AP World History: Traditions and Encounters (Chapter 16) Flashcards
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| 11266539491 | Caesaropapism | - As a Christian, Constantine couldn't claim divine status like other Roman rulers - Initiated policy where the emperor not only ruled as secular lord but also played an active role in church related affairs | 0 | |
| 11266539492 | Justinian | - Most important early Byzantine emperor (reigned 527-565CE) -ruled with aid of wife, Theodora - Came from obscure origins - Like Constantine, lavished resources on imperial capital - Most notable construction project was church of Hagia Sophia (holy wisdom), later would be turned into a mosque by Ottoman conquerors | 1 | |
| 11266539493 | Justinian's Code | - Codification of Roman law - Ordered a systematic review of Roman law and issued the Corpus iuris civilis - Influenced civil law codes in most of Europe, Japan | 2 | |
| 11266539494 | Byzantine Conquests | - Most ambitious venture was effort to reconquer western Roman empire from Germanic people and reestablish Roman authority - 533-565, Byzantine forces gained control over Italy, Sicily, much of northwestern Africa, and southern Spain - Did not possess resources to sustain long term occupation - Shortly have he died, forces abandoned Rome | 3 | |
| 11266539495 | Muslim Conquests and Byzantine Revival | - While emperor devoted efforts to western Mediterranean, Sassanids threatened Byzantium from the east and the Slavic peoples approached from the north | 4 | |
| 11266539496 | Muslim Conquests | - By mid 7th century, Byzantine Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and north Africa was under Muslim rule - Muslim forces later subjected Constantinople to two sieges - Resisted due to military technology - "Greek fire," launched at fleets and ground forces of invaders - Byzantine empire retained hold on Anatolia, Greece, and Balkan region | 5 | |
| 11266539497 | The Theme System | - Placed an imperial province called a theme under authority of a general, who assumed responsibility for both military defence and civil administration - Received appointments from emperor, who closely monitored activities to prevent decentralisation of power and authority - Generals recruited armies from peasants, received land - Effective fighting force, enabled Byzantium to expand influence between 9-12th centuries - By mid 11th century, Byzantium dominated eastern Mediterranean region | 6 | |
| 11266539498 | Rise of Franks | - 476CE, Germanic general Odoacer deposed last of western Roman emperors - Did not make himself emperor and did not appoint anyone - Most successful Germans - 8th century, aristocratic clan of the Carolingians extended power - Founder Charles Martel - 732 battle of Tours | 7 | |
| 11266539499 | Charlemagne (Charles the Great) | -intelligent but illiterate - Built capital at Aachen which leads to Carolingian Empire - Didn't have a lot of money so relied on counts - Began to make centralized institutions -Gifted an albino elephant named Abu al-Abbas from the Abbasid caliphate | 8 | |
| 11266539500 | Charlemagne as Emperor | - Only in year 800 did he claim title of emperor - During service at church, pope proclaimed him emperor - Before didn't want the title because did not want to directly challenge Byzantine emperors | 9 | |
| 11266539502 | Louis the Pious | - Only surviving son, succeeded father and held empire together - Three son's disputed on the inheritance of the empire and waged wars against each other - In 843, divided empire into three portions - Thus less than a century after its creation, the Carolingian empire dissolved | 10 | |
| 11266539503 | Invasions | = Muslims from the south, = Magyars (descendants of nomadic peoples who had settled in Hungary) from the east, and from the north came the vikings (most feared of all invaders) - Viking invasions were part of a much larger process of expansion by the Nordic peoples of Scandinavia | 11 | |
| 11266539504 | Vikings | - Many norse seafarers were merchants or migrants - Some turned maritime skills more toward raiding and plundering than trading or raising crops | 12 | |
| 11266539506 | The Two Economies of Early Medieval Europe Byzantine Peasantry | - Strongest when large class of free peasants flourished - After the theme system when soldiers got allotment of land, the large and prosperous class of free servants cultivated their lands intensively to improve the families fortune - This went into a gradual decline after the 11th century as wealthy cultivators started to accumulate large estate - During its time though, the free peasantry provided agricultural surpluses | 13 | |
| 11266539507 | Manufacturing | - Agricultural surplus supported manufacturing in cities, especially Constantinople - Byzantine crafts workers had a reputation for their glassware, linen and woolen textiles, gems, jewelry, and fine work in gold and silver | 14 | |
| 11266539508 | Silk | - 6th century, started making high quality silk textiles - Soon made major contributions to Byzantine economy - So important that government regulated it very closely and only allowed individuals to participate in only one activity (weaving, dying, etc) to prevent the creation of a monopoly by a few wealthy people | 15 | |
| 11266539509 | Byzantine Trade | - Economy benefited from trade - Drew wealth by controlling trade and levying customs duties on merchandise that passed through its lands - Byzantium also served as the western anchor of the Eurasian trading network, revived silk roads of classical times - Silk and porcelain from China - Spices from India and southeast Asia - Carpets from Persian - Woolen textiles from western Europe - Timber, furs, honey, amber, and slaves form Russia and Scandinavia | 16 | |
| 11266539510 | Western Europe: Heavy Plow | - New kind of heavy plow that replaced the light plows - With this, they cleared new lands for cultivation - Constructed water mills and employed a special horse collar - Increased cultivation of beans, enriched diets western Christendom - Western Europeans made many small adaptations that created foundation for rural prosperity in 1000CE | 17 | |
| 11266539511 | Byzantium: An Urban Society | - Alexandria, Antioch, and Damascus (great cities) - Constantinople still the heart of empire - Aristocrats maintained enormous palaces - Upper class women generally wore veils in cities - Dwellings of less privileged classes were not so splendid | 18 | |
| 11266539512 | Attractions of Constantinople | - Even for the poor, Constantinople had its attractions - City of baths - Taverns and restaurants offered settings for social gatherings - Theatres= entertainment - Mass entertainment took place in the Hippodrome | 19 | |
| 11266539514 | Population | - 5th-6th century, epidemic disease and political turmoil took toll on both Byzantium and western Europe - After 8th century both entered an era of demographic recovery - By 1000CE, both had built productive agricultural economies that sustained sizable and increasing populations | 20 | |
| 11266539516 | Popes and Patriarch | - Bishop/Pope of Rome - Patriarch of Constantinople | 21 | |
| 11266539517 | Pope Gregory I | Also known as Gregory the Great, most responsible for charting independent course for Roman church - Penance importance | 22 | |
| 11266539518 | The Patriarchs | - Patriarchs were powerful officials, but didn't enjoy independence like the west - Byzantine emperors treated church as a department of state - Were appointed and instructed them to deliver sermons that supported imperial policy and encouraged obedience to imperial authorities - Caused tensions | 23 | |
| 11266539519 | Iconoclasm | - Emperor Leo III - Byzantine had long tradition of producing icons - Leo, became convinced that the veneration of images were sinful - In 726 policy required the destruction of religious images, prohibiting use in church - Spark protests and riots - Only 843 did Leo's followers abandon the policy | 24 | |
| 11266539520 | St. Basil and St. Benedict | - St. Basil in Byzantium (330-380 around about) - St. Benedict in Italy (480-550 around about) - Provided regulations that had mild asceticism combined with meditation and work on behalf of church - Poverty, chastity, and obedience became prime virtues for Basilian and Benedictine monks | 25 | |
| 11266539521 | St. Scholastica | - Monasteries in Byzantium adopted Basilian rule while counterparts in western Europe largely followed St. Benedict - Through influence of St. Benedict's sister, an adaptation of Benedictine rule soon provided guidance for religious life of women in convents | 26 | |
| 11266539522 | Monasticism | = Christian monasteries provided social services that built close relations with local communities - Because of various roles played in larger society, monasteries were very effective agents in the spread of Christianity | 27 | |
| 11266539523 | Missionaries | - Late 6th century, Pope Gregory I sent these individuals to England and targeted the Pagan Germanic kings - 8th England, in Roman church - Byzantine sent them to Balkan and Slavic lands - Most famous were Saints Cyril and Methodius - Devised alphabet called Cyrillic alphabet, for previously illiterate Slavic peoples - In Russia and most other parts of former Soviet Union, Cyrillic alphabet still survives - 989, Russians officially converted to Christianity - Spread of Byzantine cultural and religious influence in Russia grew | 28 | |
| 11266539525 | Schism | - Patriarchs argued for autonomy of all major Christian jurisdictions, including Constantinople, while popes asserted primacy of Rome as sole seat of authority for all Christendom - In 1054 the patriarch and pope mutually excommunicated each other - Division between eastern and western churches | 29 | |
| 11266571115 | Aegean Sea | A sea that separates Greece from Asia Minor | 30 | |
| 11266581994 | Asceticism | severe self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons. | 31 | |
| 11266592342 | Byzantine Empire | Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western half. | 32 | |
| 11266599981 | Carolingian Dynasty | a Frankish dynasty founded by Charlemagne's father that ruled from 751 to 987 | 33 | |
| 11266731921 | Constantinople | City founded as the second capital of the Roman Empire; later became the capital of the Byzantine Empire | 34 | |
| 11266748718 | Corpus Iuris Civilis | "Body of Civil Law," Justinian's codification of Roman law | 35 | |
| 11266765072 | Greek Fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back the Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople | 36 | |
| 11266770948 | Hagia Sophia | the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian | 37 | |
| 11266818915 | Magyars | Muslims who attacked Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary | 38 | |
| 11266823399 | Missi Dominici | Royal officials under Charlemagne who traveled around the country to enforce the king's laws | 39 | |
| 11266859406 | Odacer | a Germanic general; took control of Western Roman Empire in A.D. 476, declaring himself King | 40 | |
| 11266869068 | Theodora | the wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt. | 41 | |
| 11266917483 | Nike Revolt | Chariot races were intense, a fight broke out int the street between the blue and green team leaders, so Justinian had them arrested. when he didnt set them free for the next race the whole hippodrome of people revolted. Justinian was about to flee but Theodora encouraged him to stay and fight. He did and murdered everyone. | 42 |
