |
| 12257627585 | genetic recombination | the production of offspring with combinations of traits differing from those found in either parent | 9 | |
| 12257627586 | parental types | offspring with a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes. | 10 | |
| 12257627587 | recombinant types | when offspring display phenotypes that are different than parents | 11 | |
| 12257627588 | crossing over | process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis | 12 | |
| 12257627589 | linkage map | A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes. | 13 | |
| 12257627590 | map units | a measurement of the distance between genes; one map unit is equivalent to a 1 percent recombination frequency. | 14 | |
| 12257627591 | nondisjunction | the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis I or the failure of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis or meiosis II | 15 | |
| 12257627592 | aneuploidy | A chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number. | 16 | |
| 12257627593 | monosomic | A chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has only one copy of a chromosome | 17 | |
| 12257627594 | trisomic | A chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has an extra copy of one chromosome, instead of the normal two; the cell is said to be trisomic for that chromosome. | 18 | |
| 12257627595 | polyploidy | a chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets. | 19 | |
| 12257627596 | deletion | change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the chromosome is removed | 20 | |
| 12257627597 | duplication | change in chromosome structure in which a particular segment is present more than once in the same chromosome | 21 | |
| 12257627598 | inversion | change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the original chromosome is reversed | 22 | |
| 12257627599 | translocation | change to a chromosome in which a fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome | 23 | |
| 12257627600 | Down syndrome | A human genetic disease resulting from having an extra chromosome 21, characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects. | 24 | |
| 12257627601 | Klinefelter syndrome | a chromosomal trisomy in which males have an extra X chromosome resulting in an XXy condition; affected individuals typically have reduced fertility | 25 | |
| 12257627602 | Turner syndrome | Chromosome disorder in females. a x chromosome is missing or part of one x is deleted. short stature | 26 | |
| 12257627603 | cri du chat | a chromosomal deletion in chromosome 5 that results in children who are mentally retarded, have small heads, and have a cry that sounds like a loud cat; they die at a young age | 27 | |
| 12257627604 | genomic imprinting | a phenomenon in which expression of an allele in offspring depends on whether the allele is inherited from the male or female parent; always needs one active copy (not 2 or 0) | 28 | |
| 12257627605 | cytoplasmic genes | Genes found in organelles other than the nucleus (chloroplasts and mitochondria). It is maternally inherited, since the egg donates the cytoplasm to the zygote in fertilization. | 29 | |
| 12257627606 | mitochondrial | the reason you have more DNA from your biological mother than your biological father; endosymbiosis theory | 30 | |
| 12257627608 | chloroplast DNA | non-nuclear DNA; endosymbiosis theory that chloroplasts evolved from free living prokaryotes | 31 | |
| 12257627609 | Duchenne muscular dystrophy | X-linked; affects about 1 in 3,500 males; results from absence of a key muscle protein called dystrophin | 32 | |
| 12257627610 | genetic map | an ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome. | 33 | |
| 12257627611 | Only four chromosomes | An advantage of testing fruit flies | 34 | |
| 12257627612 | + | superscript for wild-type | 35 | |
| 12257627613 | Chromosomal systems of sex determination | 1) XY system in mammals 2) X0 system in insects 3) ZW system in birds and some insects (opposite of XY) 4) Haplo-diplo system in bees and ants | 36 | |
| 12257627614 | X-linked | color blindness is a ____ trait | 37 | |
| 12257627617 | recombination frequency | proportion of recombinant progeny produced in a cross | 38 | |
| 12257627615 | histones and methyl groups | how are X-chromosomes inactivated in females | 39 | |
| 12257627616 | XIST | Gene responsible for X-inactivation; located on the long arm of the X-chromosome | 40 | |
| 12257627618 | chi-square | a statistic used to measure how much a sample distribution differs from a theoretical distribution |  | 41 |
| 12257627619 | 0.05 | If the probability of the X^2 value is _______ or less it means the genes are linked (reject hypothesis that the genes are unlinked) | 42 | |
| 12257627620 | higher | recombination frequency is (higher/lower) when the linked genes are further away | 43 | |
| 12257627621 | down syndrome | trisomy 21 | 44 | |
| 12257627622 | plant | Polyploidy is common in what kingdom? | 45 | |
| 12257627623 | Polyploids | Which are more normal polyploids or aneuploids? | 46 | |
| 12257627624 | Errors in meiosis or damaging reagents such as radiation | What can alter the chromosome structure? | 47 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
Flashcards
Metabolism Flashcards
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| 8922169349 | Metabolism = | chemical reactions that take place within living organism | 0 | |
| 8922169350 | Anabolism = | synthesis rxns to make macromolecules, require energy | 1 | |
| 8922169351 | Catabolism = | breakdown rxns, release energy | 2 | |
| 8922169357 | glucose broken down by | respiration or fermentation by glycolisis | 3 | |
| 8922169377 | Anabolic reactions involving amino acids include | -Protein synthesis- amino acids strung together to form polypeptide chain | 4 | |
| 8922187473 | metabolic pathaway | series of reactions in which product of one reaction is substrate for next | 5 | |
| 8922193510 | four basic macromolecules produce by anabolic reactions | carbohydrates (polysaccharides), nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids | 6 | |
| 8922197059 | four basic macromolecules involved in catabolic reactions | monosaccharides (glucose), amino acids, fatty acieds (i.e glycerol) and nucleotides | 7 | |
| 8922218677 | Fatty acids | long chains that are oxidized to acetyl-CoA | 8 | |
| 8922221960 | amino acids | building blocks of proteins |  | 9 |
| 8922224547 | protein | made up of amino acids that are linked together into a polypeptide chaing that folds into a particlue structure | 10 | |
| 8922226472 | peptide connectins | result of condensation reactions | 11 | |
| 8922227268 | primary structure | amino acid sequence | 12 | |
| 8922228015 | secondary structure | consists of sub-structures of alpha helices and beta sheets | 13 | |
| 8922229845 | alpha helices |  | 14 | |
| 8922231383 | beta sheets |  | 15 | |
| 8922233247 | tertiary structure | interaction between different elements of secondary structure to form a folded geometric shape | 16 | |
| 8922236811 | quartenary structure | interaction of one or more folded polypeptide chains to form multi-sub unit protein | 17 | |
| 8922238096 | chemiosmosis | process by which energy is made available for ADP to form ATP |  | 18 |
| 8922248723 | lipid | molecule that is hydrophobic or amphiphilic energy storage and structural functions ex. fats, triglycerides, steroids and waxes | 19 | |
| 8922252033 | Fats | long chains of fatty acids (three fatty acids bound to glycerol | 20 | |
| 8922254391 | fatty acid | chains with reduced carbon at one end and carboxylic acid group at the other |  | 21 |
| 8922260897 | glycerides | formed from fatty acids and glycerol (type of alcohol) | 22 |
Flashcards
Spanish Terms Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 4697776627 | Alemàn | German |  | 0 |
| 4697776628 | Almuerzo | Lunch |  | 1 |
| 4697776629 | Arte | Art |  | 2 |
| 4697776630 | Gimnasio | Gymnasium |  | 3 |
| 4697776631 | Asistir | To attend |  | 4 |
| 4697776632 | Auditorio | Auditorium |  | 5 |
| 4697776633 | Baile | Dance |  | 6 |
| 4697776634 | Bàsquetbol | Basketball |  | 7 |
| 4697776635 | Biblioteca | Library |  | 8 |
| 4697776636 | biología | Biology |  | 9 |
| 4697776637 | Bolígrafo | Pen |  | 10 |
| 4697776638 | Cafetería | Cafeteria |  | 11 |
| 4697776639 | Calculadora | Calculator |  | 12 |
| 4697776640 | Carpetas | Folders |  | 13 |
| 4697776641 | Centro comercial | Mall |  | 14 |
| 4697776642 | Ciencias | Science |  | 15 |
| 4697776643 | Clase | Class |  | 16 |
| 4697776644 | Club | Club |  | 17 |
| 4697776645 | Colegio | College |  | 18 |
| 4697776646 | Comer | Eat |  | 19 |
| 4697776647 | Computación | Computing |  | 20 |
| 4697776648 | Computadora | Computer |  | 21 |
| 4697776649 | Concierto | Concert |  | 22 |
| 4697776650 | Correr | Run |  | 23 |
| 4697776651 | Cuaderno | Notebook |  | 24 |
| 4697776652 | Después | After |  | 25 |
| 4697776653 | Diccionario | Dictionary |  | 26 |
| 4697776654 | Difícil | Difficult |  | 27 |
| 4697776655 | Divertidas | Fun |  | 28 |
| 4697776656 | Educación fisica | Physical education |  | 29 |
| 4697776657 | El examen | Exams |  | 30 |
| 4697776658 | El salon de clase | The classroom |  | 31 |
| 4697776659 | Escribir | Write |  | 32 |
| 4697776660 | Escuchar | Listen |  | 33 |
| 4697776661 | Espanol | Spanish |  | 34 |
| 4697776662 | Estudiar | Study |  | 35 |
| 4697776663 | Fácil | Easy |  | 36 |
| 4697776664 | Fiestas | Party |  | 37 |
| 4697776665 | Francés | French |  | 38 |
| 4697776666 | Hacer | To make |  | 39 |
| 4697776667 | Hay | There are |  | 40 |
| 4697776668 | Historia | History |  | 41 |
| 4697776669 | Ingles | English |  | 42 |
| 4697776670 | Interrumpir | To interrupt |  | 43 |
| 4697776671 | Invitar | To invite |  | 44 |
| 4697776672 | Jugar | Play |  | 45 |
| 4697776673 | Lapices | Pencils |  | 46 |
| 4697776674 | Lapiz | Pencil |  | 47 |
| 4697776675 | Leer | Read |  | 48 |
| 4697776676 | Libro | Book |  | 49 |
| 4697776677 | Llegar | To arrive |  | 50 |
| 4697776678 | Martes | Tuesday |  | 51 |
| 4697776679 | Matematicas | Math |  | 52 |
| 4697776680 | Materias | Subjects |  | 53 |
| 4697776681 | Mochila | Book bag |  | 54 |
| 4697776682 | Monton | Heap |  | 55 |
| 4697776683 | Navegar por internet | Surf the web |  | 56 |
| 4697776684 | Papel | Paper |  | 57 |
| 4697776685 | Partido | Game |  | 58 |
| 4697776686 | Partido de futbol | Soccer game |  | 59 |
| 4697776687 | Piano | Piano |  | 60 |
| 4697776688 | Playa | Beach |  | 61 |
| 4697776689 | Poner | To put |  | 62 |
| 4697776690 | Por la mañana | For the morning |  | 63 |
| 4697776691 | Por la tarde | For the afternoon |  | 64 |
| 4697776692 | Preferida | Prefer |  | 65 |
| 4697776693 | Presentar | Present |  | 66 |
| 4697776694 | Primero | First |  | 67 |
| 4697776695 | Proximo | Close |  | 68 |
| 4697776696 | Quimica | Chemistry |  | 69 |
| 4697776697 | Regla | Ruler |  | 70 |
| 4697776698 | Reloj | Clock |  | 71 |
| 4697776699 | Reunion | Meeting |  | 72 |
| 4697776700 | Ropa | Clothes |  | 73 |
| 4697776701 | Salir | To go out |  | 74 |
| 4697776702 | Siempre | Always |  | 75 |
| 4697776703 | Tallar | To sculpt |  | 76 |
| 4697776704 | Tarde | Afternoon |  | 77 |
| 4697776705 | Temprano | Early |  | 78 |
| 4697776706 | Tengo mucho hambre | I am hungry |  | 79 |
| 4697776707 | Utiles escolares | School supplies |  | 80 |
| 4697776708 | Venir | To come |  | 81 |
| 4697776709 | Zapatos | Shoes |  | 82 |
AP Language Vocab List #1 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10623415084 | Abhor | to hate | 0 | |
| 10623418337 | Brazen | excessively bold, brash | 1 | |
| 10623428134 | Callous | harsh, cold, unfeeling | 2 | |
| 10623439952 | Decry | to criticize openly | 3 | |
| 10623442196 | Extol | to praise, revere | 4 | |
| 10623454273 | Forsake | to give up, renounce | 5 | |
| 10623457699 | Gratuitous | uncalled for, unwarranted | 6 | |
| 10623463078 | Haughty | disdainfully proud | 7 | |
| 10623463079 | Impertinent | rude, insolent | 8 | |
| 10623468865 | Insatiable | incapable of being satisfied | 9 | |
| 10623470770 | Jubilant | extremely joyful, happy | 10 | |
| 10623472959 | Lithe | graceful, flexible, supple | 11 | |
| 10623475139 | Modicum | a small amount of something | 12 | |
| 10623479741 | Myriad | consisting of a very great number | 13 | |
| 10623479742 | Nuance | slight variation in meaning, tone, etc. | 14 | |
| 10623485703 | Obsequious | excessively compliant or submissive | 15 | |
| 10623489219 | Repudiate | to reject, refuse to accept | 16 | |
| 10623491783 | Salient | significant, conspicuous | 17 | |
| 10623493962 | Truculent | ready to fight, cruel | 18 | |
| 10623495577 | Vex | to confuse or annoy | 19 |
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