| 11221898932 | Agriculture | practice of raising crops or livestock on a continual and controlled basis. |  | 0 |
| 11221898933 | Artisan | A skilled craftsperson. |  | 1 |
| 11221898934 | Domestication | The taming of animals and plants for human use, such as for labor or food. | | 2 |
| 11221898935 | Eurasia | The large landmass that includes both Europe and Asia. |  | 3 |
| 11221898936 | Animism | The belief that animals, Rivers, and other elements of nature embody spirits. | | 4 |
| 11221898937 | Hunter-foragers | People who survived by hunting animals and foraging for seeds, nuts, fruits, and edible roots. |  | 5 |
| 11221898938 | Irrigation | A way of supplying water to an area of land, the people would use water from the rivers to irrigate their crops. |  | 6 |
| 11221898939 | Metallurgy | The science of the study of metals. |  | 7 |
| 11221898940 | Migration | A movement from one country or region to another. |  | 8 |
| 11221898941 | Monotheism | The belief in one God. | | 9 |
| 11221898942 | Paleolithic Period | Old Stone Age, where humanos used stone tools and weapons. |  | 10 |
| 11221898943 | Specialization of labor | The division of labor that aids the development of skills in a particular type of work. |  | 11 |
| 11221898944 | Surplus | Having more resources than needed for themselves. | | 12 |
| 11221898945 | Textile | Items made of cloth, would be weaved by women and then decorated, usually all at home. |  | 13 |
| 11221898946 | Urbanization | An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements. | | 14 |
| 11221898947 | Overgrazing | The continual eating of grasses or their roots, without allowing them to regrow. |  | 15 |
| 11221898948 | Overfarming | Land loosing its fertility unless it is left fallow or it was fertilized usually by spreading of animal manure. |  | 16 |
| 11221898949 | Artifacts | Objects made and used by early humans, usually dug up by archaeologists. |  | 17 |
| 11221898950 | Neolithic Revolution | The switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle. |  | 18 |
| 11221898951 | Bronze Age | The period in ancient human culture when people began to make and use bronze. |  | 19 |
| 11221898952 | Civilization | The stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced. |  | 20 |
| 11221898953 | Jericho | One of the oldest first human cities that was built on the West Bank of the Jordan river. |  | 21 |
| 11221898954 | Catal Huyuk | Ancient city in present dat Turkey that was founded in 7500 B.C.E. along a river that has since dried up. |  | 22 |
| 11221898955 | Nomadic Pastoralism | People moving herds of animals from pasture to pasture. |  | 23 |
| 11221898956 | Kinship Group | Several related families that moved together in search of food. | | 24 |
| 11221898957 | Clan | Group of families with a common ancestor. |  | 25 |
| 11221898958 | Tribe | A group of people who share a common ancestry, language, name, and way of living. | | 26 |
| 11221898959 | Patriarchal | Relating to a society in which men hold the greatest legal and moral authority. |  | 27 |
| 11221898960 | Merchants | People who buy and sell goods also known as traders. |  | 28 |
| 11221898961 | Social Stratification | The division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy. Some people accumulated wealth in the form of jewelry and others coveted items by building larger and better decorated houses. |  | 29 |
| 11221898962 | Priests and
Priestesses | People who performed religious ceremonies. |  | 30 |
| 11221898963 | Tigris and Euphrates Rivers | Flow south from modern day Turkey through what is now Iraq to empty into the Persian Gulf. |  | 31 |
| 11221898964 | Mesopotamia | Land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers where many ancient civilizations arose from. |  | 32 |
| 11221898965 | Fertile Crescent | An arc of fertile land from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf . |  | 33 |
| 11221898966 | Sumerians | Group of nomadic pastoralists that migrated into Mesopotamia and created a civilization of Sumer that provided the core and the foundation of several other civilizations. |  | 34 |
| 11221898967 | Ziggurats | Temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped. |  | 35 |
| 11221898968 | Desertification | The spread of desert like conditions. |  | 36 |
| 11221898969 | Indus River Valley | Developed near water and became the core and foundation of later civilizations in the region. | | 37 |
| 11221898970 | Environmental Degradation | Caused the gradual decline and eventual disappearance of the Harappan and Mohenjo-Daro civilizations by soil eroding. | | 38 |
| 11221898971 | Deforestation | The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves. |  | 39 |
| 11221898972 | Loess | A wind-formed deposit made of fine particles of clay and silt. | | 40 |
| 11221898973 | Mesoamerica | An area of ancient civilization in what is now Central America. |  | 41 |
| 11221898974 | Glyphs | The first writing system in the Americas that used pictures and symbols of real ojects. |  | 42 |
| 11221898975 | Barter | Trading system in which people exchange goods directly without using money. |  | 43 |
| 11221898976 | Polytheistic | Belief in many gods. |  | 44 |
| 11221898977 | Ziggurats | Temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped. | | 45 |
| 11221898978 | Astronomy | The study of the moon, stars, and other objects in space. |  | 46 |
| 11221898979 | Astrology | Theory of the influence of planets and stars on human events. | | 47 |
| 11221898980 | Abraham | Founder of Judaism. | | 48 |
| 11221898981 | Moses | Led the Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt; received the 10 commandments. |  | 49 |
| 11221898982 | Ten Commandments | Laws given by God to Moses that tell Jews how to behave in their daily lives. | | 50 |
| 11221898983 | Jewish Diaspora | The scattering of the Jewish people outside their homeland beginning about 586 B.C.E. |  | 51 |
| 11221898984 | The Huang He and The Chiang Jiang | Where Chinas first civilizations developed. | | 52 |
| 11221898985 | Mummification | Involved removing the body's internal organs, drying the body with salts, and packing its insides and wrapping it with chemically treated cloth. |  | 53 |
| 11221898986 | Hieroglyphics | Egyptian writing that involved using pictures to represent words. |  | 54 |
| 11221898987 | Papyrus | A type of plant that grew along the Nile River, used its fibers to create a type of paper. |  | 55 |
| 11221898988 | Vedas | A collection of Aryan religious hymns, poems, and songs. |  | 56 |
| 11221898989 | Vedic Age | Aryans growing awareness of Dravidian beliefs. | | 57 |
| 11221898990 | Brahma | Overarching, universal soul that connects all creatures on Earth. | | 58 |
| 11221898991 | Dharma | In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties. | | 59 |
| 11221898992 | Karma | The effects that good or bad actions have on a person's soul. | | 60 |
| 11221898993 | Moksha | The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths. |  | 61 |
| 11221898994 | Ancestor Veneration | The believe of making offerings to their ancestors in hope to win their favor. |  | 62 |
| 11221898995 | Golden Age | A period in which a society or culture is at its peak. | | 63 |
| 11221898996 | Mandate of Heaven | A just rulers power was bestowed by the gods. |  | 64 |
| 11221898997 | Upanishads | A foundational text for the set of religious beliefs that later became known as Hinduism. | | 65 |
| 11221898998 | Pictographs | A graphic symbol that represents an idea, concept, or object, rather than representing a single sound, as letter systems do. |  | 66 |
| 11221898999 | Shamans | People who believed to have special abilities to cure the sick and influence the future. | | 67 |
| 11221899000 | Core and Foundational civilizations | Civilizations that developed ways of life, such as language, religious beliefs, and economic practices, that would heavily influence successor civilizations in their regions. | | 68 |
| 11221899001 | City-State | Typically covered several hundred square miles and were independent each with its own government. |  | 69 |
| 11221899002 | Kings | Sumerian military leaders became more important than priests and ruled over a territory known as a kingdom. |  | 70 |
| 11221899003 | Cuneiform | Sumerians created it to keep records which consisted of marks carved onto wet clay tablets. | | 71 |
| 11221899004 | Scribes | Individuals who were charged first with record-keeping and later with the writing of history and myths. |  | 72 |
| 11221899005 | The Epic of Gilgamesh | An epic poem from Mesopotamia, is among the earliest surviving works of literature. | | 73 |
| 11221899006 | Empire | Large territory that included diverse cultural groups. | | 74 |
| 11221899007 | Babylonians | Persians who took control of Mesopotamia and built a new capital city called Babylon. | | 75 |
| 11221899008 | Hammurabi | Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia (died 1750 BC), and created a set of laws called the Code of Hammurabi. |  | 76 |
| 11221899009 | Code of Hammurabi | Law code introduced when Hammurabi of Babylon took over Sumer in 1760 BC, that dealt with topics such as property rights, wages, contracts, marriage, and various crimes. |  | 77 |
| 11221899010 | Phoenicians | Most powerful traders along the Mediterranean, that occupied parts of present day Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan around 3000 B.C.E. |  | 78 |
| 11221899011 | Carthage | A Phoenician colony on the coast of North Africa, that became a significant outpost in the region. | | 79 |
| 11221899012 | Alphabetic script | A system of symbols (letters) that represent the sounds of speech, as an alternative to cuneiform around 1000 B.C.E. |  | 80 |
| 11221899013 | Sahara and Kalahari Deserts | Two desert zones one in Northern Africa and the other in Southern Africa. | | 81 |
| 11221899014 | Nile River | The river in which early kingdoms in Egypt were centered around. |  | 82 |
| 11221899015 | Old Kingdom | A period in Egyptian history that lasted from about 2700 BC to 2200 BC. |  | 83 |
| 11221899016 | Middle Kingdom | A period of order and stability that lasted until about 1750 BC. |  | 84 |
| 11221899017 | New Kingdom | The period during which Egypt reached the height of its power and glory. |  | 85 |
| 11221899018 | Pharaoh | A king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader. |  | 86 |
| 11221899019 | Theocracy | Rulers holding both religious and political power.
A government controlled by religious leaders | | 87 |
| 11221899020 | Hyksos | A group of nomadic invaders from southwest Asia who ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570 B.C. |  | 88 |
| 11221899021 | Akhenaton | The pharaoh that tried to change Egypts religion and called for the worship of a sun god called Aten. |  | 89 |
| 11221899022 | Ramses the Great | Took the throne around 1290 B.C.E. who expanded the empire into Southwest Asia and built more temples and erected more statues than any other pharaoh. |  | 90 |
| 11221899023 | Hittites | Had military advantage over the Egyptians because they were beginning to use iron tools and weapons. |  | 91 |
| 11221899024 | Dravidians | Indigenous peoples of the Indian subcontinent. | | 92 |
| 11221899025 | Xia Dynasty | Lasted for about 400 years, little is known because early Chinese had no writing system. |  | 93 |
| 11221899026 | Shang Dynasty | Ruled for 600 years, conquered neighboring peoples and established an empire, wielded tremendous economic and religious power. |  | 94 |
| 11221899027 | Zhou Dynasty | The longest lasting Chinese dynasty, during which the use of iron was introduced. |  | 95 |
| 11221899028 | Feudalism | The network of regional rulers with relationships based on mutual defense agreements. |  | 96 |
| 11221899029 | Maize | One of the first important plants to be grown by the indigenous Americans. |  | 97 |
| 11221899030 | Chavin Civilization | Existed from around 1000 to 200 B.C.E, and centered at Chavin de Huantar. |  | 98 |
| 11221899031 | Olmec | The foundation or core of Mesoamerica advanced civilizations. |  | 99 |
| 11221899032 | Aboriginals | People in Australia who remained hunter-foragers. | | 100 |
| 11221899033 | Easter Island | Divided into clans, with a chief for each clan and one chief over all clans. |  | 101 |
| 11221899034 | Ahura Mazda | In Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world. | | 102 |
| 11221899035 | Alexander the Great | Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India. | | 103 |
| 11221899036 | Ancestral Pueblo | Formerly known as the Anasazi, this people established a mixed agricultural and gathering/hunting society in the southwestern part of North America. | | 104 |
| 11221899037 | Angra Mainyu | In Zoroastrianism, the evil god, engaged in a cosmic struggle with Ahura Mazda. | | 105 |
| 11221899038 | Aristotle | A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. | | 106 |
| 11221899039 | Aryans | Indo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians. | | 107 |
| 11221899040 | Ashoka | The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance. | | 108 |
| 11221899041 | Athenian democracy | A radical form of direct democracy in which much of the free male population of Athens had the franchise and officeholders were chosen by lot. | | 109 |
| 11221899042 | Atman | The human soul, which in classic Hindu belief seeks union with Brahman. | | 110 |
| 11221899043 | Axum | Classical-era kingdom of East Africa, in present-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia; flourished | | 111 |
| 11221899177 | from 100 to 600 C.E. | | | 112 |
| 11221899044 | Bantu expansion | Gradual migration of peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria and the Cameroons into most of eastern and southern Africa, a process that began around 3000 B.C.E. and continued for several millennia. The agricultural techniques and ironworking | | 113 |
| 11221899045 | Ban Zhao | A major female Confucian author of Han dynasty China (45-116 C.E.) whose works give insight into the implication of Confucian thinking for women. | | 114 |
| 11221899046 | Battle of Marathon | Athenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E. | | 115 |
| 11221899047 | Bhagavad Gita | A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation. | | 116 |
| 11221899048 | bhakti movement | An immensely popular development in Hinduism, advocating intense devotion toward a particular deity. | | 117 |
| 11221899049 | Brahman | The "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief. | | 118 |
| 11221899050 | Brahmins | The priestly caste of India. | | 119 |
| 11221899051 | Buddhism | The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama | | 120 |
| 11221899052 | Caesar Augustus | The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.). | | 121 |
| 11221899053 | Cahokia | The dominant center of an important Mississippi valley mound-building culture, located near present-day St. Louis, Missouri; flourished from about 900 to 1250 C.E. | | 122 |
| 11221899054 | caste as varna and jati | The system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India. | | 123 |
| 11221899055 | Chavin | Andean town that was the center of a large Peruvian religious movement from around 900 to 200 B.C.E. | | 124 |
| 11221899056 | Confucianism | The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order. | | 125 |
| 11221899057 | Confucius | The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history. | | 126 |
| 11221899058 | Constantine | Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe. | | 127 |
| 11221899059 | Coptic Christianity | The Egyptian variety of Christianity, distinctive in its belief that Christ has only a single, divine nature. | | 128 |
| 11221899060 | Cyrus (the Great) | Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation. | | 129 |
| 11221899061 | Daodejing | The central text of Daoism; translated as The Way and Its Power. | | 130 |
| 11221899062 | Daoism | A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi. | | 131 |
| 11221899063 | Darius I | Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire. | | 132 |
| 11221899064 | dharma | In Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste. | | 133 |
| 11221899065 | Empress Wu | The only female "emperor" in Chinese history (r. 690-705 C.E.); patronized scholarship, worked to elevate the position of women, and provoked a backlash of Confucian misogynist invective. | | 134 |
| 11221899066 | Filial piety | The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism. | | 135 |
| 11221899067 | Greco-Persian Wars | Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea. | | 136 |
| 11221899068 | Greek rationalism | A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms. | | 137 |
| 11221899069 | Gupta Empire | An empire of India (320-550 C.E.). | | 138 |
| 11221899070 | Han dynasty | Dynasty that ruled China from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E., creating a durable state based on Shihuangdi's state-building achievement. | | 139 |
| 11221899071 | Hellenistic era | The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors. | | 140 |
| 11221899072 | helots | The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society. | | 141 |
| 11221899073 | Herodotus | Greek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E. | | 142 |
| 11221899074 | Hinduism | A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions. | | 143 |
| 11221899075 | Hippocrates | A very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine. | | 144 |
| 11221899076 | Hopewell Culture | Named from its most important site (in present-day Ohio), this is the most elaborate and widespread of the North American mound building cultures; flourished from 200 B.C.E. to 400 C.E. | | 145 |
| 11221899077 | hoplite | A heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a hoplite panoply and to | | 146 |
| 11221899178 | fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship. | | | 147 |
| 11221899078 | Ionia | The territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire. | | 148 |
| 11221899079 | Isiah | One of the most important prophets of Judaism, whose teachings show the transformation | | 149 |
| 11221899179 | of the religion in favor of compassion and social justice (eighth century B.C.E.). | | | 150 |
| 11221899080 | Jenne-jeno | Largest and most fully studied of the cities of the Niger Valley civilization | | 151 |
| 11221899081 | Jesus of Nazareth | The prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.). | | 152 |
| 11221899082 | Karma | In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based | | 153 |
| 11221899180 | on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence. | | | 154 |
| 11221899083 | karma | In Indian belief, the force generated by one's behavior in a previous life that decides the level at which an individual will be reborn. | | 155 |
| 11221899084 | Ksatriya | The Indian social class of warriors and rulers. | | 156 |
| 11221899085 | Laozi | A legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism. | | 157 |
| 11221899086 | latifundia | Huge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire | | 158 |
| 11221899087 | Legalism | A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments. | | 159 |
| 11221899088 | Mahayana | "Great Vehicle," the popular development of Buddhism in the early centuries of the Common Era, which gives a much greater role to supernatural beings and proved to be more popular than original (Theravada) Buddhism. | | 160 |
| 11221899089 | Mandate of Heaven | The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently. | | 161 |
| 11221899090 | Mauryan Empire | A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India. | | 162 |
| 11221899091 | Maya | The major classical civilization of Mesoamerica; flourished from 250 to 900 C.E. | | 163 |
| 11221899092 | Moche | An important regional civilization of Peru, governed by warrior-priests; flourished from around 100 to 800 C.E. | | 164 |
| 11221899093 | Moksha | In Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman. | | 165 |
| 11221899094 | Mound Builders | Members of any of a number of cultures that developed east of the Mississippi River in what is now the United States and that are distinguished by their large earthen mounds, built during the period 2000 B.C.E.-1250 C.E. | | 166 |
| 11221899095 | Nazca | A civilization of southern coastal Peru, the Nazca became famous for their underground irrigation channels and their gigantic and mysterious lines in the desert in the form of monkeys, birds, spiders, and other designs. | | 167 |
| 11221899096 | Niger Valley Civilization | Distinctive city-based civilization that flourished from about 300 B.C.E. to about 900 C.E. in the floodplain of the middle Niger and that included major cities like Jenne-jeno; the Niger Valley civilization is particularly noteworthy for its apparent lack of centralized state structures, having been organized instead in clusters of economically specialized settlements. | | 168 |
| 11221899097 | Nirvana | The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion. | | 169 |
| 11221899098 | Olympic Games | Greek religious festival and athletic competition in honor of Zeus; founded in 776B.C.E. and celebrated every four years. | | 170 |
| 11221899099 | Patricians | Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society. | | 171 |
| 11221899100 | Pax Romana | The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E. | | 172 |
| 11221899101 | Peloponnesian War | Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age. | | 173 |
| 11221899102 | Pericles | A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age. | | 174 |
| 11221899103 | Persepolis | The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great. | | 175 |
| 11221899104 | Persian Empire | A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E. | | 176 |
| 11221899105 | Plato | A disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E. | | 177 |
| 11221899106 | Plebians | Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics. | | 178 |
| 11221899107 | Pueblo | "Great house" of the Ancestral Pueblo people; a large, apartment building-like structure that could house hundreds of people. | | 179 |
| 11221899108 | Punic Wars | Three major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean. | | 180 |
| 11221899109 | Pythagoras | A major Greek philosopher (ca. 560-ca. 480 B.C.E.) who believed that an unchanging mathematical order underlies the apparent chaos of the world. | | 181 |
| 11221899110 | Qin Dynasty | A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period. | | 182 |
| 11221899111 | Qin Shihuangdi | Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly | | 183 |
| 11221899181 | reunited China and established a strong and repressive state. | | | 184 |
| 11221899112 | "ritual purity" in Indian social practice | In India, the idea that members of higher castes must adhere to strict regulations limiting or forbidding their contact with objects and members of lower castes to preserve their own caste standing and their relationship with the gods. | | 185 |
| 11221899113 | Saint Paul | The first great popularizer of Christianity (10-65 C.E.). | | 186 |
| 11221899114 | scholar-gentry class | A term used to describe members of China's landowning families, reflecting their wealth from the land and the privilege that they derived as government officials. | | 187 |
| 11221899115 | Semi-sedentary | Term frequently used to describe the peoples of the eastern woodlands of the United States, Central America, the Amazon basin, and the Caribbean islands who combined partial reliance on agriculture with gathering and hunting. | | 188 |
| 11221899116 | Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) | The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism. | | 189 |
| 11221899117 | Socrates | The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.). | | 190 |
| 11221899118 | Solon | Athenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy. | | 191 |
| 11221899119 | Sudra | The lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers | | 192 |
| 11221899120 | Teotihuacán | The largest city of pre-Columbian America, with a population between 100,000 and 200,000; seemingly built to a plan in the Valley of Mexico, flourished between 300 and 600 C.E., during which time it governed or influenced much of the surrounding region. The name is an Aztec term meaning "city of the gods." | | 193 |
| 11221899121 | Theodosius | Roman emperor (r. 379-395 C.E.) who made Christianity the official religion of the | | 194 |
| 11221899182 | Roman state, banning all polytheistic rituals. | | | 195 |
| 11221899122 | Theravada | "The Teaching of the Elders," the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha as a wise teacher but not divine and which emphasizes practices rather than beliefs. | | 196 |
| 11221899123 | the "three obediences" | In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first that of her father, then of her husband, and finally of her son. | | 197 |
| 11221899124 | Tikal | Major Maya city, with a population of perhaps 50,000 people. | | 198 |
| 11221899125 | Untouchables | An Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work. | | 199 |
| 11221899126 | Upanishads | Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E. | | 200 |
| 11221899127 | Vaisya | The Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants. | | 201 |
| 11221899128 | Vedas | The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E. | | 202 |
| 11221899129 | Wang Mang | A Han court official who usurped the throne and ruled from 8 C.E. to 23 C.E.; noted for his reform movement that included the breakup of large estates. | | 203 |
| 11221899130 | Warring States Period | Period in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos. | | 204 |
| 11221899131 | Wudi | Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats. | | 205 |
| 11221899132 | Xiongnu | Nomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state. | | 206 |
| 11221899133 | Yahweh | The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh) with concerns for social justice. | | 207 |
| 11221899134 | Yellow Turban Rebellion | A major Chinese peasant revolt that began in 184 C.E. and helped cause the fall of the Han dynasty. | | 208 |
| 11221899135 | Yin and Yang | Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites. | | 209 |
| 11221899136 | Zarathustra | A Persian prophet, traditionally dated to the sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism. | | 210 |
| 11221899137 | Zoroastrianism | Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra. | | 211 |
| 11221899138 | Roman Empire | stretched from modern day Britain to modern day Iran. |  | 212 |
| 11221899139 | Acupuncture | Chinese medical practice of inserting needles into certain areas of the body influenced by Daoism | | 213 |
| 11221899140 | filial piety | The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism. | | 214 |
| 11221899141 | plague | a disease that spreads quickly and kills many people | | 215 |
| 11221899142 | Han | Chinese dynasty that ruled from 202 B.C.E.-220 C.E, embraced Confucianism. | | 216 |
| 11221899143 | Cyrus the Great | First emperor of Persia--was good to conquered people. |  | 217 |
| 11221899144 | Rock Pillar Edicts | Moral and legal codes established by Ashoka, influenced by Buddhism |  | 218 |
| 11221899145 | Julius Caesar | ancient roman general whose murder led to the end of the roman republic |  | 219 |
| 11221899146 | Roman roads | were built throughout the empire for trade and transportation; over 50,000 miles | | 220 |
| 11221899147 | Silk Roads | Which trade route is indicated by the map? |  | 221 |
| 11221899148 | monsoons | seasonal wind patterns that cause wet and dry seasons | | 222 |
| 11221899149 | Babylonian Captivity | 50-year period in which the Israelites were exiled from their homeland and eventually freed by the Persians | | 223 |
| 11221899150 | sanskrit | Primary sacred language of hinduism | | 224 |
| 11221899151 | reincarnation | Hindu and Buddhist belief that souls are reborn into new bodies over and over. | | 225 |
| 11221899152 | Four Noble Truths | as taught by the Buddha, the four basic beliefs that form the foundation of Buddhism | | 226 |
| 11221899153 | Eightfold Path | In Buddhism, the basic rules of behavior and belief leading to an end of suffering | | 227 |
| 11221899154 | sutras | Buddhists sacred writings. | | 228 |
| 11221899155 | Five Basic Relationships | ruler/subject; father/son; husband/wife; older brother/younger brother; friend/friend | | 229 |
| 11221899156 | Daoist architecture | Chinese building style influenced by one of the main philosophies that emerged during the period of Warring States |  | 230 |
| 11221899157 | ancestor veneration | They don't worship ancestors, but they pray to them out of respect. |  | 231 |
| 11221899158 | Athens | A Greek city-state and the birthplace of democracy. | | 232 |
| 11221899159 | Sparta | a greek city-state known for its strength and trained warriors | | 233 |
| 11221899160 | Peloponnesian War | 30 year conflict between Sparta and Athens that ended with a Spartan victory but left Greece weak | | 234 |
| 11221899161 | Hellenism | Cultural syncretism that blended five of the greatest classical civilizations after Alexander the Great |  | 235 |
| 11221899162 | bureaucracies | ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures developed in earnest by the classical empires | | 236 |
| 11221899163 | Great Wall of China | First stages built by Qin Shihuangdi |  | 237 |
| 11221899164 | Hadrian's Wall | Northern border of the Roman Empire in Britannia |  | 238 |
| 11221899165 | Pataliputra | The capital of both Mauryan and Gupta empires | | 239 |
| 11221899166 | Alexandria | An ancient city in Egypt built by Alexander the Great; center of Hellenism | | 240 |
| 11221899167 | Constantinople | The capital of the eastern Roman Empire and later of the Byzantine Empire | | 241 |
| 11221899168 | corvee | Labor tax; peasants had to work for free for part of the year | | 242 |
| 11221899169 | slavery | A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people. | | 243 |
| 11221899170 | sati | the Hindu ritual requiring a wife to throw herself on her deceased husband's funeral pyre | | 244 |
| 11221899171 | Huns | A tribe originating north of China; one of the last barbarian groups to invade Western Europe; helped bring an end to the Han, Gupta, and Romans | | 245 |
| 11221899172 | Conrad-Demorest Model | Can be used to describe the rise and fall of every empire in history | | 246 |
| 11221899173 | camel | increased trade between Africa and Asia; important domesticated pack animal of the classical age | | 247 |
| 11221899174 | dhow | Name of this type of ship |  | 248 |
| 11221899175 | lateen sail | triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind | | 249 |
