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AP Flashcards

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10789406578phlebitisinflammation of a vein0
10789411550Bones of the shoulderclavicle, scapula, humerus1
10789424468What hormone is responsible for uterine contractionsOxycontin2
10789440553ot/oear3
10789444832Cephal/ohead4
10789453340arteriosclerosishardening of an artery5
10789462933CHFcongestive heart failure6
10789465809-tripsycrushing7
10789473521intra-, endo-inside, within8
10789477790Axillaarmpit9
10789483662renal pelvisfunnel-shaped reservoir that collects the urine and passes it to the ureter10
10789488261Where are sperm cells produced?testes11
10789488735embryoMaturing ovum, 0-8 weeks12
10789507846sclerathe white outer layer of the eyeball13
10789514113Hypogastricbelow the stomach14
10789524471bicuspid valvevalve between the left atrium and the left ventricle.15
10803777195opthalm/oeye16
10803781199pneum/olung17
10803784228melan/oblack18
10803787688xanth/oyellow19
10803790760tympanic membraneThe eardrum. A structure that separates the outer ear from the middle ear and vibrates in response to sound waves.20
10803799781Which hormone does the thyroid secrete?Thyroxine21
10803818192scopeinstrument for viewing22
10803823306gastr/ostomach23
10803826589esctomysurgical removal24
10803840830Arteriescarry blood away from the heart25
10803848213What organ secretes bile?liver26
10803852263Which organ stores bile?gallbladder27
10803856430bronch/o, bronchi/obronchus (airway)28
10803861029hypounder, below29
10803865138Opthalum/oeye30
10803870364What does the brain stem control?breathing, heart rate, blood pressure31
10803876253The middle ear and the throat are connected by?eustachian tube32
10803876301pyorrheadischarge of pus33
10803833688epicardiumouter layer of the heart34
10803903624When are the rods in the eyes active?dim light35
10803929201preclampsiaabnormal condition associated with pregnancy marked by high blood pressure proteinuria, and edema.36
10803938326How many weeks for the term fetus8 weeks37
10803941698apneaabsence of breathing38
10803948484cyst/obladder39
10803948485cardi/oheart40
10803952572leuk/owhite41
10803956647PlasmaLiquid part of blood42
10803962956AldosteroneHormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water43
10803969216layers of skin, outside to insideepidermis, dermis, subcutaneous44
10803972400sigmoid/olarge intestine shaped like a s or c45
10803984514-otomycutting into46
10803988790-rrheadischarge47
10803994571erythr/ored48
10803994572AbductionMovement away from the midline of the body49
10804003023inspirationbreathing in50
10804008134incontinenceinability to control bladder and/or bowels51
10804008135colp/ovagina52
10804011093cyan/oblue53
10804014278afferent neuronsNerve cells that carry impulses towards the central nervous system54
10804016705sinoatrial nodepacemaker of the heart55
10804020076dys-painful, difficult56
10804022831angina pectorischest pain57
10804026905otitis mediainfection of the middle ear58
10804026906arthr/ojoint59
10804033648-itisinflammation60
10804036711-ostomysurgically create an opening61
10804043415Which hormone does the pancreas secreteinsulin62
10804050009lapar/oabdomen63
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AP World History Vocab 69 Flashcards

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10998918343MonotheismBelief in one God0
10998928961ZoroastrianismOne of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia.1
10998943076JerusalemA city in the Holy Land, regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims, and Jews.2
10998950576AbrahamFounder of Judaism who, according to the Bible, led his family from Ur to Canaan in obedience to God's command.3
10998961852MosesLed the Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt; received the 10 commandments4
10998975843PaulFollower of Jesus who helped spread Christianity throughout the Roman world.5
10998986142Mohammed570-632. Born in Mecca, died in Medina. Founder of Islam. Regarded by Muslims as a prophet of God. Teachings make up the Qu'ran, the Muslim holy book.6
10998994197Five PillarsThe basic tenets of Islam: 1.Allah is the only god and Muhammad is his prophet 2. Pray to Allah five times a day facing Mecca 3. Fast during the month of Ramadan 4. Pay alms for the relief of the weak and the poor 5. Take a hajj to Mecca7
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AP Vocab 05 Flashcards

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6987621791ArchetypeA term used to describe universal symbols that evoke deep and sometimes unconscious responses in a reader. In literature, characters, images, and themes that symbolically embody universal meanings and basic human experiences, regardless of when or where they live.0
6987621792CaricatureLudicrously exaggerating the peculiarities or defects of persons or things for comic reasons. It may be pictorial or literary1
6987621793Character FoilA character foil is a character whose behavior, attitudes, and opinions are in contrast to those of the protagonist. He/She helps the reader to understand better the character of the protagonist.2
6987621794Character SketchA character sketch is a description of a character's moral and personality qualities using nouns, adjectives, and specific examples and quotations from the story. It does not normally describe the character's physical appearance or dress, except briefly.3
6987621795Confidant (confidante)A confidante is a trusted friend of the protagonist who shares his or her thoughts, feelings, and intentions.4
6987621796Conventional CharacterA character with traits that are expected or traditional (similar to stock character or stereotype)5
6987621797Direct CharacterizationThis is character revelation through the author's or narrator's comments6
6987621798Dynamic CharacterThis character, often the protagonist, undergoes a significant, lasting change, usually in his or her outlook on life.7
6987621799Epiphanya moment of significant realization that happens to the main character, usually at the end of the story.8
6987621800Flat CharacterThis is a limited character, usually a minor character who has only one apparent quality.9
6987621801Indirect CharacterizationThis is character revelation through what the character says, does, thinks, and how he reacts. The reader is left to infer from these details what the character is like10
6987621802Interior MonologueA literary technique used in poetry and prose that reveals a character's unspoken thoughts and feelings. A type of Stream of Consciousness.11
6987621803MetamorphosisA radical change in a character, either physical or emotional12
6987621804MotivationThis is what causes a character to do what he or she does. Circumstances and temperament usually determine the actions of a character; however, characters must also have sufficient and plausible motivation in order for a reader to find a story realistic or effective.13
6987621805Round CharacterA round character is a realistic character having several sides to his/her nature.14
6987621806Static CharacterThis is a character who does not change in the course of a story. Often protagonists who are static characters fail to achieve their goals or are defeated by their unwillingness to change or adapt.15
6987621807StereotypeConforming to a fixed, conventional mental picture.16
6987621808Stock CharacterStereotyped or stock characters are familiar figures in fiction such as the "hard-boiled" private investigator, the absent-minded professor, the "stiff upper lip" officer, and the imperiled heroine from Victorian melodrama.17
6987621809Stream-of-ConsciousnessA modern technique for depicting thoughts and feelings of a character in an apparently natural way without logic or interruption. The author using stream-of-consciousness deliberately includes important details relevant to plot, character, and theme in the stream-of-consciousness.18
6987621810Dyspepticgloomy, pessimistic, and irritable.19
6987621811EuphemismA polite, indirect expressions which replace words and phrases considered harsh and impolite or which suggest something unpleasant20
6987621812Paroxysmsany sudden, violent outburst; a fit of violent action or emotion21
6987621813Satire (adj, satiric)a technique employed by writers to expose and criticize foolishness and corruption of an individual or a society by using humor, irony, exaggeration or ridicule. It intends to improve humanity by criticizing its follies and foibles22
6987621814Understatementa figure of speech employed by writers or speakers to intentionally make a situation seem less important than it really is23
6987621815Verbal IronyOccurs when a speaker speaks something contradictory to what he intends to. It is an intentional product of the speaker and is contradictory to his/her emotions and actions.24
6987621816Types of Verbal IronySarcasm, Exaggeration or Overstatement, Understatement25
6987621817Abrogationthe act or an instance of abrogating, or repealing26
6987621818Ambivalenceuncertainty or fluctuation, especially when caused by inability to make a choice or by a simultaneous desire to say or do two opposite or conflicting things.27
6987621819Belligerentwarlike; given to waging war.28
6987621820of warlike character; aggressively hostile; bellicose29
6987621821Cisterna reservoir, tank, or container for storing or holding water or other liquid30
6987621822Execrableutterly detestable; abominable; abhorrent31
6987621823Ignominydisgrace; dishonor; public contempt; shameful or dishonorable quality or conduct or an instance of this32
6987621824Mollifiedto soften in feeling or temper, as a person; pacify; appease33
6987621825Perniciouscausing insidious harm or ruin; ruinous; injurious; hurtful34
6987621826Remunerativeprofitable35
6987621827Sentimentalexpressive of or appealing to sentiment, especially the tender emotions and feelings, as love, pity, or nostalgia36
6987621828Vacillatingnot resolute; wavering; indecisive; hesitating37
6987621829HyperboleUse of specific words and phrases that exaggerate and overemphasize the basic crux of the statement in order to produce a grander, more noticeable effect38
6987621830MetaphorMakes an implicit, implied or hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated but share some common characteristics. In other words, a resemblance of two contradictory or different objects is made based on a single or some common characteristics39
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AP World History Chapter 1-3 Timeline Flashcards

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72175521252.5 million B.C.E.Emergence of more humanlike species, initially in eastern Africa.0
7217552126750,000 B.C.E.Further development of human species into Homo Erectus.1
7217552127600,000 B.C.E.Wide spread of human species across Asia, Africa, Africa; development of fire use.2
7217552128240,000-100,000 B.C.E.Apparent completion of basic human evolution; migrations from Africa begins; Homo sapiens displace other human species.3
721755212925,000 B.C.E.Migration of people from Siberia to tip of South America.4
721755213014,000 B.C.E.End of great ice age.5
721755213112,000 B.C.E.Fashioning of stone tools; end of Paleolithic (Old Stone) Age.6
721755213210,000-8,000 B.C.E.Development of farming in Middle East.7
72175521339,000 B.C.E.Domestication of sheep, pigs, goats, and cattle.8
72175521348,000 B.C.E.Transition of agriculture; introduction of silk weaving in China.9
72175521356,000 B.C.E.First potter's wheel.10
72175521365,500 B.C.E.Catal Huyuk at it's peak.11
72175521375,000 B.C.E.Domestication of maize (corn) in Mesopotamia.12
72175521384,000 B.C.E.Yangshao culture in China.13
72175521394,000-3000 B.C.E.Age of innovation in Middle East; introduction of writing, bronze metalwork, wheel, and plow.14
72175521403,500-1800 B.C.E.Civilization of Sumer; cuneiform alphabet.15
72175521413,100 B.C.E.Rise of Egyptian civilization.16
72175521422,500 B.C.EEmergence of Harappan (Indus) civilization17
72175521432,000 B.C.E.Kotosh culture in Peru. Also, conversion to agriculture in northern Europe and southern Africa.18
72175521441,500 B.C.E.Emergence of Shang Kingdom in China; writing develops.19
72175521451,200 B.C.E.Jews settle near the Mediterranean; first monotheistic religion.20
72175521461,122 B.C.E.Western Zhou Kings.21
72175521471,029-258 B.C.E.Zhou Dynasty; introduction of a standard spoken language.22
7217552148551-478 B.C.E.Life of Confucius.23
7217552149500 B.C.E.Laozi and Daoism. Also, editing of the Five Classics.24
7217552150450 B.C.E.Development of Chinese calendar.25
7217552151402-201 B.C.E.Era of the Warring States.26
7217552152221-201 B.C.E.Qin Dynasty; the First Emperor, the Great Wall begun, a single basic language.27
7217552153200 B.C.E.Introduction of ox-drawn plow, horse collar, water mill.28
7217552154141-87 B.C.E.Reign of Han Wu Ti, increased bureaucracy; examinations, spread of Confucianism.29
72175521551,600-1,000 B.C.E.Aryan invasions of India.30
72175521561,500-1,000 B.C.E.Vedic Age.31
72175521571,200-700 B.C.E.Sacred Vedas composed.32
72175521581,000-600 B.C.E.Epic Age: Mahabharata, Ramayana, and Upanishads composed.33
7217552159700-550 B.C.E.Era of unrivaled brahman dominance.34
7217552160546-483 B.C.E.Life of the Buddha.35
7217552161327-325 B.C.E.Alexander the Great invades India.36
7217552162322-298 B.C.E.Chandragupta Maurya rules.37
7217552163269-232 B.C.E.Reign of Ashoka.38
7217552164200 B.C.E. - 200 C.E.Period of greatest Buddhist influence.39
7217552165319 C.E.Gupta Empire founded; one of world's first universities established.40
7217552166535 C.E.Gupta Empire Overturned by Huns.41
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Chapter 1 AP World History Stearns Flashcards

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6198925857hunting and gatheringthese societies rely primarily on wild animals and plants0
6198925858civilizationany complex society characterized by urban development, social stratification, symbolic communication forms (typically, writing systems), and a perceived separation from and domination over the natural environment by a cultural elite, socio-politico-economic characteristics, domestication1
6198925859Paleolithicof, relating to, or characteristic of the cultures of the late Pliocene and the Pleistocene epochs, or early phase of the Stone Age, which appeared first in Africa and are marked by the steady development of stone tools and later antler and bone artifacts, engravings on bone and stone, sculpted figures, and paintings and engravings on the walls of caves and rock-shelters2
6198925860Neolithicof, relating to, or characteristic of the last phase of the Stone Age, marked by the domestication of animals, the development of agriculture, and the manufacture of pottery and textiles: commonly thought to have begun c9000-8000 b.c. in the Middle East.3
6198925861nomadsA group of people who are constantly moving and have no home. Hunter and gatherers4
6198925862savagesuncivilized, non-domesticated, lack of culture, untamed5
6198925863culturethe arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively6
6198925864Homo sapiensthe primate species to which modern humans belong; humans regarded as a species7
6198925865neanderthalswent extinct 40k years ago, archaic human, Homo neanderthalensis8
6198925866banda small group of kin, normally smaller than a tribe9
6198925867agrarian revolutionperiod of transition from the pre-agricultural period into an agriculture period characterized by a diet of cultivated food, 10,000 BCE10
6198925868Natufian complexEpipaleolithic culture, 12500-9500 BC, Levant Eastern Mediterranean, grew/used grain "cereal", first civilization11
6198925869matrilocala married couple lives with or resides near the wife's parents12
6198925870matrilinealof or based on kinship with the mother or the female line13
6198925871pastoralismthe practice of herding as the primary economic activity of a society14
6198925872Catal Huyuk7500 BC to 5700 BC, abandoned before the Bronze Age, largest and best-preserved Neolithic site15
6198925873Neolithic Revolutionthe domestication of plants and animals by peoples with stone-based technologies, beginning about 10,000 years ago and leading to radical transformations in cultural systems; sometimes referred to as the neolithic transition16
6198925874JerichoPalestinian city, said to be one of the oldest cities in the world and the first city walls17
6198925875Bronze Agefollowed Neolithic period, characterized by the use of bronze and other metals of early urban civilization18
6198925876domesticationthe process of taming an animal and keeping it on a farm19
6198925877social differentiationthe distinction made between social groups and persons on the basis of biological, physiological, and sociocultural factors, as sex, age, or ethnicity, resulting in the assignment of roles and status within a society20
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Ensayo Persuasivo - AP Spanish Flashcards

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9471991238En la sociedad en que vivimosIn the society in which we live0
9471991239En el mundo de hoyIn today's world1
9471991240Hoy en díaNowadays2
9471991241actualmentecurrently3
9471991242la fuentesource4
9471991255la (primera, segunda, tercera) fuentethe (first, second, third) source5
9471991256la fuente auditivaaudio source6
9471991257el artículothe article7
9471991258la entrevistathe interview8
9471991259La grabaciónthe recording9
9471991260la gráficathe graph/chart el gráfico = the graph10
9471991261ambas/ las dos fuentesboth sources11
9471991262De acuerdo con.../ Según...According to...12
9471991263A pesar de (que)...In spite of...13
9471991264La verdad es...The truth is...14
9471991265También hay que considerar...It's also important to consider...15
9471991243Teniendo en cuenta queTaking into consideration16
9471991266Los datos de la fuente muestran que...The facts from the source show...17
9471991267Es evidente( seguro, cierto, obvio) que...It is evident (certain, true, obvious) that...18
9471991268Dado que...Given that...19
9471991244Puesto que...Since, given that....20
9471991245Ya que..Since, given that...21
9471991246Debido aDue to22
9471991269A diferencia de...Unlike...23
9471991270De la misma manera...In the same way...24
9471991271En cambio...On the other hand...25
9471991247Por otro lado...On the other hand...26
9471991248Sin embargoHowever, nevertheless27
9471991249en vez deinstead of28
9471991272Está(n) relacionado(a, as, os) con...It is (they are) related to...29
9471991273Iqual que...The same as...30
9471991274SinoBut (rather), when offering alternative to negative statement31
9471991275Tanto... como...Both... as well as...32
9471991276Así que...Therefore, thus...33
9471991277A fin de cuentas...After all, In the end...34
9471991278De todas formas/ maneras...In any case...35
9471991279Por consiguiente...Consequently,36
9471991250Al fin y al caboIn the end, when all is said and done37
9471991251A fin de cuentasIn the end, after all38
9471991252Para resumirTo summarize39
9471991280Para concluir,To conclude,40
9471991253En finFinally41
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AP Bio chapter 13 Flashcards

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7932236332hereditypassing of traits from parents to offspring0
7932236333geneticsthe scientific study of heredity1
7932254465genessegment of DNA that code for basic units of heredity2
7932439724locusa specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located3
8358816486polygenic traittrait controlled by two or more genes; shows a wide variety of phenotypes4
8358823994pleiotropic traitThe single gene controlling or influencing multiple (and possibly unrelated) phenotypic traits.5
7932236334meiosis-cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms -REDUCES the number of sets of chromosomes from two to one in the gametes -cells divide TWICE, resulting in 4 daughter cells with 1/2 as many chromosomes as the parent cell6
7932236335asexual reproduction-produces clones (genetically identical individuals) through the fusion of gametes -single parent -little variation, only through mutations -fast and energy efficient -examples: budding, binary fusion7
7932236336sexual reproduction-meiosis produces gametes (sex cells) -2 parents (male and female) -lots of variation/diversity -slower and more energy consumptive -example: humans and trees8
7957944988sex chromosomeschromosomes that determine the sex of an individual (X and Y chromosomes)9
7957944989autosomesnon-sex chromosomes10
7932339715XXfemale sex chromosomes11
7932339716XYmale sex chromosomes12
7932439725gametes-transmit genes from generation to the next -22 autosomes + 1 sex chromosome -egg: 22 + X -sperm 22 + X *OR* 22 + Y13
7932439726karyotypea display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape (arranged largest to smallest in pairs)14
7932439727fertilizationthe joining of a sperm cell and an egg cell15
7932439728zygotea fertilized egg16
7932439729meiosis can startonce an egg becomes a zygote, then what can start?17
7932439730fertilization and meiosis_______ and ________ alternate in sexual life cycles.18
7957944990life cyclethe generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism19
7957944991homologous chromosomes (homologs)pair of chromosomes that are the same size, same appearance and same genes.20
7957944992gamete cellsthe only cells NOT produced by mitosis21
7957944994meiosis I and meiosis IIwhat are the two consecutive cell divisions in the process of meiosis?22
79579449954 (each with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell)meiosis I and meiosis II result in how many daughter cells?23
7958514489separates homologous chromosomeswhat does meiosis I do?24
7958514490Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I + cytokinesiswhat are the 4 stages in meiosis I ?25
7958514491prophase I of meiosis-chromosomes condense -crossing over occurs: DNA of non-sister chromatids are broken by proteins and rejoined to each other -in this stage, each homologous pair has 1+ x-shaped regions called CHIASMATA where crossovers have occurred -microtubules from both poles will attach to two kinetochores and then the pairs will move toward the metaphase plate26
7958514492metaphase I of meiosis-homologous chromosomes line up along equator -both chromatids from one homolog are attached to microtubules from both poles27
7958514493anaphase I of meiosis-homologous chromosomes are pulled apart into individual chromosomes -the homologs move toward opposite poles28
7958514494telophase I and cytokinesis-when telophase I begins, each half of the cell has a complete haploid set of duplicated chromosomes composed of 2 sister chromatids -the cytoplasm divides and chromosomes gather at the poles of the cells -in animal cells a cleavage furrow forms and in plant cells a cell plate forms29
7958514495separates sister chromatidswhat does meiosis II do?30
7958514496Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II + cytokinesiswhat are the 4 stages in meiosis II ?31
8257454495Prophase II of meiosis II-a spindle apparatus forms -chromosomes move toward the metaphase II plate32
7958514498metaphase II of meiosis II-chromosomes align down the center of the cell -because of crossing over in meiosis I, the two sister chromatids if each chromosome are NOT genetically identical -the kinetochores of sister chromatids are attached to microtubules extending from opposite poles33
7958514499anaphase II of meiosis-chromatids separate toward opposite poles as individual chromosomes34
7958514500telophase II and cytokinesis of meiosis-nuclei form -chromosomes uncoil and nuclear membrane reappears -the meiotic division of one parent cell produces four daughter cells, each with a haploid set of unduplicated chromosomes -the 4 daughter cells are generally distinct from one another and the parents35
7958514501cohesinsproteins that hold sister chromatids together36
7958514502synaptonemal complexzipper-like proteins that hold together homologous chromosomes (the binding is called SYNAPSIS)37
7958514503crossing over, independent assortment, random fertilizationwhat are the 3 sources of genetic variation?38
7958514504crossing overexchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis39
7958692949recombinant chromosomesa chromosome created when crossing over combines the DNA from two parents into a single chromosome40
7958514505independent assortmentrandom distribution of homologous chromosomes during meiosis41
7958514506random fertilizationany sperm can fuse with any egg (64 trillion combinations!!)42
7958514507MITOSIS: -somatic cells -1 division, 2 diploid daughter cells -clones -no synapsis/crossing over -purpose: growth/repair — MEIOSIS: - gametes (sex cells) -2 divisions, 4 haploid daughter cells -combination of traits -synapsis/ crossing over can occur -purpose: reproductionmitosis vs. meiosis43
7958692950synapsis and crossing over, homologous pairs at the metaphase plate, and the separation of homologswhat are 3 events that are unique to meiosis?44
7958692951allelesdifferent forms of a gene, the bands you see on DNA45
7958692952sexual dimorphismdifferences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species46
7958692953nondisjunctionerror in meiosis in which the homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly47
7958692954gonadal dysgenesisa male has female genitalia and doesn't produce enough testosterone (WHAT SANTHI SOUNDARARAJAN HAS)48
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