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AP Language Unit 2 Flashcards

11291865089	deduction	reasoning that starts with a theory and narrows to observations & data; general to specific; a conclusion follows from positive or negative statements; ex. science	0
11291895346	induction	reasoning that begins with specific observations or data and moves to broader generalizations & theories; detect a pattern and formulate general hypothesis/conclusion; ex. finding a qualification from examples	1
11291924816	syllogism	a representation of a deductive argument with 3 parts: the major premise, minor premise, & conclusion	2
11291938448	sophistry	a showy display of rhetoric without any substance	3
11291943933	valid	the form of an argument is correct	4
11291950584	sound	the premises of an argument are true	5
11291976463	enthymeme	a truncated syllogism, meaning that 1 premise is missing; 1 premise + a conclusion (make an assumption that must be found using inductive reasoning)	6
11292027525	fact claim	a quantifiable assertion; an argument about a measurable topic	7
11292037612	value claim	a qualifiable assertion; an argument about a moral, aesthetic, or philosophical topic	8
11292048595	policy claim	an assertion about a course of action the reader should take; an argument about an actionable topic	9

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Chapter 27- The New Power Balance 1850-1900 Flashcards

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9278688685	Industrialized countries commonly built ______________.	Railroads.	0
9278688686	Railroad building allowed for expansion in the __________.	United States	1
9278688687	Non-industrialized countries such as India and those in Africa built railroads for...	... business or government profit	2
9278688688	Building railroads led to consumption of...	natural resources.	3
9278688689	Ships saw movement from wind to ______ and from wooden structures to ones made of _______.	Steam, Steel.	4
9278688690	The steam powered ship lead to opening up of...	trade.	5
9278688691	An organization known as the ______________ made efficient use of steam ships.	the shipping line.	6
9278688692	The transatlantic cable was developed by	Cyrus Field	7
9278688693	Growth of communications and steam ships allowed for	colonization	8
9278688694	Steel was able to be made in higher quantities through the	Bessemer Process	9
9278688695	In countries such as Germany, the ________ industry spurred.	Chemical	10
9278688696	Advances in the chemical industry introduced ______, such as ______ which was invented by ______.	Explosives, Dynamite, Alfred Nobel	11
9278688697	Electricity helped alleviate...	urban polution	12
9278688698	Electricity created demands for ________ in countries such as ______	Copper, Chile	13
9278688699	World trade expanded _____ as a result from 1850 to 1913	x10	14
9278688700	World trades increase allowed for exporting of ________ products, ________, and steel _______	agricultural, raw materials, machinery	15
9278688701	Rapid population growth occurred in _______ to countries such as the _______	Europe, the United States	16
9278688702	Increase in European Population was due to drops in _________ and improved _______.	the death rate, crop yield	17
9278688703	Innovations that helped store food products included _________ and __________	canning and refrigeration	18
9278688704	Asians migrated in large numbers as	indentured laborers	19
9278688705	Significance of the German Ruhr and Tokyo Bay	Both of these locations developed in population and size into urban cities	20
9278688706	Technology changed quality of life for both the rich and the working class. Examples include...	Mass Transport, Sewage, Water Systems, Systems, Sanitation, Gas/Electric Lighting, Police, Fire Departments, Health Inspection, Schools, Parks	21
9278688707	Cities and neighbourhoods began to be built using a...	rectangular grid pattern	22
9278688708	New cities got _______ buildings and _________ blvds.	modern apartment, broad	23
9278688709	Significance of Broad Blvds.	Avoiding narrow streets and barricades such as in France	24

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Introduction to Statistics Flashcards

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10170732803	Statistics	A set of tools and techniques that is used for describing, organizing, and interpreting information or data	0
10170732804	Example of statistics	Number of students in a particular curriculum, or average cost of dinner	1
10170732805	Purpose of statistics	Evaluating research questions and providing evidence for or against.	2
10170732806	Data	A record of an observation or an event such as a test score, grade in a class, or response time, one!	3
10170732807	Data Set	A collection of observations or events such as test scores, grades on a test, or response times	4
10170732808	Descriptive statistics	Used to organize and describe the characteristics of a collection of data; measures of average and measures of variability	5
10170732809	Inferential statistics	Used to make generalizations from a smaller group of subjects (a sample to a larger group of subjects (a population); won't have access to the entire population	6
10170732810	Population	A group of people that have at least one characteristic in common (All Aggies)	7
10170732811	Sample	A subset of a population (Certain subset of Aggies)	8
10170732814	Variables	A characteristic (of a person, place, or thing) that takes on different values (Achievement, attitude, knowledge, etc)	9
10170732816	Numerical Data	Represent differing amounts of the characteristic (Age, intelligence, or run time, etc.)	10
10170732817	Categorical Data	Represent differing kinds rather than amounts (Gender, marital status, or breed of dog, etc.)	11
10170732818	Continuous Variables	Variables that can take on any value (number of free throws made, GRE score, or number of students in class)	12
10170732819	Discrete Variables	Variables that can take of a finite number of values (marital status, gender, or a year in school)	13
10170732824	Nominal Scale	(Names) Values merely name the category to which the object under study belongs, interpretations are limited to statements of kind rather than amount (Italian, Irish...)	14
10170732825	Ordinal Scale	Outcomes can be ordered or ranked to reflect differing degrees or amounts of the characteristic being studied (first vs. second vs. third) Does not give info about the difference between first and second, second and third	15
10170732830	Symbol - ∑	Symbol - "Sum of"	16
10170732832	Symbol - N	Symbol - Number of people in a population	17
10170732833	Symbol - n	Symbol - Number of people in a sample	18
10170732840	Symbol - IQR	Symbol - Measures of Variability - Interquartile Range	19
10170732850	Dependent variable	In an experiment, a measure expected to vary across different levels of independent variable	20
10170732851	Double-Blind experiment	An experiment where the participants are kept unaware of the experimenter's hypothesis, and the experimenter is kept unaware of the participants' group affiliation (experimental or placebo group) until after the dependent variable has been measured	21
10170732853	Hypothesis	An educated guess that guides research	22
10170732854	Independent Variable	In an experiment, the variable that the experimenter manipulates	23
10170732864	Bar graph	graph that is typically used with data based on nominal or ordinal scales	24
10170732868	Negatively skewed distribution (skewed left)	Type of distribution	25
10170732869	Positive Skew distribution (Skewed right)	Type of distribution	26
10170732875	Median value	is a set of numbers is the value that divides the set into equal halves	27
10170732876	Mode	The most frequent occurring number in a set of scores	28
10170732879	Outlier	Deviant scores that have been legitimately gathered and are not due to equipment failures.	29
10170732888	range	describes the difference between the lowest score and the highest score in a set of numbers	30

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Campbell Biology Chapter 5 Flashcards

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11234655303	macromolecule	a large macromolecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules( subunit), usually by a dehydration chemical reaction.	0
11234655338	Four classes of biological macromolecules	Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids	1
11234655304	polymer	a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds.	2
11234655305	monomer	the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.	3
11234655306	dehydration synthesis	a chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.	4
11234655307	hydrolysis	a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in dis-assembly of polymers to monomers.	5
11234655308	protein	a macromolecule consisting of one or more polypeptides chains made up amino acids folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.	6
11234655339	Functions of proteins	structural support, catalyst, transport, defense, movement, regulation	7
11234655309	amino acid	an organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. The monomers of polypeptides. There are 20 different forms. Distinguished by side chains.	8
11234655310	peptide bond	the linkage between amino acids forming a covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.	9
11234655340	denaturation	loss of a proteins normal 3D structure; can possibly be caused by pH and temperature changes which affect the ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds & hydrophilic interactions	10
11234655311	enzyme	a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. most of them are proteins.	11
11234655312	carbohydrate	a sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides). Primarily C, H and O.	12
11234655341	What are the functions of carbohydrates	function as energy source & structure support; examples: simple sugars, and complex polysacchrides, structural suppport examples: cell wall in pant cells, chitin in insects.	13
11234655313	monosaccharide	the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also called simple sugars, they have formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O (1:2:1).	14
11234655314	disaccharide	a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction.	15
11234655315	polysaccharide	a polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.	16
11234655316	starch	a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by x glycosidic linkages. Used for energy storage.	17
11234655317	glycogen	an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.	18
11234655318	cellulose	a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by B glycosidic linkages. A type of plant starch.	19
11234655319	lipids	any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water (hydrophobic). No true monomers.	20
11234655342	What are the three types of lipids?	fats/oils, phospholipids & steroids	21
11234655320	fat/oil	a lipid consisting of three fatty acids lined to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride. Function as energy storage.	22
11234655321	saturated	a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton.	23
11234655322	unsaturated	a faty acid that has one or more double bonds betwen carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.	24
11234655323	fatty acid	a carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. Vary in length and __________ linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also called triglyceride.	25
11234655324	chitin	a structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.	26
11234655325	trans fat	an unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds.	27
11234655326	phospholipid	a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts s a polar, hydrophilic head. They form bilayers that function as biological membrane.	28
11234655343	phospholipid bilayer	function as membranes	29
11234655327	steroid	a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached. Function as part of membranes or hormones.	30
11234655328	catalyst	a chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.	31
11234655329	hydrophobic	a type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water.	32
11234655330	polypeptide	a polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.	33
11234655331	nucleic acid	a polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. the two types are DNA and RNA.	34
11234655344	functions of nucleic acid	functions as storage, transmission & use of genetic material	35
11234655332	nucleotide	the building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups.	36
11234655333	polynucleotide	a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain. The nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA.	37
11234655345	RNA	transmission of information, consists of monomers with a ribose sugar and nitrogenous bases cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A) & uracil (U). Single stranded.	38
11234655334	DNA	a nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.	39
11234655335	deoxyribose	the sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides.	40
11234655336	ribose	the sugar component of RNA nucleotides.	41
11234655337	double helix	the form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.	42
11234655346	amphipathic	Definition. adjective. (1) Pertains to a molecule containing both polar (water-soluble) and nonpolar (not water-soluble) portions in its structure. (2) Of, or relating to, a molecule having hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions	43

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13231637207	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13231637208	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13231637209	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13231637210	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13231637211	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13231637212	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13231637213	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13231637214	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13231637215	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13231637216	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13231637217	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13231637218	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13231637219	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13231637220	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13231637221	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13231637222	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13231637223	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13231637224	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13231637225	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13231637226	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13231637227	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13231637228	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13231637229	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13231637230	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13231637231	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13231637232	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13231637233	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13231637234	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13231637235	theory	general idea being tested	28
13231637236	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13231637237	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13231637238	mode	appears the most	31
13231637239	mean	average	32
13231637240	median	middle	33
13231637241	range	highest - lowest	34
13231637242	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13231637243	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13231637244	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13231637245	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13231637246	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13231637247	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13231637248	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13231637249	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13231637443	neuron		43
13231637250	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13231637251	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13231637252	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13231637253	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13231637254	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13231637255	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13231637256	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13231637257	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13231637258	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13231637259	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13231637260	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13231637261	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13231637262	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13231637263	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13231637264	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13231637265	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13231637266	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13231637267	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13231637268	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13231637269	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13231637270	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13231637271	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13231637272	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13231637273	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13231637274	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13231637275	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13231637276	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13231637277	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13231637278	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13231637279	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13231637280	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13231637281	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13231637282	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13231637283	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13231637284	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13231637285	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13231637286	occipital lobe	vision	80
13231637287	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13231637288	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13231637289	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13231637290	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13231637291	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13231637292	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13231637293	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13231637294	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13231637295	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13231637296	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13231637297	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13231637298	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13231637299	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13231637300	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13231637301	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13231637302	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13231637303	rods	night time	97
13231637304	cones	color	98
13231637305	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13231637306	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13231637307	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13231637308	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13231637309	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13231637310	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13231637311	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13231637312	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13231637313	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13231637314	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13231637315	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13231637316	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13231637317	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13231637318	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13231637319	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13231637320	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13231637321	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13231637322	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13231637323	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13231637324	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13231637325	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13231637326	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13231637327	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13231637328	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13231637329	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13231637330	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13231637331	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13231637332	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13231637333	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13231637334	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13231637335	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13231637336	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13231637337	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13231637338	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13231637339	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13231637340	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13231637341	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13231637342	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13231637343	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13231637344	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13231637345	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13231637346	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13231637347	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13231637348	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13231637349	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13231637350	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13231637351	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13231637352	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13231637353	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13231637354	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13231637355	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13231637356	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13231637357	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13231637358	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13231637359	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13231637360	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13231637361	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13231637362	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13231637363	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13231637364	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13231637365	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13231637366	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13231637367	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13231637368	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13231637369	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13231637370	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13231637371	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13231637372	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13231637373	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13231637374	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13231637375	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13231637376	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13231637377	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13231637378	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13231637379	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13231637380	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13231637381	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13231637382	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13231637383	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13231637384	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13231637385	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13231637386	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13231637387	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13231637388	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13231637389	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13231637390	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13231637391	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13231637392	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13231637393	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13231637394	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13231637395	encoding	information going in	189
13231637396	storage	keeping information in	190
13231637397	retrieval	taking information out	191
13231637398	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13231637399	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13231637400	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13231637401	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13231637402	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13231637403	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13231637404	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13231637405	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13231637406	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13231637407	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13231637408	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13231637409	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13231637410	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13231637411	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13231637412	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13231637413	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13231637414	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13231637415	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13231637416	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13231637417	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13231637418	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13231637419	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13231637420	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13231637421	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13231637422	context	environment helps with memory	216
13231637423	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13231637424	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13231637425	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13231637426	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13231637427	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13231637428	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13231637429	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13231637430	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13231637431	prototypes	generalize	225
13231637432	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13231637433	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13231637434	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13231637435	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13231637436	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13231637437	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13231637438	grammar is _________	universal	232
13231637439	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13231637440	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Language Vocabulary 2 Flashcards

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11131635481	baleful	threatening harm; menacing	0
11131635482	circumspect	careful, cautious	1
11131635483	didactic	instructive	2
11131635484	ingenuous	innocent, simple; frank, sincere	3
11131635485	perfunctory	done without care; in a routine fashion	4
11131635486	prodigal	(adj.) wastefully extravagant; lavishly or generously abundant; (n.) one who is wasteful and self-indulgent	5
11131635487	qualify	Shorten a statement. "You all can get candy, BUT-"	6
11131635488	reprove	to scold or criticize	7
11131635489	xenophobia	fear of foreigners	8
11131635490	zenith	the highest point	9
11131635491	Ambiguity	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	10
11131635492	Anithesis	a direct opposite, a contrast	11
11131635493	Chiasmus	a reversal in the order of words in two otherwise parallel phrases	12
11131635494	Connotation	an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.	13
11131635495	Denotation	The dictionary definition of a word	14
11131635496	Epigraph	a quotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work suggestive of the theme.	15

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AP Eng. Language Vocab (words 1-8) Flashcards

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10731929136	allegory (noun)	def~ a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one. antonyms~ non-fiction, truth synonyms~ parable, symbol, emblem sentence~ Bible stories can often be used as allegories.	0
10731933920	alliteration (noun)	def~ the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. antonyms~ original, instance synonyms~ recurrence, repeat, reiteration sentence~ To add rhythm to her poem, she included many alliteration.	1
10731933921	allusion (noun)	def~ a passing or casual reference; an incidental mention of something, either directly or by implication antonyms~ reality, science synonyms~ innuendo, implication, quotation sentence~ The novels title is an allusion to Shakespeare.	2
10732015040	ambiguity (noun)	def~ doubtfulness or uncertainty of meaning or intention antonyms~ certainty, clarity, clearness synonyms~ doubt, uncertainty, vagueness sentence~ Her emotionless words left me with a feeling of ambiguity.	3
10732017152	analogy (noun)	def~ a similarity between like features of two things, on which a comparison may be based antonyms~ difference, disagreement synonyms~ comparison, correlation, metaphor sentence~ Analogies are often used to show relationship between two things.	4
10732020992	antecedent (adj.)	def~ preceding; prior antonyms~ after, following, subsequent synonyms~ preliminary sentence~ The first place winner is the antecedent to the second and third pace winners.	5
10732022876	antithesis (noun)	def~ opposition; contrast antonyms~ same, similar synonyms~ contradiction, contrary sentence~ Her actions were the antithesis of what they expected.	6
10732028484	aphorism (noun)	def~ a terse saying embodying a general truth, or astute observation antonyms~ synonyms~ proverb, rule sentence~	7

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AP Biology - Meiosis #9 Flashcards

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5970803582	chromatin	during interphase, the DNA is found in this form	0
5970803583	cytokinesis	the act of splitting newly formed cells	1
5970803584	cell plate	a type of cytokinesis found in plant cells	2
5970803585	cleavage furrow	a type of cytokinesis found in animal cells	3
5970803586	asexual reproduction	a type of reproduction that is similar to cloning, all organisms have identical DNA	4
5970803587	meiosis	cell division process that occurs to produce gametes, results in four different haploid cells	5
5970803588	different	in meiosis, the DNA in each of the gametes is __________________	6
5970803589	sperm	the type of gamete found in males	7
5970803590	eggs	the type of gamete found in females	8
5970803591	ovaries	meiosis occurs in this organ in females	9
5970803592	testes	meiosis occurs in this organ in males	10
5970803593	prophase I	the phase in meiosis where the chromatin condenses into chromosomes and forms homologous pairs.	11
5970803594	prophase I	the phase in meiosis where crossing over occurs	12
5970803595	crossing over	the exchange of genetic material between non sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes	13
5970803596	non sister chromatids	crossing over occurs between these	14
5970803597	metaphase I	the phase in meiosis where homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell	15
5970803598	independent assortment	the phenomenon where homologous chromosomes align along the metaphase plate independently of one another	16
5970803599	anaphase I	the phase in meiosis where homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides	17
5970803600	telophase I	the phase in meiosis where two new haploid nuclei are formed	18
5970803601	metaphase I	the phase in meiosis where independent assortment occurs	19
5970803602	diploid	two sets of chromosomes	20
5970803603	haploid	one set of chromosomes	21
5970803604	prophase II	the phase in meiosis were the chromatin condenses into chromosomes	22
5970803605	metaphase II	the phase in meiosis where the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell	23
5970803606	anaphase II	the phase in meiosis where the chromosomes are split into chromatids	24
5970803607	telophase II	the phase in meiosis where two new nuclei are formed, resulting in four haploid cells	25
5970803608	s phase	the phase of interphase where the DNA is duplicated	26
5970803609	g1 phase	the phase of interphase where the cell grows	27
5970803610	g2 phase	the phase of interphase where the cell continues to grow and correct errors in DNA replication	28
5970803611	zygote	a fertilized egg, it is diploid	29
5970803612	budding	a type of asexual reproduction performed in yeast where a new identical organism buds off an anatomical point of the original organism	30
5970803613	fertilization	the joining of an egg and a sperm	31
5970803614	parthenogenesis	a type of asexual reproduction where an unfertilized egg develops into an identical female offspring	32
5970803615	sprouting	a type of asexual reproduction where an identical offspring develops from a shoot of a root or a stump	33
5970803616	nondisjunction	occurs in anaphase 1, when a homologous chromosome fails to separate, or in anaphse 2, when a chromosome fails to separate	34
5970803617	down syndrome	trisomy 21, a child is born with mental retardation and elfish features	35
5970803618	edward's syndrome	trisomy 18, a child is born with severe defects, most die within the first year	36
5970803619	turner syndrome	a child is born with a single x chromosome, develops as a female, is small in stature, and is sterile	37
5970803620	klinefelter's syndrome	a child is born with xxy, develops as a male with subtle female characteristics such as wide hips and enlarged breasts	38

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