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AP Psychology Unit 10 Flashcards

9072068587	personality	an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting	0
9074960630	free association	in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing	1
9089113823	psychoanalysis	Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions	2
9089153305	unconscious	according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.	3
9089153306	id	a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.	4
9089153307	ego	the largely conscious "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle.	5
9089926890	superego	The part of the personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations	6
9104240259	psychosexual stages	The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.	7
9104248795	Oedipus complex	a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father	8
9104252066	identification	the process by which children incorporate their parents values into their developing superegos	9
9104252067	fixation	according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.	10
9104255744	defense mechanisms	in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality	11
9104255745	repression	in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories	12
9104262087	psychodynamic theories	modern-day approaches that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences	13
9104264696	collective unconscious	Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history	14
9104264697	projective test	a personality test, such as the Rorschah, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics	15
9104272238	Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)	a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes	16
9104276074	Rorschach inkblot test	the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschah; seeks to identify people's inner feelings	17
9104283727	false consensus effect	the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and our behaviors	18
9104286659	terror-management theory	a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death	19
9104286660	humanistic theories	view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth	20
9104292535	self-actualization	according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved	21
9104297615	unconditional positive regard	according to Rodgers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person	22
9104297616	self-concept	all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to the question, "Who am I?"	23
9104300681	trait	a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports	24
9104300682	personality inventory	a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits	25
9104310051	Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)	the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes	26
9104313014	empirically derived test	a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups	27
9104315833	social-cognitive perspective	views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context	28
9104315869	behavioral approach	in personality theory, this perspective focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development	29
9104323024	reciprocal determinism	the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment	30
9104323025	positive psychology	the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive	31
9104326395	self	in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions	32
9104326396	spotlight effect	overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)	33
9104329428	self-esteem	one's feeling of high or low self-worth	34
9104329429	self-efficacy	one's sense of competence and effectiveness	35
9104333246	self-serving bias	a readiness to perceive oneself favorably	36
9104333247	narcissism	excessive self-love and self-absorption	37
9104336802	individualism	giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications	38
9104339301	collectivism	giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly	39

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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10502078125	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
10502078126	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
10502078127	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
10502078128	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
10502078129	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
10502078130	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
10502078131	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
10502078132	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
10502078133	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
10502078134	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
10502078135	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
10502078136	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
10502078137	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
10502078138	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
10502078139	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
10502078140	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
10502078141	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
10502078142	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
10502078143	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
10502078144	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
10502078145	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
10502078146	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
10502078147	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
10502078148	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
10502078149	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
10502078150	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
10502078151	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
10502078152	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
10502078153	theory	general idea being tested	28
10502078154	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
10502078155	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
10502078156	mode	appears the most	31
10502078157	mean	average	32
10502078158	median	middle	33
10502078159	range	highest - lowest	34
10502078160	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
10502078161	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
10502078162	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
10502078163	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
10502078164	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
10502078165	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
10502078166	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
10502078167	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
10502078360	neuron		43
10502078168	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
10502078169	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
10502078170	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
10502078171	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
10502078172	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
10502078173	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
10502078174	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
10502078175	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
10502078176	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
10502078177	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
10502078178	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
10502078179	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
10502078180	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
10502078181	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
10502078182	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
10502078183	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
10502078184	master gland	pituitary gland	60
10502078185	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
10502078186	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
10502078187	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
10502078188	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
10502078189	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
10502078190	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
10502078191	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
10502078192	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
10502078193	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
10502078194	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
10502078195	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
10502078196	hippocampus	process new memory	72
10502078197	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
10502078198	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
10502078199	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
10502078200	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
10502078201	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
10502078202	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
10502078203	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
10502078204	occipital lobe	vision	80
10502078205	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
10502078206	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
10502078207	Broca's area	speaking words	83
10502078208	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
10502078209	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
10502078210	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
10502078211	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
10502078212	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
10502078213	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
10502078214	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
10502078215	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
10502078216	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
10502078217	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
10502078218	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
10502078219	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
10502078220	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
10502078221	rods	night time	97
10502078222	cones	color	98
10502078223	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
10502078224	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
10502078225	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
10502078226	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
10502078227	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
10502078228	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
10502078229	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
10502078230	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
10502078231	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
10502078232	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
10502078233	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
10502078234	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
10502078235	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
10502078236	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
10502078237	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
10502078238	perception =	mood + motivation	114
10502078239	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
10502078240	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
10502078241	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
10502078242	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
10502078243	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
10502078244	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
10502078245	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
10502078246	insomnia	can't sleep	122
10502078247	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
10502078248	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
10502078249	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
10502078250	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
10502078251	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
10502078252	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
10502078253	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
10502078254	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
10502078255	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
10502078256	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
10502078257	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
10502078258	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
10502078259	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
10502078260	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
10502078261	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
10502078262	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
10502078263	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
10502078264	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
10502078265	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
10502078266	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
10502078267	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
10502078268	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
10502078269	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
10502078270	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
10502078271	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
10502078272	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
10502078273	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
10502078274	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
10502078275	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
10502078276	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
10502078277	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
10502078278	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
10502078279	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
10502078280	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
10502078281	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
10502078282	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
10502078283	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
10502078284	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
10502078285	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
10502078286	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
10502078287	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
10502078288	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
10502078289	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
10502078290	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
10502078291	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
10502078292	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
10502078293	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
10502078294	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
10502078295	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
10502078296	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
10502078297	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
10502078298	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
10502078299	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
10502078300	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
10502078301	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
10502078302	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
10502078303	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
10502078304	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
10502078305	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
10502078306	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
10502078307	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
10502078308	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
10502078309	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
10502078310	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
10502078311	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
10502078312	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
10502078313	encoding	information going in	189
10502078314	storage	keeping information in	190
10502078315	retrieval	taking information out	191
10502078316	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
10502078317	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
10502078318	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
10502078319	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
10502078320	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
10502078321	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
10502078322	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
10502078323	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
10502078324	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
10502078325	implicit memory	naturally do	201
10502078326	explicit memory	need to explain	202
10502078327	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
10502078328	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
10502078329	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
10502078330	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
10502078331	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
10502078332	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
10502078333	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
10502078334	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
10502078335	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
10502078336	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
10502078337	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
10502078338	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
10502078339	priming	association (setting you up)	215
10502078340	context	environment helps with memory	216
10502078341	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
10502078342	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
10502078343	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
10502078344	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
10502078345	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
10502078346	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
10502078347	children can't remember before age __	3	223
10502078348	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
10502078349	prototypes	generalize	225
10502078350	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
10502078351	against problem-solving	fixation	227
10502078352	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
10502078353	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
10502078354	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
10502078355	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
10502078356	grammar is _________	universal	232
10502078357	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
10502078358	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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APES Flashcards

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12479665401	Interrelatedness	anything is connected to everything	0
12479670292	ecosystem	what happens in an environment, how the organisms cooperate	1
12479682527	troposphere	layer closest to earth's surface, the greenhouse effect, where weather appears	2
12479734808	stratosphere	The second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. Ozone layer, shielding the sun. also where planes fly	3
12479787881	thermosphere	4th layer. Hot and receives energy from the sun	4
12479796175	exosphere	The outer layer of the thermosphere, extending outward into space. made of light gases- helium, hydrogen, and oxygen	5
12479809847	mesosphere	3rd layer. cold and slows meteors where they burn up	6
12479822387	subduction zone	oceanic plate is sliding under a continental plate. forming volcanoes. coastal range	7
12479833788	fault	crack in earth's crust from plates rubbing against each other "San Andreas"	8
12479842445	convergence	collision of plates, creating tall mountains	9
12479893759	divergence	pulling apart, mid-ocean rifts	10
12479955936	Ecosystem	what happens in an environment	11
12479957266	Abiotic	nonliving part of ecosystem	12
12480136794	biotic	living parts of an ecosystem	13
12480138802	niche	An organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living.	14
12495003974	gene	what determines characteristics, DNA	15
12495008522	population	all the organisms of the same kind	16
12495012930	species	population of all organisms capable of reproducing	17
12495041093	natural selection	A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.	18
12495045362	evolution	Change in a kind of organism over time due to natural selection	19
12495095412	excessive reproduction	producing more than wanted because of death	20
12495107185	speciation	the production of new species from previously existing species	21
12495112766	Coevolution	Process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other	22
12539483282	How is Earth different from other planets?	liquid water, plate tectonics, protection from sun rays, life is abundant, oxygen rich	23
12539500575	latitude	how far north or south. 0 = equator	24
12539525824	longitude	how far east or west. 0= london	25
12539531526	convection current	hot air rises and eventually comes down	26
12539575352	tectonic plates	Sections of the Earth's crust that move due to convection currents. made of solid rock, continental and oceanic lithosphere	27
12539590041	layers of earths atmosphere	troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere	28
12539610058	why are the layers of the atmosphere divided the way they are?	they are sectioned by temperature. drops, rises, and so on	29
12539615680	greenhouse effect	in the troposphere, it keeps the earth's surface warm and able to sustain life	30
12539625641	tropopause	between troposphere and stratosphere. it is a cold trap, we wouldn't have water without it	31
12539684264	ozone layer	in the stratosphere, it is a protective layer against harmful sunlight	32
12539693191	key steps of scientific method	careful observation, asking questions about observed events, construction and testing of hypothesis, openness to new info, willingness to submit new ideas to the scrutiny of others	33
12539711977	difference between a hypothesis and theory	a hypothesis is a suggested explanation to a question. a theory is a plausible generalization about fundamental concepts	34
12539723418	dew point	The temperature at which condensation begins	35
12539733454	Hadley Cell	between the 0 and 30 degrees.hot air rises up at equator, flows toward the poles, hitting the dew point and makes its way back to the equator in a circular motion.	36
12539750774	weather at 30 n or s	hot and dry	37
12539754311	weather at 60 n or s	cold and wet	38
12539762112	how did early sailors use global winds	they used the trade winds that blow toward the equator, making journey much faster	39
12539773050	global winds	winds that blow over long distances	40
12539786165	why were sailors afraid of the equator and 30 degree? what were their nicknames?	doldrums and horse latitudes. They had high pressure, calm winds, not enough power to push them	41
12539798412	why is california weather special and what are places with similar weather?	warm dry summer and cold wet winters. we grow a lot of crops. lisbon portugal and dalian china	42
12539805141	environment	the surroundings or place that organisms live in	43
12539816622	5 major types of organism interaction	predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism	44
12539846869	niches	producer, consumer, secondary consumer, decomposer	45
12539865260	trophic level	position in a food chain, the higher,the less energy	46
12539929553	controlled experiment	experiment where one variable is changed	47

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AP Biology- Biochemistry Flashcards

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12296178525	ionic bond	bond resulting from a transfer of electrons	0
12296178526	covalent bond	bond resulting from the sharing of electrons	1
12296178527	nonpolar	electrons shared equally	2
12296178528	polar	electrons shared unequally	3
12296178529	buffer	substance that resists changes in pH, ex water	4
12296178530	isomer	organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure	5
12296178531	monosaccharide	C6H12O6 simple sugar; glucose, galactose, and fructose	6
12296192878	Isomer	Compounds with the same formula but different structures.	7
12296178532	glycerol	alcohol portion of a lipid	8
12296178533	fatty acid	hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end; majority portion in lipids	9
12296178534	saturated fat	fat without double bonds, animal fat	10
12296178535	unsaturated fat	fat with double bonds, plant or fish oil	11
12296178536	steroid	lipid with a four fused ring structure; cholesterol and testosterone	12
12296178537	peptide bond	bond creating amino acid chains or polymers, Dehydration reaction	13
12296178538	primary structure	linear sequence of amino acids; peptide bonds	14
12296178539	secondary structure	a specific region of a protein formed with hydrogen bonds- beta pleated sheet or alpha helix	15
12296178540	tertiary structure	overall 3D folding of one protein chain; formed from R-group interactions	16
12296178541	quaternary structure	protein complex with more than one polypeptide chain	17
12296178542	alpha helix	secondary structure form of a protein; human hair (keratin)	18
12296178543	beta pleated sheet	secondary structure form of a protein; spider webs and silk	19
12296178544	functional group	components of organic molecules most often involved in chemical reactions	20
12296178545	metabolism	sum of all chemical reactions that take place in cell	21
12296178546	enzyme	catalytic protein that lowers a reaction's energy of activation	22
12296178547	induced fit model	enzyme model where the substrate induces the enzyme to alter its shape slightly so it fits better	23
12296178548	cofactor	inorganic chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's activity	24
12296178549	coenzyme	organic molecules that are required by certain enzymes to carry out catalysis (vitamins)	25
12296178550	competitive inhibition	compounds that look like the normal substrate compete for the same active site on the enzyme	26
12296178551	noncompetitive inhibition	a molecule binds to an enzyme somewhere other than the active site and reduces the activity of the enzyme	27
12296178552	allosteric regulation	the regulation of an enzyme by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme's active site	28
12296178553	cohesion	attractive forces between molecules of the same substance	29
12296178554	salt	an ionic compound which is made up of two groups of oppositely charged ions.	30
12296178555	chemical equilibrium	when the reaction rate is the same in either direction	31
12296178556	polymer	long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together	32
12296178557	monomer	the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.	33
12296178558	adhesion	attractive forces between unlike molecules	34
12296178559	surface tension	measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid	35
12296178560	van der Waals interactions	tertiary structure; weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from localized charge fluctuations	36
12296178561	evaporative cooling / heat of vaporization	property of a liquid where the surface becomes cooler during evaporation due to the loss of molecules	37
12296178562	disulfide bridge	tertiary structure; strong covalent bond formed when one sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another	38
12296178563	hydrophobic interaction	tertiary structure; weak chemical attraction formed when molecules that do not mix with water change conformation to exclude the water	39
12296178564	hydrocarbon	organic molecule consisting of only hydrogen and carbon, nonpolar	40
12296178565	macromolecule	giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules	41
12296178566	nucleotide (3 parts?)	building block of a nucleic acid; five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogen base and a phosphate group	42
12296178567	pyrimidine	cytosine, thymine, and uracil; six-membered ring	43
12296178568	purine	adenine and guanine; six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring	44
12296178569	hydroxyl	hydrogen bonded to oxygen bonded to an organic molecule's carbon skeleton; alcohol; polar	45
12296178570	carbonyl	carbon double bonded to oxygen; ketones and aldehydes	46
12296178571	carboxyl	oxygen double bonded to a carbon atom that is bonded to a hydroxyl group	47
12296178572	amine	nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and to the carbon skeleton	48
12296178573	sulfhydryl or Thiol	sulfur bonded to hydrogen in roughly the shape of a hydroxyl; cysteine	49
12296178574	phosphate	phosphorous bonded to four oxygens, two have negative charges, one is bonded to the carbon skeleton; phospholipid	50
12296178575	methyl	carbon bonded to three hydrogens; arrangement determines function of male and female sex hormones	51
12296178576	macromolecule	a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction.	52
12296178577	Four classes of biological macromolecules	Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids	53
12296178578	polymer	a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds.	54
12296178579	dehydration synthesis	a chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.	55
12296178580	hydrolysis	a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in dis-assembly of polymers to monomers.	56
12296178581	protein	a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.	57
12296178582	Functions of proteins	structural support, catalyst, transport, defense, movement, regulation	58
12296178583	amino acid	an organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. The monomers of polypeptides. There are 20 different forms. Distinguished by side chains.	59
12296178584	peptide bond	the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.	60
12296178585	denaturation	loss of a proteins normal 3D structure; can possibly be caused by pH and temperature which affect the ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds & hydrophilic interactions	61
12296178586	enzyme	a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. most of them are proteins.	62
12296178587	carbohydrate	a sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides). Primarily C, H and O.	63
12296178588	What are the functions of carbohydrates	function as energy source & structure	64
12296178589	monosaccharide	the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also called simple sugars, they have formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O (1:2:1).	65
12296178590	disaccharide	a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction.	66
12296178591	glycosidic linkage	a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.	67
12296178592	polysaccharide	a polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.	68
12296178593	starch	a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of alpha glucose monomers joined by x glycosidic linkages. Used for energy storage.	69
12296178594	glycogen	an extensively branched alpha glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.	70
12296178595	cellulose	a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of beta glucose monomers joined by B glycosidic linkages. A type of plant starch.	71
12296312563	Chitin	Polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls. (Beta Glucose)	72
12296178596	lipids	any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water (hydrophobic). No true monomers.	73
12296178597	What are the three types of lipids?	fats/oils, phospholipids & steroids	74
12296178598	fat/oil	a lipid consisting of three fatty acids lined to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride. Function as energy storage.	75
12296178599	saturated	a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton.	76
12296178600	unsaturated	a faty acid that has one or more double bonds betwen carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.	77
12296178601	triglyceride	a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule	78
12296178602	phospholipid	a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts s a polar, hydrophilic head. They form bilayers that function as biological membrane.	79
12296178603	steroid	a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached. Function as part of membranes or hormones.	80
12296178604	hydrophobic	a type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water.	81
12296178605	polypeptide	a polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.	82
12296178606	nucleotide	the building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups.	83
12296178607	phosphodiester linkage	bond between nucleotides in nucleotide chain to form polynucleotide	84
12296178608	RNA	transmission of information, consists of monomers with a ribose sugar and nitrogenous bases cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A) & uracil (U). Single stranded.	85
12296178609	DNA	a nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.	86
12296178610	deoxyribose	the sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides.	87
12296178611	ribose	the sugar component of RNA nucleotides.	88

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AP Government-Judicial Branch Flashcards

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12044565493	jurisdiction	the authority of the courts to hear certain cases	0
12044565494	appellate jurisdiction	courts that hear reviews or appeals of decisions from the lower courts have this	1
12044565495	Federal District Court	94 courts (every state, including Puerto Rico and DC, have at least 1) 700 judges original jurisdiction, any type of federal civil or criminal cases created by Judiciary Act of 1789	2
12044565496	Court of Appeals	13 courts 200 judges appellate ONLY created in 1891	3
12044565497	Supreme Court	only required court by Constitution 1 court 9 judges-set in 1869 mostly appellate jurisdiction; rarely original jurisdiction	4
12044565498	constitutional courts	the federal courts created by Congress under Article III of Constitution	5
12044565499	legislative courts	created by Congress include territorial courts, the U.S. Tax Court, and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces	6
12044565500	Appointment of SC Justices	President approved by Senate	7
12044565501	Qualifications of SC Justices	None	8
12044565502	term of office for SC Justices	life when they have "good behavior" can retire	9
12044565503	removal of supremes	impeachment and conviction death resignation	10
12044565510	accepting cases	thousands are appealed each year; they pick a couple hundred they want to hear	11
12044565511	why are most cases denied?	justices think lower court's decision was right	12
12044565513	brief	a detailed statement of the facts of a case supporting their position; written by each side before case	13
12044565514	amicus curiae	friends of the court; people who come to support or reject arguments of the case	14
12044565516	majority opinion	explains the court's decision and its reason if chief justice votes w/ majority, chief selects who writes opinion (or writes it himself)	15
12044565517	Precedents	which are standards or guides to be followed in deciding similar cases in the future (common sense)	16
12044565521	judicial restraint	court avoids making policy; wants to leave policy up to other two branches	17
12044565522	Appellate court (most important caseload of the supreme court)	They review all final decisions of district courts (except in rare cases).	18
12044565524	Original Juridiction	Jurisdiction of a court that hears a case first, usually in a trial.	19
12044565525	Judicial Review	A process by which the courts interpret the Constitution. When the courts interpret the Constitution, it allows us to understand how our founding fathers set out to run our country.	20
12044565527	Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court	Cases involving Diplomats from foreign nations, and disputes between states.	21
12044565530	Civil law	A law that governs relationships between individuals and defines their legal rights.	22
12044565532	Rule of four	A requirement which states that a case can only be heard by a supreme court if four justices vote to hear the case.	23
12044565533	Judicial activisim	One who believes that the Constitution is a living document whose strength lies in its flexibility and that judges should make bold policy decisions, even charting new constitutional ground by challenging the policy positions of the Congress and the President	24
12044565538	How can Congress check the courts? How can the President check the courts?	Both Congress and the President check the courts because the President appoints the judges and Congress approves that appointment.	25
12044565539	Explain the relationship between the Supreme Court and public opinion.	The supreme court has no concern for public opinion due to the lifetime position of the supreme court judges (aside from petition).	26
12044565542	What factors does the President look at when appointing a judge?	-Party affiliation -Acceptability to the Senate -Ability of the justice to win elections -Judicial experience	27
12044565545	Amicus Curiae brief	Legal briefs submitted by a "friend of the court for the purpose of raising additional points of view.	28
12044565547	Litigate	A person engaged in a lawsuit.	29
12044565548	plantiff	A person who brings a case against another in a court of law.	30
12044565550	Stare decisis	The rule of precedent, whereby a rule or law contained in a judicial decision is commonly viewed as binding on judges whenever the same question is presented.	31
12044565553	What does the constitution mean by "good behavior" when it comes to Supreme Court justices?	It expects justices to be free from direct political pressures.	32
12044565554	Concurring opinion	Additional opinion in a court decision written by a member of the majority.	33
12044565555	Dissenting opinion	Judicial written opinion that contradicts the ruling of the full court.	34
12044565557	Precedent	A decision made by a higher court.	35
12044565561	Unanimous Opinion	A written opinion in which all 9 justices agree.	36

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